Khair (Acacia catechu)
Khair which is famous for the name Cutch tree is botanically known as Acacia catechu Willd. It is also known as Khadira. It is an evergreen tropical tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family and a very important and famous tree for rituals and medicinal uses.
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ShareKhair – A Gift from Ayurveda to Mankind for Skin Disorders
Introduction
Khair which is famous for the name Cutch tree is botanically known as Acacia catechu Willd. It is also known as Khadira. It is an evergreen tropical tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family and a very important and famous tree for rituals and medicinal uses. Acharaya Charaka in Agarya Dravya (best one drug), mentioned Khadir as Agraya Dravya for Kustha (skin disorders). In Ancient scripture like Shatpatha Brahmana its heartwood is considered very strong and compared to the bone in strength. Khadira wood is used for making vessels, and containers and used as firewood. In Pappilada Samhita, Khadira is used for Visha Roga (poisonous cases). In Ayurvedic classical texts, the twigs of the Khadira tree are considered best among the toothbrushes of Kashaya Rasa i.e astringent taste. Acharaya Sushruta and Acharaya Vagbhata mentioned Khadira with Gayatri’s name as it is used in Yagya. Khadira is cold in potency, gives strength to teeth, and relieves itching, cough, and distaste. It is bitter and astringent in taste, depletion of fats, and diminishes worms, diseases of the urinary tract including glycosuria, fever, ulcers, Vitiligo, edema, undigested retained food, Pitta and Rakta diseases, anemia, skin diseases and vitiated Kapha. In recent research, various active ingredients have been found in Khadira like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, etc due to which it exhibits antipyretic, anti-diabetic, hepato- protective, anti-inflammatory activities, etc.
Basonym
खदति स्थिरं तिष्ठति हिनस्ति च रोगानिति ।
By alleviating diseases, it brings stability.
Synonyms of Khadira
- According to morphology
कण्टकी- कण्टका: सन्त्यस्य ।
Khadira (Acacia catechu) has thorns over its trunk and branches.
बहुशल्य: – बहव: शल्या: कण्टका अस्य ।
Khadira is a thorny tree having money thorns.
जिव्हा शल्य: – जिव्हा: वक्रा: शल्या: कण्टका अस्य ।
Spines are curved in Khadira.
सार द्रुम: – सारवान् वृक्ष: ।
Khadira has heartwood which is medicinally used.
रक्तसार: – रक्तवर्ण: सारो अस्य ।
The heartwood of Khadira has red color.
बालपत्र: – हस्वपत्रत्वात् ।
Leaves are small in size.
- According to properties and action
कुष्ठघ्न: – कुष्ठं हन्तीति ।
Khadira is regarded as the best Kusthaghana Dravya (useful in skin diseases).
दन्तधावन: – दन्तधावने प्रयुक्तत्वात् ।
Khadira twigs are used to make brushes and used for brushing the teeth.
गलरोगनुत्- गलरोगनाशक: ।
Khadira is very useful in diseases of the throat.
गायत्री – गायन्त॑ त्रायते, यज्ञे प्रयोज्यत्वात् ।
Khadir is regarded as sacred and used in sacrifices.
यज्ञिय: – यज्ञे प्रयुज्यमान: ।
Khadira is used to perform rituals.
Regional Names of Khadira
- Cutch tree (English)
- Khair (Hindi)
- Kaggali, Kacchu (Kannada)
- Karinnali (Malayalam)
- Khayar (Marathi)
- Karangalli (Tamil)
- Sondra (Telegu)
Regional Names of Kadara
- Salkanta (Bengla)
- Dhaula Khejra (Rajasthan)
Botanical Name of Khadira
Acacia catechu Willd.
Acacia means tree-yielding gum
Catechu means Kachu (a Kannada word)
Botanical Name of Kadara
Acacia Suma Buch- Ham, Mimosa suma Roxb.
Family
Mimosaceae/ Fabaceae (Babbula Kula)
Ayurveda Reference for Khadir (Acacia catechu Willd.)
Scientific Classification of Khadira
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Class | Dicotyledons |
| Subclass | Polypetalae |
| Series | Calyciflorae |
| Order | Rosales |
| Family | Mimosaceae/ Fabaceae |
| Genus | Acacia |
| Species | catechu |
Classification of Khadira as per Charaka and Sushruta
Charaka: Kusthaghana Mahakshaya, Udarda Prashmana Mahakashaya, Mutra Sangrehniya Mahakshaya
Sushruta: Vatadi Gana
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Kadara
Arishta is considered to be a synonym for Katuka or Gangeruki.
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 4/ 49, C. S. Sa. 8/ 29, 89
Katuki’s Description in Brihtrayi as Ashokarohini
According to Dalhana, it is like Khadir with yellow wood but it is usually said to be Shweta Khadir which may be other species of Acacia such as Acacia suma.
| Charaka | Shusruta | Vagbhata (Ashtang Hridya) |
| C. S. Su. 4/ 43 | S. S. Su. 38/ 12 | A. H. Su. 15/ 19 |
| C. S. Su. 25/ 49 | S. S. Chi. 11/ 8 | |
| C. S. Chi. 3/ 257 | ||
| C. S. Ka. 1/ 7 |
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Kustha Ghana
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Chi. 23/ 53
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi
| Charaka | Shusruta | Vagbhata (Ashtang Hridya) |
| C. S. Su. 3/ 2 | S. S. Su. 2/ 4 | A. H. Su. 2/ 2 |
| C. S. Su. 4/ 13, 43 | S. S. Su. 38/ 12 | A. H. Su. 10/ 31 |
| C. S. Su. 14/ 45 | S. S. Su. 46/ 432 | A. H. Su. 15/ 19 |
| C. S. Su. 23/ 11 | S. S. Chi. 6/ 19 | A. H. Sa. 1/ 13 |
| C. S. Su. 25/ 39, 49 | S. S. Chi. 9/ 5, 6, 66, 67, 70, 71 | A. H. Chi. 6/ 53 |
| C. S. Vi. 8/ 151 | S. S. Chi. 10/ 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 | A. H. Chi. 12/ 31 |
| C. S. Sa. 8/ 58, 76 | S. S. Chi. 11/ 8 | A. H. Chi. 18/ 15 |
| C. S. Chi. 1. 2/ 12 | S. S. Chi. 12/ 15 | A. H. Chi. 19/ 14, 26, 37, 39, 48, 86, 91 |
| C. S. Chi. 1. 3/ 2 | S. S. Chi. 13/ 29, 32 | A. H. U. 2/ 61 |
| C. S. Chi. 1. 4/ 13 | S. S. Chi. 20/ 15, 58 | A. H. U. 9/ 21, 24 |
| C. S. Chi. 3/ 257 | S. S. Chi. 22/ 31, 32 | A. H. U. 22/ 41, 82, 84, 88, 90, 96, 106, 107 |
| C. S. Chi. 4/ 70 | S. S. Chi. 24/ 6 | A. H. U. 28/ 42 |
| C. S. Chi. 6/ 28 | S. S. Chi. 32/ 4, 8 | A. H. U. 39/ 92, 94, 107, 152 |
| C. S. Chi. 7/ 73, 76, 97, 101, 119, 124, 129, 135, 152, 158, 159, 166 | S. S. Sa. 2/ 8 | A. H. U. 40/ 50 |
| C. S. Chi. 18/ 64 | S. S. U. 17/ 22 | |
| C. S. Chi. 21/ 87 | S. S. U. 18/ 36, 87 | |
| C. S. Chi. 23/ 188 | S. S. U. 32/ 5 | |
| C. S. Chi. 25/ 82, 89, 108 | S. S. U. 34/ 5 | |
| C. S. Chi. 26/ 98, 205 | S. S. U. 39/ 252 | |
| C. S. Chi. 27/ 55 | S. S. U. 41/ 45 | |
| C. S. Ka. 1/ 7 | ||
| C. S. Si. 10/ 29 | ||
| C. S. Si. 11/ 23, 25 |
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Gayatri
Susruta Samhita: S. S. U. 41/ 50, S. S. U. 45/ 34, S. S. U. 52/ 18
Vagbhata: A. H. Chi. 5/ 28, A. H. Chi. 12/ 7, A. H. Chi. 19/ 24, A. H. U. 5/ 38, A. H. U. 30/ 39, A. H. U. 39/ 169
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Bala Patra
Vagbhata: A. H. U. 39/ 105
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Rakta Sara
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Chi. 9/ 50
Khadir’s Description in Brihtrayi as Soma Valkala
Soma Valkala is usually accepted as a synonym for Khadir or Shveta Khadir and Katphala.
