Gudhal (Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis)

Recent Research on Gudhal (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

• Bala, Raj & Kaur, Rajwant & Kaur, Bhupinder & Kaur, Parminder. (2022). Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn.: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. International journal of health sciences. 10. 53730/ ijhs. v6nS3. 7050. Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn. (Malvaceae) is a popular medicinal plant found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. All plant parts of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn are most widely used to treat several ailments like anti-tumor, anti-fertility, anti-ovulatory, anti-implantation, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-estrogenic, antipyretic, anti-spasmodic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, spasmolytic, CNS depressant, hypertensive and juvenoid Activity. Due to its multidimensional pharmacological approach, it is certain to emerge as an efficient player in the flourishing field of herbal supplements, medicines, and healthcare systems. This review aims to present recent details on botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, and toxic effects, to find gaps demanding upcoming research and investigation of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn. Principal constituents reported in Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn are flavones, containing quercetin- 3- sophorotrioside, kaempferol- 3- xylosylglucoside, quercetin- 3- diglucoside, quercetin- 3,7- diglucoside, cyaniding-3, 5-diglucoside, cyaniding- 3- sophoroside- 5- glucoside and other constituent are cyanidin chloride, cyclopeptide alkaloid, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, hentriacontane, taraxeryl acetate, ß-sitosterol, malvalic acids and cyclic acids sterculic. 
• Maheshwari, Uma. (2024). PHARMACOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINESIS FLOWER. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 9. 662- 672. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20209- 17004.
• Bhaskar, Anusha & Gopalakrishnan, Vidhya. (2012). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 32. 214-218. 10. 1007/ s13410- 012- 0096- 9. To investigate the hypoglycemic activity of an aqueous extract of the flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on blood glucose in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetic rats, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the effect of the flower extract on insulin secretion. The effect of H. rosa sinensis flower extract on blood glucose was studied with fed, fasted, and glucose-loaded diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Glycosylated hemoglobin, serum insulin levels, and lipid profile were also determined. Student’s t-test was used for statistical analysis. In normal rats, the aqueous extract of the flower of H. rosa sinensis (250 and 500 mg/ kg body weight) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the blood glucose levels after an oral glucose load from 127.9 +/- 5.6 to 80.6 +/- 3.9 mg/ dl 2 h after oral administration of the flower extract. It also significantly lowered the blood glucose in STZ diabetic rats from 241.0 +/- 6.6 to 90.8 +/- 5.7 mg/ dl after 21 days of oral administration of the extract (P < 0.001). Serum insulin levels were not stimulated in the animals treated with the extract. Glycosylated hemoglobin and serum lipid profiles were significantly lowered by the administration of the extract. From the studies, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of the flowers of H. rosa sinensis at a dosage of 500 mg/ kg/ day exhibits significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. A marked reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin was also observed while insulin levels did not show any significant change.
• Moqbel, Fahmi & Naik, Prakash & Habeeb, Najma & Subramaniyam, Selvaraj. (2011). Antidiabetic properties of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. leaf extract fractions on nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Indian journal of experimental biology. 49. 24- 9. On fractionation of the ethanolic extract of H. rosa sinensis leaves, 5 fractions were obtained. Of these, fraction-3 (F3) and fraction -5 (F5) were chosen for detailed investigation on non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice to study anti-diabetic properties because they were more active than others. Serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea, insulin, LDL, VLDL, and HDL were estimated. Both fractions F3 and F5 on oral feeding (100 and 200 mg/ kg body weight) demonstrated an insulinotropic nature and protective effect in NOD mice. These fractions may contain potential oral hypoglycemic agents.
• Lina, H. & Mohamed, Samy & Bashandy, Samir & Fatma, A. & Kawther, M. & Shahat, Abdelaaty. (2017). Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. leaves extract on liver and kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 11. 161- 169. 10. 5897/ AJPP2017. 4764.