| Charaka | Shusruta | Vagbhata (Ashtang Hridya) |
| C. S. Su. 4/ 33 | S. S. Su. 36/ 25 | A. H. Su. 7/ 20 |
| C. S. Vi. 8/ 143, 150, 151 | S. S. Chi. 12/ 9 | A. H. Su. 15/ 41 |
| C. S. Chi. 1. 1. 75 | S. S. Ka. 1/ 68 | A. H. Chi. 12/ 17, 42 |
| C. S. Chi. 6/ 37 | S. S. Ka. 3/ 9 | A. H. U. 35/ 46 |
| C. S. Chi. 23/ 219 | A. H. U. 38/ 40 | |
| C. S. Ka. 1/ 8, 25 | ||
| C. S. Si. 10/ 42 |
Historical Background of Khadira
According to Rigveda, Khadira is one of the important trees for both rituals and medicinal usage (Rigveda. 3/ 43/ 19). It is described with the synonym Vibadha. Its heartwood is considered to be very strong and is used as a wedge while manufacturing chariots. Satapatha Brahmana mentions it as one of the strongest trees and the strength of its stem is similar to the bone in strength. Khadira was used as firewood and as a vessel/container. The extract of heartwood (Khadira Sara) is used for external wearing like a precious stone. In Paippalada Samhita it is specifically quoted in the treatment of leucoderma (Kilasa) and poisoning cases (Visa Roga). Ayurvedic texts quote Khadira twigs as the best among toothbrushes which are astringent (Kasaya) in taste. Caraka described it as the best drug for Kustha (skin diseases). Kushtghana term is used by Charaka at once (C. S. Chi. 23/ 53) but it is considered to be Cakramarda. Gayatri is the synonym used by Sushruta and Vagbhata. Another name Balapatra was mentioned by Vagbhata alone (A. H. U. 39/ 105). In one context Susruta described Gayatrya denoting one of the varieties of Soma but not Khadir (S. S. Ci. 29/ 7, 31). Vagbhata emphasized its utility as a toothbrush. Cakradatta describes Khadira in the treatment of Svarabheda.
Do you Know? It is to be noted that the original Khadira Sara is the natural secretion (gum resin) of the matured/old trees of A. catechu which is black. But nowadays the dried extract of heartwood is considered Khadirasara.
External Morphology of Acacia catechu
Habit: It is a moderate-sized tree.
Bark: The bark of Khadir is grayish brown, nearly 1.3 cm in thickness, exfoliating in long narrow strips. Sapwood is yellowish white but heartwood red.
Leaves: Leaves of Khadir are compound, bi-pinnate, 10-15 cm long, main rhachis, pubescent, with glands between many of the pairs of pinnae and a large conspicuous gland at or near the middle of the petiole, stipular spines short, hooked, arises from a broad triangular base. Pinnae have 10- 30 pairs, 4- 5 cm long, nearly sessile, their rachises pubescent. Leaflets are 30-50 pairs, 0.5 cm wide, linear, subacute, sessile, and often ciliate.
Flowers: Flowers of Khadir are dark yellow in cylindrical spikes.
Fruit: Pod, 5-7.5 cm long and 1-15 cm wide, flat, thin, brown, shining, with a triangular beak at the apex and narrowed at the base. Seeds are 3 to 10 in number.
Flowering and Fruiting Time of Khadira: Plant flowers in August – September, and fruits in October- December.
External Morphology of Acacia suma (Kadara)
Habit: A large or middle-sized tree.
Bark: Bark of Kadara (Acacia suma) is white.
Branches: Branches of Kadara are stiff, flexuous, branchlets and petioles downy, with soft gray pubescent. Prickles in pairs, infra- stipular; conical, downy white young, brown shining afterward. Common petiole 4 – 10 in. long, unarmed, with a large cup-shaped gland above the base. pinnae 10-20 pairs; leaflets 20-50 pairs, linear, approximate, imbricate, generally ciliate.
Flowers: Flowers of Kadara are white or pale yellow; spikes are lax. Petals are not much longer than calyx.
Pods: Pods are 3-5 by 1/4 in., pubescent when young. Wood similar to that of Acacia catechu Willd. (Khadira), used as a tan and catch.
Flowering and fruiting time
Rains to autumn and onwards.
Distribution of Khadira
The plant is common in the forests of the country in plains, dry and warm regions and it occurs in hills up to 5,000 ft. elevation.
Distribution of Kadara
Western peninsula, both on the west as well as on the east side, extending north to southern Rajasthan, lower Bengal, and Sunderbana.
Varieties of Khadira
In the Samhitas, Khadira and Kadara are described which are A. catechu and A. suma Buch respectively. In Dhanvantari Nighantu two varieties Khadira and Somavalka are described while Raja Nighantu quotes five varieties viz., Khadira, Somavalka, Tamrakantaka, Vitkhadira, and Arimeda. Amarakosa mentioned three varieties viz., Khadira, Vitkhadira & Samavalka. We come across a description of ‘Valli Khadira’ in Nighantu Ratnakaram. Bhavamisra quotes Khadira, Kadara and Irimeda. Three varieties are commonly used today. They are A. catechu; A. Sundara and A. catechuoides.
As Per Bhavaprakasha Nighantu:
Two varieties are mentioned:
- Khadira
- Sweta Khadira
As Per Dhanwantri Nighantu:
- Khadira
- Somavalkala
As Per Raja Nighantu:
Three Types are Mentioned:
- Khadira
- Sweta Khadira
- Rakta Khadira
The Useful Part of Khadira
Sara (Heartwood)
Aqueous extract becomes thin, porous blocks with a surface of yellowish-brown or fawn color. These are lighter in weight and break easily into powdery mass. It has an astringent taste.
Important Phytoconstituent of Khadira
The chief constituents of heartwood are catechin and Catechutannic acid, and catechin content varies from 4- 7%. The proportion of catechin may be up to 17% in the cutch. Normally the kutch (Katha or khadirasara) has the composition: moisture 12.5- 12.0; tannin (high powder method) 37.3 – 59.1; catechin 14.2-17.2; extractive matter(non-tanning) insoluble matter 3.6-4.2 and ash 1.4 – 1.6 percent. The catechin of the source plant (Acacia catechu Willd. or Khadira producing kutch or Khadirasara) is also named catechin and it is colorless crystalline material insoluble in cold water, but soluble in hot water. It melts at 204-205 percent and has formula C15H14O6. 3H2O. It has been observed that acacatechin is not an individual substance but a mixture of flour isomerides. However, acacatechin is a comparatively unstable substance and is readily oxidized in solution mainly to catechu tannic acid and some brown decomposition products. Catechu tannic acid is an amorphous reddish-brown material, readily soluble in water and alcohol, and is insoluble in ether. Purified Kheersal is found to melt at 225- 230° and is of the isomeric catechins.
Catechu Catechin or Cutch
Khadira Sara or Katha: Sapwood is comparatively large yellowish-white, and not durable. Heartwood is dark red, very durable, seasons well and takes a fine polish. Weight varies between wide limits (average about 60 Ibs. per c. ft.). The pores in heartwood are distinct, being usually filled with a white substance which is the Katha or catechin. This substance, as well as the cutch-products of great commercial value, are obtained by boiling chips of heartwood (in earthen pots as well as suitable vessels e.g., copper, under traditional to developed processes from villages to factories and finally the substance becomes solid, dry (dried extract) and brown mass (cutch blocks, cubes, and Katha pieces) in various marketable forms and colors, commonly known as Katha or Khadira Sara, which is used in various purposes such as commercial or industrial, pointing, dyeing, medicinal and indispensable ingredient of betel- chewing (Tambula) and other (pan masala) preparations in prevalence. The Katha industry is of economic importance.
Manufacture of Catechu
The red heartwood obtained by felling the tree and separating the bark and sapwood is cut into chips mechanically and put into extractors. The steam is passed through the drug for maximum extraction. The extract is concentrated under a vacuum and is cooled by refrigeration. It is then centrifuged to isolate the cake of Kattha. The cake is molded in desired sizes and dried in proper condition.
Chemical Tests of Catechu
- Catechu gives a pink or red color with Vanillin and Hydrochloric acid because of the presence of Catechin.
- Lime water when added to an aqueous extract of black catechu gives brown color which turns to red precipitate on standing for some time.
Recent Research on Khadira
- The chemopreventive potential of (+)-catechin-rich extract of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Heartwood (AQCE) was evaluated against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF- 7) and 7, 12- dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)- induced mammary carcinoma in Balb/c mice. The present data strongly suggest that the anticancer potentiality of (+)- catechin-rich AQCE may be attributable to its ability to positively modulate tumor markers as well as the antioxidant system that could decompose the peroxides and thereby, offer protection against lipid peroxidation and linked to the expression of transcription factors during DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma. Monga J, Chauhan CS, Sharma M. Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cytotoxicity and Modulation of 7, 12- dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-Induced Mammary Carcinoma in Balb/c Mice by Acacia catechu (L.f.) Wild Heartwood. Integer Cancer Ther. 2012 Nov 9.
- G, Nagaraja & Sarang, S. & Jambhale, D.. (2008). Evaluation of the antimycotic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. (Mimosaceae). 1. An attempt was made to assess the antimycotic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. extracts using three different solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and hexane. Agar well diffusion technique was followed for screening against chosen fungi like Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternate, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Macrophoma phaseolin. The maximum inhibition was recorded in ethanol, acetone, and hexane root extracts. A. niger growth was controlled by acetone extract from bark, whereas F. oxysporum, A. alternata, R. stolonifer, and M. phaseolina were by acetone extracts of A. catechu extract. These extracts can be utilized for the management of this plant. It is recommended to isolate, identify and integrate the bioactive principle in these pathogen’s management.
- Anti-inflammatory properties of both baicalin and catechins have been widely reported. However, the reports of analgesic effects of baicalin and catechins are limited. Three commonly used pain-related animal models were employed to evaluate the analgesic activity of UP 446, a standardized bioflavonoid composition of baicalin and catechins. The findings suggest that the standardized anti-inflammatory bioflavonoid composition, UP446, could also be employed to inhibit nociception.
- Yimam M, Brownell L, Hodges M, Jia Q. Analgesic effects of a standardized bioflavonoid composition from Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu. J Diet Suppl. 2012 Sep; 9 (3): 155- 65. doi: 10. 3109/ 19390211. 2012. 708713. Epub 2012 Aug 10.
- Gupta, Amit & Chaphalkar, Sushama. (2016). Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of Acacia Catechu on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. 27. 111. 10.14499/indonesianjpharm27iss2pp111. As per the literature, medicinal plants showed enormous candidates who are responsible for showing antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory agents, etc. Most of the research group focused only on those primary and secondary metabolites extracted from different medicinal plants and showed their antimicrobial (anti-viral) activity against dreadful pathogens. The objective of our current study is to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-viral effect of aqueous leaf extract of Acacia catechu against newcastle disease Virus (NDV) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For these studies, variable doses of aqueous leaves extract of Acacia catechu (0.5–30mg/mL, 50µL; dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) and examined its proliferation assay containing NDV and also determined CD14 monocyte surface marker in the presence or absence of NDV using flow cytometry. The results showed that aqueous leaf extract of Acacia catechu inhibited NDV proliferation and also decline CD14 monocyte surface marker with or without NDV at higher doses. Overall, aqueous extract of Acacia catechu at higher doses showed cytotoxic as well as antiviral effects and might be used for this purpose.
- Ghayathri, & Thangavelu, Lakshmi. (2015). Anti-inflammatory activity of acacia catechu bark extract-in vitro study. 7. 1184- 1187. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by joint swelling, joint tenderness, and destruction of synovial joints, leading to severe disability and premature mortality. Acacia catechu Willd. Commonly known as karungali in Tamil and Khadira in Sanskrit. Chemical constituents are well known for their potential health benefits and have been reported to possess valuable biological activities such as antibacterial and antifungal, antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic, and hepatoprotective properties. This article aims to investigate the Anti-inflammatory activity of Acacia catechu Bark ethanolic extract. © 2015, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. All rights reserved.