• Sachdewa, Archana & Khemani, L. (2003). Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. ethanol flower extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 89. 61- 6. 10. 1016/ S0378- 8741 (03) 00230- 7. Blood glucose and total lipid levels were determined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after oral administration of an ethanol flower extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. A comparable hypoglycemic effect was evidenced from the data obtained after 7 and 21 days of oral administration of the extract and glipalamide. Maximal diminution in blood glucose (41- 46 %) and insulin level (14 %) was noticed after 21 days. The extract lowered the total cholesterol and serum triglycerides by 22 and 30 %, respectively. The increase in HDL- cholesterol was much higher (12%) under the influence of the extract as compared to that of glipalamide (1 %). The hypoglycemic activity of this extract is comparable to that of glipalamide but is not mediated through insulin release. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
• Vasudeva, Neeru & Sharma, Sk. (2008). Post-Coital Antifertility Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: EPDM. 5. 91- 4. 10. 1093/ ecam/ nem003. Ancient literature mentions the use of a few plants/ preparations for fertility regulation. Some local contraceptive agents have also been described in Ayurvedic and Unani texts. Documented experiments or clinical data are, however, lacking. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to explore the antifertility and estrogenic activity of ethanolic extract of the roots of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. A strong anti-implantation (inhibition 100 %) and heterotrophic activity were observed at the dose level of 400 mg/ kg body weight. Histological studies were carried out to confirm this effect.
• Moqbel, Fahmi & Naik, Prakash. (2011). Effect of different fractions of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract on islets of Langerhans and antioxidant activity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 3. 206- 210. 10. 31018/ jans. v3i2. 180. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract fractions on islets of Langerhans, and total antioxidant activity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first experiment was designed to test the hypoglycemic properties of different isolated fractions. Five fractions were screened for hypoglycemic properties. Fractions F3, F4, and F5 showed hypoglycemia in NOD mice. A second set of experiments was conducted to assess the effects of the above fractions on the diameter of islets of Langerhans and the â-cells number and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). All the fractions had a significant effect in the enhancement of the diameter of islets of Langerhans and the a-cell number and antioxidant active (total antioxidant capacity) compared with control NOD mice.
• Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Wahizul Haswan & Raduan, Siti & Ahmad, Zuraini & Hakim, Muhammad & Abd Hamid, Roslida & Zakaria, Zainul Amiruddin. (2021). Anti-Pyretic Activity of two Varieties of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis L. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 14. 61-74. 10. 13005/ bpj/ 2099. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been traditionally used by local communities to treat fever. However, there are only limited data have been published to support the antipyretic effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the antipyretic properties and possible mechanism of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis L. (red-colored flower) and Hibiscus rosa- sinensis var. Alba (white colored flower). Phytochemical analysis, heavy metals screening, and acute toxicity tests were done to evaluate the safety of extracts. The first model ran induced fever in rats by injecting Brewer’s Yeast subcutaneously and then treated with 4 extracts at dosages 5 & 50 mg/ kg. The dosages used for the study were obtained by the acute toxicity test. Ibuprofen was used as a reference drug, with a dose of 100 mg/kg. The temperatures of rats were measured using a digital thermometer. The results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. and analyzed using the SAS system. The results of the study showed that white flower extracts 5 mg/ kg and 50 mg/ kg significantly (p <0.05) reduced the total temperature when compared to the positive control group. Therefore, this research suggests the probability of its therapeutic effectiveness as a plant-based antipyretic agent as claimed by traditional medicine practitioners.
• Ruban P, Gajalakshmi K. In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower extract against human pathogens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012 May; 2 (5): 399- 403. doi: 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60064- 1. PMID: 23569938; PMCID: PMC- 3609315.
• Raduan, Siti & Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Wahizul Haswan & Abd Hamid, Roslida & Zakaria, Zainul Amiruddin & Ahmad, Zuraini & Hakim, Muhammad. (2013). Anti-inflammatory effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. alba ethanol extracts. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5. 754-762. Objective: The study was carried out to determine and compare the anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of flower and leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba (white Hibiscus) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (red Hibiscus). Methods: In the anti-inflammatory test, 0.1ml of carrageenan was injected sub-plantar 30 min before administration of each extract (5, 50, or 100 mg/ kg). The animals were killed in 6 hrs. After carrageenan injection and polymorphonuclear infiltration (PNL) in paw tissues was counted. Phytochemical screening was also performed. Acute dose response was determined using a Fixed Dose Procedure with a fixed level of doses. Results: The results revealed flavonoids, saponins, and steroids present in all extracts. Dosing of animals up to 500 mg/ kg of all extracts caused no toxicity. No significant changes (p> 0.05) in liver enzyme levels and histologically no lesions in the organs. Dosing of 50 and 100 mg/ kg of flower and leaf extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. caused significant inhibition (p< 0.05) of edema. The flower and leaf of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba significantly inhibited (p< 0.05) edema in all ranges of testing doses. The white hibiscus revealed a more potent anti-inflammation. All extracts at various concentrations caused a significant reduction (p< 0.05) in PNL infiltration with white Hibiscus also more potent than red hibiscus. All extracts showed a significant reduction (p< 0.05) in the duration of licking response. The same pattern was also observed as white Hibiscus was a more potent inhibitor. Conclusion: This study showed flowers and leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var alba and Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. produced anti-acute inflammatory activity. It may involve the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and reduce PNL, and the white Hibiscus variety was more potent than the red variety.