- The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of A. catechu heartwood extracts in a human epithelial carcinoma cell line (A431) and antitumor activity against DMBA/TPA-induced squamous cell carcinoma in Balb/c mice. The results suggest that AQCE may exert its chemopreventive activity by acting as an antioxidant. Monga J, Chauhan CS, Sharma M. Human epithelial carcinoma cytotoxicity and inhibition of DMBA/TPA induced squamous cell carcinoma in Balb/c mice by Acacia catechu heartwood. J. Pharm Pharmacol. 2011. Nov; 63 (11): 1470- 82. doi: 10. 1111/ j. 2042- 7158. 2011. 01354. x. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
- Thangavelu, Lakshmi & Krishnan, V. (2013). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Acacia catechu willd, Azadirachta indica, Aryctostaphylos Uva ursi against Lactobacillus acidophilus – An in vitro comparative study. International Journal of Drug Development and Research. 5. 174-178. Aim: This study was designed to examine the in vitro antibacterial potential of methanolic and acetone leaf extracts of Acacia catechu willd, Azadirachta indica, Aryctostaphylos Uva ursi against Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and Methods: The inhibitory effect of methanolic and acetone extract from three herbal extracts was tested against Lactobacillus acidophilus by using the broth dilution method. Results: The methanolic extract of Acacia catechu willd exhibited antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus acidophilus with a minimum bactericidal concentration of 1mg/ml, and appreciable activity with Azadirachta indica methanolic extract at a concentration of 10mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanolic and acetone extract of the herbal extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, and tannins, which may contribute to the antibacterial action. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Acacia catechu willd was found to be bactericidal in action when compared to the other herbal extracts tested. Clinical Significance: Acacia catechu willd methanolic leaf extract is proven to be a potent antibacterial herb against lactobacillus acidophilus and can be recommended to treat dental caries when compared to Azadirachta indica commonly known as neem which is commercially obtained in the market.
- Two new phenolic compounds, 5-hydroxy-2-[2-(4-hydroyphenyl) acetyl]-3-methoxylbenzoic acid (1) and (25, 35)- 3, 7, 8.3′, 4′- penta- hydroxy- flavone (2), were obtained from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu, along with four known compounds identified as rhamnetin (3), 4- hydroxyphenyl ethanol (4), 3, 3′, 5, 51, 7- pentahydroxy- flavane (5), and fisetinidol (6). Their structures were determined based on spectroscopic analysis. Free radical-scavenging activities of the new compounds were evaluated. Li XC, Liu C, Yang LX, Chen RY. Phenolic compounds from the aqueous extract of Acacia catechu. J. Asian Nat Prod Res. 2011 Sep; 13 (9): 826- 30. doi: 10. 1080/ 10286020. 2011. 597384.
- Negi, Bhawna & Dave, Bharti. (2010). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia catechu and Its Phytochemical Analysis. Indian journal of microbiology. 50. 369-74. 10. 1007/ s12088- 011- 0061- 1. Unlabeled: Acacia catechu, commonly known as catechu, cachou, and the black clutch is an important medicinal plant and an economically important forest tree. The methanolic extract of this plant was found to have antimicrobial activities against six species of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The maximum zone of inhibition (20 mm) was found to be exhibited against S. aureus. For this organism, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the crude extract was 1,000 μg/ml. The extract was found to be equally effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was found to be decreased during purification. The chemical constituents of organic plant extracts were separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the plant extracts were purified by column chromatography and were further identified by Gas chromatography-mass selection (GC-MS) analysis. The composition of A. catechu extract had shown major components of terpene i.e., camphor (76.40%) and phytol (27.56%) along with other terpenes in minor amounts which are related to their high antibacterial and antifungal properties.
- Patil, SuyogH & Deshmukh, PoojaV & Sreenivas, SA & Sangameshwar, K & Vijapur, Laxman. (2013). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 7. 34. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 111605. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of heartwood of Acacia catechu Willd. Materials and Methods: The alcoholic extract of heartwood of Acacia catechu Willd and its ethyl acetate fractions at different concentrations were tested on Indian adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) by in vitro standard procedure. The time of paralysis and the time of death of the worms were considered as the parameters to assess the anthelmintic action. Albendazole and 2% w/v gum acacia in distilled water were used as standard and control respectively. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of alcoholic extracts exhibited potent anthelmintic activity compared to alcoholic extracts as evidenced by a significant decrease in time of paralysis and death. The observed activity could be due to the presence of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids in the test extract. Conclusion: These in vitro studies indicated that the A. catechu Willd. is a significant source of natural anthelmintic, which might help prevent the progress of various parasitic disorders.
Recent Research on Kadara
- Acharyya, Suman & Dash, G. & Kumar, Brahma & Raj, Chhetree & Manvar, Matushree. (2011). PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ACACIA SUMA (ROXB) BARKS. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2. The present work was conducted to investigate the preliminary phytochemical studies and anthelmintic activities on the bark of Acacia suma (Roxb.) Family- Fabaceae against adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma. Various concentrations (5-25 mg/ml) of each extract along with the reference samples (Piperazine citrate, Albendazole) were subjected to an anthelmintic activity study. The qualitative test revealed that the petroleum ether extracts contained only terpenoids but chloroform and hydroalcoholic (Methanol 70% v/v) extracts exhibited the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins but amino acids and steroids were absent. All the extracts showed anthelmintic activity when compared with petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. The anthelmintic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract was comparable with reference drugs.
- Dash, Gouri & Abdullah, MS & Acharyya, Suman. (2014). Pharmacognostic Evaluation of the Bark of Acacia suma Roxb (Fabaceae). Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 13. 961. 10. 4314/type. v13i6. 20. Purpose: To undertake the pharmacognostic evaluation of Acacia suma Roxb bark for identification and differentiation from related species.Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the bark were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, and loss on drying were also determined. The bark powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by a preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Results: Macro- and microscopic studies revealed an outer hard and woody exfoliating old bark consisting of dead elements of secondary bast alternating with tangential strips of compressed cork tissue. The outer layer consists of cork cells with lenticels, followed by phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm layers. Concentric rings of secondary phloem tissue alternating with regularly arranged polygonal stone cells and radially traversed medullary rays were present. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins and phenolic compounds, gums, mucilages, steroids and triterpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids in the bark. Conclusion: The findings of this study will facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and aid in the preparation of a herbal monograph for the species.
- DEBATA, JITENDRA & Kumar, H K. (2019). STUDIES ON GLUCOSE-LOWERING EFFICACY OF THE ACACIA SUMA ROXB. ROOT. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 234- 238. 10. 22159/a PCR. 2019. v12i18. 33787. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the glucose-lowering efficacy of the Acacia suma Roxb. (Family: Fabaceae) root extracts on Wister albino rats. Methods: A. suma roots were shade dried, powdered, and extracted by Soxhlet extraction procedure using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water. The acute toxicity studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice as per the OECD guidelines 423. The antidiabetic activity of extracts was evaluated on adult Wistar rats at dose levels of 100,200, and 400 mg/kg P.O, respectively each using normoglycemic, glucose-loaded, and Streptozotocin-induced rats. Metformin (50 mg/kg) was used as a reference standard for activity comparison. Results: Among the tested extracts, the ethanol extract was found to produce promising results that are comparable to that of the reference standard metformin. Conclusion: The study established the scientific basis for the utility of this plant in the treatment of diabetes and justifies the use of the root of the plant for treating diabetes as suggested in folklore remedies.
- Mondal, Dr. Sumanta & S, Raja & Suresh, P. & Kumar, Shiv. (2013). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of Acacia suma stem bark. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 5. 302-307. Acacia suma (Fabaceae) is a medium-sized erect tree found in the greater part of India. The present study was carried out for the evaluation of ethanolic extract of stem bark of Acacia suma (EEAS) at 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity. EEAS was screened for analgesic activity by writhing, tail flick, tail immersion, and hot plate method in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity by acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and chronic FreundÊs adjuvant arthritis models in rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rabbits. Acute toxicity in mice was found to be higher than 2000 mg/kg., p.o. The analgesic activity revealed that the test dose of 400 mg/kg, p.o., had significant activity in various test models. Anti-inflammatory studies at 200 and 400 mg/kg., p.o., of the extract, showed significant activity (P<0.01). The extract showed a significant (P<0.01) effect on yeast-induced fever in rabbits in a dose-dependent manner. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds in the ethanol extract of A. suma bark. The present study, therefore, provides a scientific base for its use in folklore remedies as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic property of natural origin.
- Kanbarkar, Nikita & Mishra, Sanjay & Nandanwadkar, Shrikrishna & Alegaon, Shankar. (2022). Assessment of antioxidant activity and quantification of epigallocatechin in Acacia suma heartwood by HPTLC-DPPH fingerprinting method. Chemical Papers. 76. 1-14. 10.1007/s11696-022-02295-w. Research on natural antioxidant agents increased due to their wide range of applications for various diseases. HPTLC-DPPH is a novel technique where the antioxidant potential of the complex herbal extract can be detected on a TLC plate. In thin-layer chromatography, silica gel plates (60 F-254) were used as a stationary phase along with THF/Toluene/Acetic Acid/Water [16:8:2:1 (v/v)] as a mobile phase. Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors were predicted by the in-silico method as an antioxidant agent. HPTLC method development and validation were performed on the CAMAG HPTLC system along with a quantitative estimation of epigallocatechin in the hydroalcoholic extract of Acacia suma. HPTLC method ensured no change in RF value (0.944) at wavelength 269 nm and revealed the presence of epigallocatechin in Acacia suma is 404.2 mg/g. Yellow-colored bands on the TLC plate were observed with DPPH reagent to confirm radical scavenging properties. The in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide assay, nitric oxide assay, total antioxidant assay, and lipid peroxidation assay were performed, and IC50 values are 81.46 ± 2.72, 61.39 ± 1.85, 21.30 ± 2.26, 55.13 ± 2.86 and 77.03 ± 2.47 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, in-silico data predicted ‘Diinsininol’ as a cytochrome P450 inhibitor with a docking score of -13.51 kcal/mol. The study findings were evident that the hydroalcoholic extract of Acacia suma had significant antioxidant potential which was confirmed by in vitro assays, molecular docking study, and HPTLC-DPPH antioxidant approaches.
Rasa Panchaka of Khadira
| Rasa (Taste) | Tikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent) |
| Guna (Virtue) | Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) |
| Virya (Potency) | Sheeta (Cold Potency) |
| Vipaka (Post-Digestion) | Katu (Pungent) |
Dosha Karma of Khadira
Kapha – Pitta Shamaka, Vata Hara due to Sheeta Virya and Tikta, Kashaya Rasa. Kapha Hara because of Tikta, Kashaya Rasa and Katu Vipaka.
Karma (Actions) of Khadira
Hrdya- Hridayottejaka, Raktavahinisankocaka, Raktabhara Vardhaka, Kaphanihsaraka, Kasaghna, Shavasahara, Kanthya, Medhya, Vedanasthapana, Kothaprasamana, Raktotklesaka, Caksusya, Mukha Dourgandhyahara, Mukhasodhaka, Trsasamanakara, Tantughna, aksepahara, Anulomana- Tiksna, Lekhana, Vantikara, Nadi avasadaka-Shaityakara, Mutrajanana, Vajikarana, Kamottejaka (and also Kamavasadaka), Svedajanana, Dahaprasamana, Visaghna, Stanyaksayakara
Karma (Actions) of Different Types of Khadira
- Khadira – Kusthaghna, Dantya, Kandughna, Kasa Ghana, Rucya, Medohara, Krmighna, Pramehahara, Jwaraghna, Sothahara, Switrahara, Pachana.
- Swetakhadira – Varnya, Mukha-rogahara, Vranaropaka
- Somavalka – Raktadosahara, Kusthaghna, Kandughna
- Raktakhadira – Jwaraghna, Bhutaghna
Prayogarha Vyadhi (Therapeutic Indication) of Khadira
Hridroga, Hrdayasaithilya, Sannipatajvara, Hrdayasamraksaka, Amavata, Sandhisula, Kasa, Shvasa, Parsvasula, Kantharoga, Charmavikara, Vicharcika, Daha, Kshata, Netravikara, Nadisula, Vedna, Dantasula, Dantapuya, Jirnapratisyaya, Mastiska Dourbalya
Aamyik Paryog (Therapeutic Uses) of Khadir
Kustha (Skin Disorders)
- Khadira is the best remedy for kustha. (Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. 25)
- For Kustha having predominance of Rakta and pitta khadiraghita, nimbaghrta, darvighrta and patolaghrta are tried remedies. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 135)
- In food and drinks, bath, fumigation, and anointment vidanga, the anthelmintic, and khadira, the anti-leprotic, are outstanding. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 159, 97- 99)
- Maha Khadiradya Ghrita. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 152- 56)
- Khadirakalpa. (Bhava Parkasha Chikitsa. 6/ 52- 54)
- As khadira and bijaka destroy all types of kustha so do kutaja and bhallätaka all types of piles. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 6/ 19)
- One suffering from kustha should use khadira in all ways- bath, food, drinks, etc. which destroys the disease by its overwhelming force. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 9/ 70- 71)
- The decoction of khadira should be used as a drink, sprinkling, tub-bath, etc. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 9/ 5)
- Khadira- vidhanam. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 10/ 13)
- The heartwood of khadira should be used in all types of kustha. (Ashtanga Hridya Uttara Tantra. 40/ 50)
- The root of khadira is burnt and the juice exuded is collected in a jar. This juice taken with ghee, amalaka- juice, and honey acts as Rasayana and destroys kustha. (Vrinda Madhava. 51/ 59)
- Khadirarista. (Sharangdhara Samhita. 2. 10. 60-65)
Shvitra (Vitiligo): Whatever remedy is prescribed for kustha is also applicable to vitiligo. Among them, intake and the local application of khadira decoction are excellent. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 166)
Tvaga Roga (Skin Diseases): Decoction of khadira used as paste, anointment, bath, food, and drink for all skin diseases. (Vrinda Madhava. 51/ 74)
Masurika (Pox): The patient should use, for drinking, cooled water processed with khadira and bijaka. Moreover, a decoction of khadira and slesmätaka should be used for cleaning. (Vrinda Madhava. 56/ 30)
Bhagandara (Fistula-in-ano): Decoction of Khadira and Triphala added with buffalo’s ghee and powdered vidanga destroys fistula-in-ano. (Sharangdhara Samhita. 2. 2. 133)
Kasa (Cough): One should take heartwood of khadira (powder) with wine or curd-water or a paste of pippali fried in ghee and mixed with rock salt should be used with the above vehicle. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 18/ 64)
Rakta Pitta (Intrinsic Hemorrhage): One suffering from intrinsic hemorrhage should take powdered flowers of khadira, priyangu, kovidara, and Salmali. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 4/ 70, Vrinda Madhava. 9/ 20)
In intrinsic hemorrhage, powdered flowers of khadira, jambu, arjuna, kovidara, Sirisa, lodhra, bijaka, salmali, and Sigru should be used with honey. (Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 45/ 34)
Prameha (Sanairmeha and Madhumeha): In Sanairmeha, the decoction of khadira, and in madhumeha decoction of khadira and kra muka is useful. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 6, 9)
Mukha Roga (Diseases of Mouth): Khadiradi gudika and taila. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 26/ 199- 207)
Dant Roga (Diseases of Teeth): Decoction of khadira or yavani or nimba root removes the diseases of teeth. (Harita Samhita. 3/ 46. 14)
Rasayana (Rejuvenator): Regular use of triphalä impregnated with a decoction of khadira and bijaka and mixed with profuse ghee and honey acts as Rasayana. (Ashtanga Hridya Uttara Tantra. 39/ 153)
Vrana Shodhne (Wound-Cleaning): Decoction of Triphala, khadira, daruharidra, nyagrohadi, Bala, kusa, and tender leaves of nimba separately cleans the wound. (Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 25/ 84)
Vishakta (Poisoning): Khadira root and nimba fruit are taken with hot water to control the poison. (Harita Samhita. 3. 56. 11)
Swara Bhede (Hoarseness of Voice): Khadira smeared with oil should be kept in the mouth. (Chakra Dutta. 13. 7)
Vishphote (Eruptive Voils): Decoction of khadira and indrayava destroys eruptions. (Chakra Dutta. 53. 28)
Shleepada (Filaria): Paste of heartwood of khadira, bijaka, and sala mixed with honey and taken with cow’s urine in the morning alleviates filaria. (Gada Nigreha. 4. 2. 42)
Benefits of Khadira
- The drug Khadira is an important medicinal item in indigenous medicine where bark and various parts of plant drugs are used in various forms and mainly bark, heartwood, and kutch or dried extract are used medicinally in addition to flowers, pods, leaves, and gum carrying medicinal properties.