• Patel, Reena & Patel, Aditi & Vaghasiya, Dharmesh & Nagee, Anju. (2012). Antimicrobial Evaluation of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plant extracts against Some Pathogenic Bacteria. 1. 3- 414. In the present study, five different cultivars of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were studied for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of 4 different extracts (Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Methanol, and Distilled water) of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces alboniger, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella bronchi-septic). Antibacterial activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method. Ethyl acetate leaf extract showed significant antibacterial activity against the ‘OR-ANGE’ cultivar. Out of these four plant extracts, tested ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed better antimicrobial activity than the other extract, and very little antimicrobial activity was observed by the Hexane extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract was screened against tested bacteria. It showed inhibitory action at conc. 0.625 mg ml –1. Out of four different extracts, methanolic extract was proven to be the most suitable solvent for extraction and antimicrobial activity.
• Uddin, Borhan & Hossan, Tareq & Paul, Sudip & Ahmed, Tanjir & Nahar, Taslima & Ahmed, Sohel. (2010). Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaves and flowers against clinical isolates of bacteria. Bangladesh Journal of Life Sciences; 2010. 22 (2): 65- 73. 22. 65- 73. Crude preparations of the different parts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis have been traditionally used in folk medicine for various purposes. In the present study, we have evaluated the antibacterial activity of the extracts of H. rosa-sinensis leaves and flowers against some clinical isolates of bacteria by simple agar-well diffusion and bacteriological enumeration method. In the preliminary screening experiment, all the bacterial isolates showed varying degrees of sensitivity to the flower extracts excluding Klebsiella pneumoniae. We found Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium as the most sensitive to the extracts of flowers at the applied doses of 50 and 100 mg/well. On the other hand, most of the tested bacterial isolates were resistant to the extracts of leaves excluding S. aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. In the bacteriological enumeration study, all the bacterial isolates showed a substantial extent of sensitivity to the different extracts used. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the flower extracts of H. rosa-sinensis had stronger antibacterial effects than those of leaves and raise the possibility of using the extracts as antibacterial agents in treating pathological conditions caused by S. aureus and S. Typhimurium infection. Although the effect of the H. rosa-sinensis flowers and leaves against some pathogenic bacteria in vitro is promising, further microbiological and pharmacological studies will be required before starting clinical trials.
• Packiasamy, Dr. Ruban & Gajalakshmi, K. (2012). In vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa–sinensis flower extract against human pathogens. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2. 399- 403. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60064- 1. To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (H. rosa-sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc and agar diffusion methods. The protein was run through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to view their protein profile. The results showed that the cold extraction illustrates a maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtillis (B. subtillis), Escherichia coli (E. coli) viz., (17.00 ± 2.91), (14.50 ± 1.71) mm, followed by hot extraction against, E. coli, Salmonella sp. as (11.66 ± 3.14), (10.60 ± 3.09) mm. Methanol extraction showed the highest zone of inhibition recorded against B. subtillis, E. coli at (18.86 ± 0.18), (18.00 ± 1.63) mm pursued by ethanol extraction showed the utmost zone of inhibition recorded against Salmonella sp. at (20.40 ± 1.54) mm. The crude protein from the flower showed a maximum inhibitory zone observed against Salmonella sp., E. coli viz., (16.55 ± 1.16), (14.30 ± 2.86) mm. The flower material can be taken as an alternative source of antibacterial agents against human pathogens. The extracts of H. rosa-sinensis are proven to have potential antibacterial activity, further studies are highly needed for the drug development.
• Al-Alak, Shaymaa & Mohamed, Rasha & Al-Oqaili, Sajet & Mohammed, Basam & Abd-Alkhalik, Nabaa. (2015). Antibacterial Activity of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis Extract and Synergistic Effect with Amoxicillin against Some Human Pathogens. Objective: Study the Antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract and the Synergistic Effect of Amoxicillin against some human pathogens. Methods: Test microorganisms for antibacterial assay (Agar well diffusion method) (Influence of combination between antibiotics and plant extracts against selected multi-drug resistant strains). Results: A total of five clinical isolates (P. aeruginosa, Serratia, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, and Salmonella) belonging to different bacterial species were collected from the Department were obtained from the Department of Biology, College of Science, Al- Al-Al-Mustansiryia University, Baghdad, Iraq. Cotrimoxazol, Tetracycline, Lincomycin, Enterobacter isolate was resistant to Amikacin. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Amoxicillin most effective antibiotics were tested against the five MDR isolates. Furthermore, In the present study, only the susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to the extracts of H. rosa-sinensis leaves and flowers have been examined. Therefore, further microbiological studies would be carried out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts prepared from H. rosa-sinensis against (P. aeruginosa, Serratia, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, and Salmonella). The watery extracts of H. rosa-sinensis were evaluated against isolates and the results showed that the crude extracts with boiling water were more effective than the cold watery extracts. Conclusion: In this work, the combination of H. rosa-sinensis and Amoxycillin showed a synergistic effect against the tested bacteria than each of them alone.
• Maraskolhe, Deepashri & Chimurlar, Leena & Kamble, Prachi & Deotale, Vijayshri. (2020). Evaluation of an Antibacterial Effect of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Leaves and Petals Extract Along with Antibiotics on Escherichia coli: In vitro study. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 12. 18- 21. 10. 31782/ IJCRR. 2020. 12063.
• Dwivedi, Abhinay & Jain, Anshul. (2023). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis. 3. 12- 15. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been bestowed with multifaceted chemical constituents that would be used for a variety of human ailments, the plant has a long history of uses to cure and treat various conditions the leaves of the plant are deep green would trove important antioxidant and antibacterial compounds. The ethanolic extract of leaves has been proven to have good antioxidant potential with IC 50 of 18.70 compared to standard IC 50 of 6.35. The antibacterial potential has been tested with gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli. The ethanolic extract of the leaf showed higher potential for antibacterial action at 2% concentration as compared to 1%, the study also revealed that the extract of the leaf had greater antibacterial against gram-negative E. coli.
• Daud, Dzulsuhaimi & Arsad, N.F.M. & Asmida, I. & Tawang, Alene. (2016). Anti-pyretic action of Caulerpa lentillifera, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Piper sarmentosum aqueous extract in mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 9. 145- 147. Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antipyretic activity of Caulerpa lentillifera, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Piper sarmentosum aqueous extracts. Methods: The suspension of yeast was injected intraperitoneally (0.1 g/ kg of body weight [BWT]) to induce fever in experimental animals. Rectal temperature was recorded every hour with a lubricated digital thermometer and animals with at least 0.7°C elevations in body core temperature were included in the experiment. The animals with fever were administered orally with aqueous extracts of C. lentillifera, H. rosa-sinensis, and P. sarmentosum (500 mg/ kg of BWT). Another group was given the commercial drug, acetaminophen (10 mg/ kg of BWT), to serve as a control. Results: The result of the study showed that C. lentillifera and H. rosa-sinensis aqueous extracts are significantly (p< 0.05) effective in combating fever. However, P. sarmentosum aqueous extract has no potential as an antipyretic agent. Conclusion: H. rosa-sinensis and C. lentillifera aqueous extracts have antipyretic potential but not P. sarmentosum aqueous extract.
• Kumaraguru, S. & Ramalingam, Satish & Thangam, C. & Muralidharan, A. & Dhananjayan, R. (2001). Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts derived from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Biomedicine. 21. 77- 82.