- Khadirasara or Katha (Cutch) is regarded as astringent, cooling, and digestive. It is useful in relaxed conditions of the throat, mouth, and gums, and also in cough and diarrhea. Externally it is employed as an astringent and as a cooling application to ulcers, boils, and eruptions on the skin. Katha also enters into several compound preparations and some prescriptions.
Benefits of Khadira on Different Systems of Bodies
- External Uses: Stambhan and Kushtha Ghana. Being astringent and hemostatic, the powder is used in wound healing and dental conditions. Gargling is useful in coughing and hoarseness of voice. In leprosy, bathing with the decoction of Khadir is advised. Used for oral hygiene and pharyngeal ulcers.
- Digestive System: Improves taste, and constipation, useful in anorexia, diarrhea, and intestinal parasites.
- Circulatory System: Due to its properties, it acts as a hemostatic and hematinic. It also reduces edema. Khadir acts as a galactagogue. Juice of fresh bark is used along with asafetida in hemoptysis.
- Respiratory System: Reduces kapha by Tikta, Kashaya Rasas. Useful in Kaphaj Kasa. A lozenge prepared from khadir and cinnamon is used for clearing the throat.
- Urinary System: Kapha Ghana reduces urine output so used in diabetes.
- Reproductive System: Due to its astringent properties, it acts as a spermicidal and is used as a uterine tonic. It is also used in leucorrhea and menorrhagia.
- Skin: Kushtha Ghana and Kandu Ghana so used in all skin diseases and intense itching.
- Temperature: Antipyretic being tikta and sheeta. Used in chronic fever (kaphaj).
- Satmikaran: By reducing Meda and other liquid dhatus, it overcomes lethargy. Useful in hyperlipidemia.
- Spleen: Useful in splenic enlargement.
Matra (Therapeutic Administration and Dosage) of Khadira
- Kwatha (decoction): 40- 60 ml
- Churna (powder): 3- 5 grams
- Khadira Sara: ½- 1 gram
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Classical Reference of Khadira
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Vataadi Varga- 30
Synonyms
खदिरो रक्तसारश्च गायत्री दन्तधावन: ।
कण्टकी बालपत्रश्च बहुशल्यश्च यज्ञिय: ।।
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Vataadi Varga- 31- 32
Properties and actions
खदिरो शीतलो दन्त्य: कण्डू कासारुचिप्रणुत् ।
तिक्त: कषायो मेदोघ्न: कृमिमेह ज्वर व्रणान् ।।
श्वित्र शोथाम पित्तास्त्र पाण्डु कुष्ठ कफान् हरेत ।।
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Vataadi Varga- 33, Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga, 825
Properties and actions
श्वेत खदिर- कदरो विशदो वर्ण्यो मुखरोगकफास्रनुत ।
Dhanwantri Nighantu Guduchyadi Varga- 25
Properties and action
खदिर: स्याद रसे तिक्तो हिम: पित्तकफास्रनुत ।
कुष्ठामकासकण्डूतिकृमिदोषहर: स्मृत्त:।।
Dhanwantri Nighantu Guduchyadi Varga- 27
Properties and actions
सोमवलक (खदिर विशेष)
श्वेतस्तु खदिरस्तिक्त: शीत: पित्तकफापह: ।
रक्तदोषहरश्चैव कण्डूकुष्ठविनाशन: ।।
Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadi Varga, 823- 824
खदिर: शीतलस्तिक्त: कषाय कफपित्तहा।
दन्त्यो हन्ति कृमिश्चितकुष्ठकण्डूज्वर व्रणान् ।।
शोफाममेहमेदो अस्त्र कासारोचकपाण्डुता: ।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 23
खदिरस्तु रसे तिक्त: शीतल: पित्तकफापह: ।
पाचन: कुष्ठकासास्रशोफकण्डूब्रणापह: ।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 25
श्वेत सार: – श्वेतस्तु खदिरस्तिक्त: कषाय: कटुरुष्णक: ।
कण्डूति भूतकुष्ठघ्न: कफवात व्रणापह: ।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 27
रक्त खदिर- कटूष्णो रक्त खदिर: कषायो गुरुतिक्तक: ।
आमवातास्र वातघ्नो व्रणभूतज्वरापह: ।।
Priya Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga, 130
खदिर तुवर तिक्तो हिम: पित्तकफापह: ।
प्रभावात कुष्ठहद दन्त्यो मेहमेदोहर: पर: ।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 23
खदिरस्तु रसेतिक्त: शीतपित्तकफापह: ।
पाचन: कुष्ठकासास्रशोषकण्डू व्रणापह: ।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 25
श्वेतसार (श्वेतखदिर )
श्वेतस्तु खदिर: तिक्त: कषाया: कटु विपाकः ।
कण्डूतिभूत कुष्ठ्घ्न कफवात व्रणापहा।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 27
रक्तखदिर:
कटूष्णो रक्तखदिर: कषाय गुरुतिक्तक: ।
आमवातास्त्रवातघ्नी व्रणभूतज्वरापह:।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 29
विट्खदिर:
विट्खदिर: कटूष्णस्तिकतो रक्त व्रणोत्वगदोषहर: ।
कण्डूतिविष विसर्प ज्वर कुष्ठो उन्माद भूतघ्न:।।
Raja Nighantu Shalmalyadi Varga, 32
खदिर सार:
कटुक: खदिर: सार: तिक्तोष्ण: कफवातहत् ।
व्रणकण्ठामयघन्श्च रुचिकृत् दीपन: पर:।।
Charaka SamhitaSutra Sthana, 25
कुष्ठ नाशाय श्रेष्ठत्वम्
खदिर: कुष्ठाघ्रानां श्रेष्ठम्।
Chakra Dutta, Kustha Chikitsa, 50/ 111- 115
सर्व कुष्ठ रोगे महाखदिरकं घृतम्
Harita Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana
दन्तरोगे
खदिरस्य तथा क्वाथो……।
……..दन्तरोग निवारण:।।
Harita Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 55
स्थावर विषप्रतिषेधे
खदिरस्य च सुगन्थ तथा निम्बफलानि च।
उष्णोदकेन पीतानि जयेशु: तत्क्षणाद् विषम्।।
Chakra Dutta, 54/ 25- 26
मसूरिका- रोमान्तिका- विसर्प- कण्ड्वादया: शमनाय खदिराष्ट्क क्वाथ:
Shodhala Nighantu, Gada Nigreha4- 2- 42
श्लीपदे
खदिरासनशालानां सारकल्कं पिबेन्नर: ।
प्रातर्गवां हि मूत्रेण सक्षौद्रं श्लीपदं जयेत्।।
Chakra Dutta, 54- 34
मसूरिका रोगे (आरोचकघ्न प्रयोग:)