• Rasul, Hezha & Aziz, Bakhtyar & Ghafoor, Dlzar & Kivrak, Arif. (2022). Screening the possible anti-cancer constituents of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower to address mammalian target of rapamycin: an in silico molecular docking, HYDE scoring, dynamic studies, and pharmacokinetic prediction. Molecular Diversity. 27. 1- 24. 10. 1007/ s11030- 022- 10556- 9. One of the most common malignancies diagnosed and the leading cause of death for cancer-stricken women globally is breast cancer. The molecular subtype affects therapy options because it is a complex disorder with multiple subtypes. By concentrating on receptor activation, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) can be employed as a therapeutic target. The goal of this work was to screen several inhibitors produced from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for possible targets to inhibit the mTOR and to determine which has the greatest affinity for the receptor. Primarily, the ionization states of the chosen compounds were predicted using the Chem-Axon web platform, and their pKa values were estimated. Given the significance of interactions between proteins in the development of drugs, structure-based virtual screening was done using Auto-Dock Vina. Approximately 120 Hibiscus components and ten approved anti-cancer drugs, including the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, were used in the comparative analysis. By using Lipinski’s rule of five to the chosen compounds, the ADMET profile and drug-likeness characteristics were further examined to assess the anti-breast cancer activity. The compounds with the highest ranked binding poses were loaded using the SeeSAR tool and the HYDE scoring to give interactive, desolvation, and visual ΔG estimation for ligand binding affinity assessment. Following, the prospective candidates underwent three replicas of 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulations, preceded with MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation. The stability of the protein-ligand complex was determined using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and protein-ligand interactions. The results demonstrated that the best mTOR binding affinities were found for stigmastadienol (107), lupeol (66), and taraxasterol acetate (111), which all performed well in comparison to the control compounds. Thus, bioactive compounds isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis could serve as lead molecules for the creation of potent and effective mTOR inhibitors for breast cancer therapy.
• Chauhan, Shikha & Naved, Tanveer. (2018). Herbal contraceptives: Evaluation of the antifertility potential of hibiscus ROSA-SINENSIS (LINN.). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 11. 36. 10. 22159/ ajpcr. 2018. v11i11. 20531. 
• Jana, Tapan & Das, Siddhartha & Roy, Abhijit & Mandal, Dhruba & Jana, Susmita & Bhattacharya, Jayanta. (2013). Study of the Effects of Hibiscus-Rosa-Sinensis Flower Extract on the Spermatogenesis of Male Albino Rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances. 3. 1. 10. 5455/ jppa. 201306- 16115400.
• Arullappan, Sangeetha & Muhamad, Shamsul & Zakaria, Zubaidah. (2013). Cytotoxic Activity of the Leaf and Stem Extracts of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Malvaceae) against Leukaemic Cell Line (K- 562). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 12. 10. 4314/ tjpr. v12i5. 12. Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis against the K- 562 cancer cell line. Methods: The crude petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the leaf and stem of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were prepared using the cold extraction method. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the extracts (20 -100 µg/ ml) was evaluated on the leukemic cancer cell line (K- 562) and Mardin- Darby kidney cell line (MDBK) (control) using 3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 5- (3- carboxy- methoxyphenyl)- 2- (4- sulfophenyl)- 2H-  tetrazolium (MTS) and 3- (4, 5- dimethyl- 2- thiazolyl)-2, 5- diphenyl- 2H- tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, followed by morphological detection with Hoeschst staining. Results: The methanol leaf extracts showed higher activity (IC50 value: 30.9 ± 1.1 µg/ ml) against K- 562 cells than petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts which exhibited IC50 of 87.6 ± 0.91 and 57.6 ± 0.61 µg/ ml (p < 0.05), respectively. Meanwhile, stem extracts from methanol showed IC50 of 79.80 µg/ ml against K-562. MDBK cells (positive control) showed IC50 > 100 µg/ ml for all the extracts. On treating K-562 cells with methanol leaf extract (30 µg/ ml), the former were observed to undergo apoptosis with nuclear segmentation after 24 h incubation. The methanol leaf extract produced cell death on K- 562 cells by apoptosis. Conclusion: Hibiscus rosa sinensis extracts possess potential as effective cytotoxic agents against K-562 cells.
• Agrawal, Krishn & Murti, Yogesh & Verma, Jyoti & Agrawal, Nitin & Gupta, Tripanshu. (2021). In Silico Studies of Bioactive Compounds from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Against HER2 and ESR1 for Breast Cancer Treatment. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology. 14. 5665- 5671. 10. 37285/ ijpsn. 2021. 14. 6. 3. The most common type of cancer and the second biggest cause of death is breast cancer. The disease is the leading cause of death in women aged 45 to 55. It’s a multi-stage disease in which viruses have a role in one stage. Breast cancer is an illness that affects the sufferer, their family, and the entire community all over the world. Breast cancer has no established cause, however specific risk factors have been found. Age, race, gender, and family history are all fixed and immutable characteristics. Other elements, such as social and familial support, can help to mitigate the harmful effects. The present study aimed to investigate the bioactive ligand for breast cancer treatment against the HER2 and ESR1 proteins by molecular docking studies. HER2 is an oncogene and membrane tyrosine kinase that is over-expressed, and gene amplified in about 20% of breast tumors. When active, it sends proliferative and anti-apoptotic signals to the cell. It is the most important factor in the genesis and progression of breast cancer tumors. To carry out this work protein structures were downloaded from the PDB database and ligands three three-dimensional structures were downloaded from the PubChem database. The docking was performed by using the i- i-GEMDOCK software suit. The binding energies of bioactive molecules from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were found to be Rutin (-139.779, -102.743), Quercetin (-106.5, -99.7807), Kaempferol (-105.824, -92.5271), Myricetin (-111.913, -99.603) and Methotrexate (-140.69, -130.165) against HER2 and ESR1 proteins respectively. The lowest energy of Rutin compared to Methotrexate showed the highest binding among the other bioactive molecules. The binding energies of the molecules are the sum of hydrogen bonds, Vander Waal’s, and electrostatic energies that are inversely linked to protein-ligand interaction. From the result of the current study,  we can conclude that among the four bioactive molecules, rutin has the lowest binding energy so it could be used as an inhibitor of HER2 and ESR1 protein for the treatment of breast carcinoma in the future.
• Khan, Zulfiqar & Naqvi, Syed & Mukhtar, Ammara & Hussain, Zaib & Shahzad, Sohail & Mansha, Asim & Ahmad, Dr. Matloob & Zahoor, Ameer Fawad & Bukhari, Iftikhar & Ashraf-Janjua, Muhammad & Mahmood, Nasir & Yar, Muhammad. (2014). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis Linn flower extracts. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 27. 469-74. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different solvent extracts of locally grown Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was assessed by estimation of total flavonoid contents, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and percentage inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation capacity. The agar disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibacterial potential of the crude extract of H. rosa-sinensis. The yield of the crude extracts (23.21 ± 3.67 and 18.36 ± 2.98 % in 80 % methanol and ethanol solvents was calculated, respectively. Methanol and ethanol extract of H. rosa-sinensis showed total phenolics 61.45 ± 3.23 and 59.31 ± 4.31 mg/ 100 g as gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoids 53.28 ± 1.93 and 32.25 ± 1.21 mg/ 100 g as catechin equivalent, DPPH free radical scavenging activity 75.46±4.67 and 64.98 ± 2.11 % and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation potential 75.8 ±3.22 and 61.6 ± 2.01 % respectively, was measured. Antibacterial study against three human pathogens such as staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. and Escherichia coli showed growth inhibitory effect in the range of 12.75 ± 1.17 to 16.75 ± 2.10 mm. These results showed H. rosa-sinensis indigenous to Kallar Kahar and its allied areas bear promising medicinal values and could be used for developing herbal medicines to target oxidative stress and infectious diseases.
• Divya, M.J. & Sowmia, C. & Dhanya, K.P. & Joona, K. (2013). Screening of antioxidant, anticancer activity, and phytochemicals in methanolic extract of hibiscus rosa- sinensis leaf extract. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 4. 1308-1316.
• Tomar, Vivek & Kannojia, Pushpendra & N, Jain & S, Dubey. (2010). ANTI-NOCECEPTIVE AND ANTI -ANTI-ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF HIBISCUS – ROSA SINENSIS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 1. Hibiscus rosa- sinensis L. (Malvaceae) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of pain and various inflammatory conditions such as the inflammation of oral mucosa, blenorrhoea, and asthmatic bronchitis. In the present study the methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis leaves (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight orally) was studied for anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in various animal models. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied in carrageenin, and dextran-induced rat paw edema using Indomethacine as standard which showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The peripheral analgesic activity was studied in rats using acetic acid-induced writhing response and tail flick method by using Pethidine (5 mg/ kg body weight, intraperitoneally) as standard. The extract showed significant dose-dependent analgesic activity in both models.