पिबेदम्भस्तप्रशीत॑ भावित॑ खदिरासनै: ।
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 9/ 70- 71
कुष्ठ
दिवृक्षुरन्त॑ कुष्ठटस्य खदिरं कुष्ठपीडित: ।
सर्वधैव प्रयुजीत स्नानपानाशनादिषु।।
यथाहन्ति प्रबृद्धत्वात् कुष्ठमातुरभोजसा।
तथा हन्त्युपयुक्तस्तु खदिर: कुष्ठभोजसा।।
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 11/ 9
शनैमेह
शनै मेहिन॑ खदिर कषायम।
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 11/ 6
क्षौद्र मेह
क्षौद्रमेहिन खदिरक्रमुक कषायम।।
Ashtanga Hridyam, Uttara Tantra, 22- 96
मुख रोगे
…..तैलमिदं वारिमेदसा प्रथितं।
अनुशीलयन् प्रतिदिनं स्वस्थो अपि दृढ़ द्विजो भवति।।
Dhanwantri Nighantu
कुष्ठ रोग
खदिर: कृमिकुष्ठघ्न: कफरेतोविशोषण: ।
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 6
यथा सर्वाणि कुछानि हत: खदिर बीजकौ ।
तथैव अर्शसि सर्वाणि वृक्षकारुष्करौ हत:।।
खदिर सारंरात्रि प्रयोगे (दुग्धसेवी निषेध)
रात्रौ दुग्धप्राशकानां न हित: तद्विरोधतः ।
कषायस्तुवरश्चास्य स द्वेष्टा पायस: स्मृतः।।
Raja Nighnatu
खदिरसाराति योगम
साराधिकये खदिरे शोषदात्री।
Sharangdhara Samhita, 3- 56- 11
विषे
खदिरस्य च मूलञ्च तथा निम्बफलानि च।
उष्णोदकेन तैलानि जयेयुस्तत्क्षणात् विषम्।।
Vrinda Madhava, Kustha Adhikara, 51- 59
कुष्ठ रसायने च
दद्यामानाच्युते कुम्भे मूलगे खदिराद्रसः ।
साज्यधात्रीरसक्षौद्रो हन्यात कुष्ठ रसायनम॥
Vrinda Madhava, Kustha Adhikara, 51- 74, Chakra Dutta, 50- 93
सर्व त्वक दोष खदिर क्वाथ:
प्रलेपो उद्वर्तन स्नान पान भोजनकर्मणा।
शीलित॑ खदिरं वारि सर्वत्वग्दोष नाशनम्।।
Chakra Dutta, Swara Bheda Chikitsa, 13- 7
स्वरभेदे
तैलाक्तम स्वरभेदे वा खदिरं धारयेन्मुखे।
Chakra Dutta, 53- 28
विस्फोटे
…….खदिरेन्द्रयवाम्बु वा ।
Chakra Dutta, Visarp Visphota Chikitsa
विस्फोटान्नशयत्याशु वायुर्जलधरानिव
विस्फोटान्नाशत्याशु वायु: जलधरान्निव: ।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 64
वातज कासे
पिबेत्खदिरसारं वा मदिरादधिमस्तुभि: ।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 25/ 84
व्रणशोधने
त्रिफला खदिर: …….कषाया शोधना मता: ।
Chakra Dutta, 50- 65
सर्व कुष्ठ चिकित्सायाम खदिर निर्दाहरसः |
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 7/ 159, 97, 99
कुष्ठ
पानाहार विधाने प्रसेचने धूपने प्रदेहे च ।
…..विशिष्यते कुष्ठहा खदिर:।।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 4/ 70, Vrinda Madhava, 9- 20
रक्तपित्ते
खदिरस्य…….. ।
पुष्पचूर्णानि मधुना लिह्वान्ना रक्तपित्तिक: ।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 7/ 135
कुष्ठ रक्तापित्ते च
खदिरं घृत॑ निम्ब घृतम दार्वी घृतमुत्तमं पटोलघृतम।
कुष्टेषु रक्त पित्तेषु भिषग जित्त सिद्धम।।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 7/ 152, 156
महाखदिर घृतम्
Bhel Samhita Chikitsa sthana, 6/ 52- 54
खदिरकल्प:
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 6/ 19
यथा सर्वाणि कुष्ठानि हत: खदिर बीजकौ: ।
तथैवा अर्शसि सर्वाणि वृक्षकारुष्करी हत: ।।
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 9/ 5
पानपरिषेकवगाहादिषु च खदिरकषायम् ।
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 10/ 13
खदिरविधानम् ॥
Ashtanga Hridyama Uttara Tantra, 40/ 50
कुष्ठेषु सेव्य: खदिरस्य सार: ।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 7/ 166
श्वित्र
यच्चान्यत् कुष्ठघ्न॑ श्वित्रनाम सर्वमेव तच्छस्तम्।।
खदिरोदकसंयुक्त॑ खदिरोदक पानमग्रय॑ वा।।
Vrinda Madhava, 56/ 30
मसूरिकायाम्
पिबेदम्भस्ताशीतं भावित॑ खदिरासनै: ।
शौचे वारि प्रयुझीत गायत्री बहुवारजम्।।
Sharangdhara Samhita, 2- 2- 133
भगन्दरे
खदिरस्य त्रिफला क्वाथों महिषी घृत सम्प्लुप्त:।
विडंग चूर्ण युक्तश्च भगन्दरविनाशन:।।
Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra, 45- 34
रक्त पित्त
गायत्री जम्बू अर्जुन कोविदार शिरीष रोध्रशनशाल्मलीनाम्।
पुष्पाणि शिग्रोश्च विचूर्णयां लेहो मध्वन्वित: शोणितपित्त।।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 26/ 199, 206
मुखरोगे-दन्तरोगे
खदिरादि गुटिका खदिरादि तैलञ्च।
Sharangdhara Samhita, 3- 46- 14
खदिरस्य तथा क्वाथो यवानि क्वाथ एव च।
क्वाथश्च निम्बमूलस्य दन्तरोग निवारण: ।।
Ashtanga Hridya Uttara tantra, 39- 153
रसायने
खदिरासनयूषभाविताया: त्रिफलाया: घृतमाक्षिकालुताया: ।
नियमेन नरा निषेवितारो यदि जीवन्त्यरुज: किमत्र चित्रम।।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 20- 28
खर्जूरमांसामान्यश्च नारिकेल द्राक्षामथो वा बदराणि लिह्यात्।
Sushruta Samhita, Uttara Tantra, 45/ 20
रक्तपित्ते
हितञ्च खर्जूरफलं समाक्षिकम्।
हिक्कायाम्
खर्जूरमध्यं भागध्य……….।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 8/ 16
राजयक्ष्मणि
खर्जूरमृद्दीकाशर्करा क्षौद्रं संयुतम।
सपिप्पलीकं वैस्वर्य कासश्वासज्वरापहम्।।
Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra, 39/ 185
मुखवैरस्ये
द्राक्षाखर्जूरयोस्तथा ।
वैरस्य॑ धारयेत् कल्क॑ गण्डूषञ्च तथा हितम्।।
Charka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 15/ 151
ग्रहणी
तद्वद् द्राक्षे खर्जूरस्वरसानासुतान् पिबेत् ।
Vrinda Madhava, 12- 7
पित्तज कासे
खर्जूरपिप्पली द्राक्षासितालाजा: समांशका: ।
मधुसर्पियुतं लेह: पित्तकासहर: पर:।।
Vrinda Madhava, 35/ 11
शोणित मेह
सक्षौद्रं रक्तमेहजित्।
क्वाथ: खर्जूर काश्मर्य तिन्दुकास्थ्यामृताकृता: ।।
Classical reference of Kadara
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 11/ 9
मधुमेहे
कदरक्रमुककषायम् ।
Ashtanga Hridyam Chikitsa Sthana, 14- 8
मधुमेहे कदरखदिरपुरकषायम्।
Vrinda Madhava, 35- 13
कदरखदिर पूगक्काथं क्षौद्वाह्ये पिबेत् ।
Specific Formulation of Khadira
- Khadirarishta for Kustha, Pandu, Kasa.