• Birari, R. B. & Jalapure, S. S. & Changrani, S. R. & Shid, S. L. & Tote, M. V. & Habade, B. M. (2009). Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of Hibiscus rosa sinesis linn flower. Pharmacology online. 3. 737- 747. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of ethanolic extract of the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinesis Linn. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinesis Linn was evaluated using carrageenin to induce paw edema, cotton pellet to induce granuloma, and xylene to induce mice ear edema. The analgesic activities were analyzed using the formalin test and writhing test; pyrexia induced by brewer’s yeast in rats. The ethanolic extract of flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinesis Linn was administered orally at 125, 250, and 500 mg/ kg. The result showed the plant has a significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effect. The result of the acute toxicity test at which the maximum toxic dose was above 5 g/ kg indicates that the plant extract is relatively safe in mice. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of Hibiscus rosa sinesis Linn are here demonstrated validating its use in traditional medicine.
• AL-Saily, Hala & Al-Hady, F.N. & Al-Halbosiy, Mohammad. (2018). The Anti-Fertility and Cytotoxicity Effects of Cyproterone Acetate and Phenolic Extract of Hibiscus rosa Sinensis linn flowers in Male Albino Rats. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 9. 177. 10. 5958/ 0976- 5506. 2018. 00635. 6. The current study was designed to investigate the anti-fertility activity of Cyproterone acetate CPA and phenolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. flowers and their cytotoxicity on the splenic lymphocytes (In vivo) and (In vitro) of male albino rats. The animals were divided into two groups, the first group was treated with CPA at a dose of 5 mg/ kg/ day for 50 days and the second group was treated with phenolic extract of H. rosa sinensis flowers at a dose of 300 mg/ kg/ day for 60 days. The control group was also divided into two groups, the first group was treated with corn oil for 50 days and the second was treated with tap water for 60 days. The results showed a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the sperm parameters, a significant increase (p< 0.05) in the percent of sperm abnormalities, and a decrease in the sexual efficiency of males treated with CPA, whereas the sexual efficiency not affected in the group of rats treated with the phenolic extract. The pregnancy didn’t occur in females mated with males treated with CPA until two weeks after the end of the treatment period. While the pregnancy didn’t occur in females mated with phenolic extract of H. rosa sinensis flowers until five weeks after the end of the treatment period, also the results showed a significant increase in the proliferation index (PIX) of splenic lymphocytes of albino rats (In vivo). 
• Gupta, Prakash. (2012). The contraceptive potential of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.) – An update. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 4. 7- 9.
• Rengarajan, Sumathy & Melana- thuru, Vijayalakshmi & Govindasamy, Chandramohan & Chinnadurai, Veeramani & Badr, Mohamed. (2020). Antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds isolated from the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 32. 10. 1016/ j. j. ksus. 2020. 02. 028. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a medicinal plant known for its various medicinal properties. The present study was to identify and characterize the flavonoid compound from the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. The antioxidant compounds were isolated by Silica Gel G Column chromatography. From the fractions, C5 shows the highest antioxidant activity compared to C3 & C4 compounds. DNA damage protection activity results indicated that two major bands of supercoiled DNA and open circular DNA were protected by the presence of different concentrations (5 µg, 10 µg, 15 µg & 20 µg) of C5 compound isolated from the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. IR absorption peaks reveal the presence of functional groups alcohols, phenols, α, β unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes. The structure of the compound was characterized as Hibiscetin- 3- glucoside (C21H20O14) by Mass spectroscopy and NMR. The study emphasized flavonoid compounds have effective scavenging activities which may be due to their phenolics and flavonoid contents and can be used as anticancer agents.
• Sruthi, Talapudi & Rao, Chinta & Michael, R.A. & Nissy, S. & Prakash, D. V. (2021). In-vitro ANTI- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Hibiscus rosa sinensis LEAVES. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry. 14. 10. 31788/ RJC. 2021. 1446459.
• Kaur, Simran jeet. (2023). Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis and its Phytochemical Investigations. Acta Scientific Neurology. 6. 49- 53. 10. 31080/ ASNE. 2023. 06. 0654.