- Khadira Vatika for Mukha Roga
- Khadira Kwatha for Bhagandra
- Khadira Ashtaka for Kustha and Visarpa
- Khadiradi Tailam
Contraindication and Side Effects of Khadira
Avoid the use of Khadir during pregnancy and lactation as no evidence is present regarding the safety of Khadir. Khadir may result in lowering blood pressure (as it is an anti-hypertensive herb), therefore people suffering from hypotension will use Khadir and its formulation under medical consideration.
Suggestive Reading Regarding Acacia catechu
- Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Chemoprotective Properties of Acacia catechu Heartwood Extracts. Phytother Res. 2015 Jun; 29 (6): 818- 24. doi: 10. 1002/ ptr. 5335. Epub 2015 Mar 20. PMID: 25802170; PMCID: PMC6680240.
- Sunil MA, Sunitha VS, Radhakrishnan EK, Jyothis M. Immunomodulatory activities of Acacia catechu, a traditional thirst quencher of South India. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019 Jul- Sep; 10 (3): 185- 191. doi: 10. 1016/ j. jaim. 2017. 10. 010. Epub 2018 Aug 30. PMID: 29502869; PMCID: PMC 6822161.
- Lakshmi T, Ezhilarasan D, Nagaich U, Vijayaragavan R. Acacia catechu Ethanolic Seed Extract Triggers Apoptosis of SCC-25 Cells. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017 Oct; 13 (Suppl 3): S405- S411. doi: 10. 4103/ pm. pm_ 458_ 16. Epub 2017 Oct 11. PMID: 29142391; PMCID: PMC 5669074.
- Negi BS, Dave BP. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia catechu and Its Phytochemical Analysis. Indian J Microbiol. 2010 Oct; 50 (4): 369- 74. doi: 10. 1007/ s12088- 011- 0061- 1. Epub 2011 Feb 2. PMID: 22282602; PMCID: PMC 3209846.
- Saha MR, Dey P, Begum S, De B, Chaudhuri TK, Sarker DD, Das AP, Sen A. Effect of Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. on Oxidative Stress with Possible Implications in Alleviating Selected Cognitive Disorders. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 7; 11 (3): e0150574. doi: 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0150574. PMID: 26949964; PMCID: PMC 4780764.
- G, Nagaraja & Sarang, S. & Jambhale, D. (2008). Evaluation of the anti-mycotic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. (Mimosaceae).
- Lakshmi T, Ezhilarasan D, Vijayaragavan R, Bhullar SK, Rajendran R. Acacia catechu ethanolic bark extract induces apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2017 Oct-Dec; 8 (4): 143- 149. doi: 10. 4103/jar. JAPTR_ 73_ 17. PMID: 29184846; PMCID: PMC 5680622.
- Arjmandi BH, Ormsbee LT, Elam ML, Campbell SC, Rahnama N, Payton ME, Brummel-Smith K, Daggy BP. A combination of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu extracts for short-term symptomatic relief of joint discomfort associated with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Med Food. 2014 Jun; 17 (6): 707- 13. doi: 10. 1089/ jmf. 2013. 0010. Epub 2014 Mar 10. PMID: 24611484; PMCID: PMC 4060778.
- Patil, SuyogH & Deshmukh, PoojaV & Sreenivas, SA & Sangameshwar, K & Vijapur, Laxman. (2013). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Acacia catechu Willd. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 7. 34. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 111605.
- Rout, Sandeep & Sahoo, Gyanaranjan & Mishra, Udit & Sheera, Ashish & Prusty, Ajay. (2021). An Overview of Acacia catechu. 3. 691- 693.
- Thangavelu, Lakshmi & Roy, Anitha & Geetha, R V. (2011). “Acacia catechu willd -a gift from ayurveda to mankind” -a review. Pharma Research. 5. 273- 293.
- Feng T, Zhang M, Xu Q, Song F, Wang L, Gai S, Tang H, Wang S, Zhou L, Li H. Exploration of molecular targets and mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formula Acacia Catechu -Scutellariae Radix in the treatment of COVID- 19 by a systems pharmacology strategy. Phytother Res. 2022 Jul 20: 10. 1002/ ptr. 7554. doi: 10. 1002/ ptr. 7554. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35859316; PMCID: PMC 9349561.
- Verma, Navneet. (2012). AN OVERVIEW ON ACACIA CATECHU Corresponding Author. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Pharmacy and Applied science. 2. 342- 346.
- Chattopadhyay K, Wang H, Kaur J, Nalbant G, Almaqhawi A, Kundakci B, Panniyammakal J, Heinrich M, Lewis SA, Greenfield SM, Tandon N, Biswas TK, Kinra S, Leonardi-Bee J. Effectiveness and Safety of Ayurvedic Medicines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jun 8; 13: 821810. doi: 10. 3389/ fphar. 2022. 821810. PMID: 35754481; PMCID: PMC 9213670.
- Sengupta, Apala & Nath, Rupashri. (2017). Therapeutic Effect of Khadira (Acacia catechu) in Ekakustha Vis- A- Vis (Psoriasis). 6. 77- 87.
- Parwe, Shweta & Nisargandha, Milind & Aglawe, Rohit. (2020). Comparative study on the hypoglycemic activity of Khadira Pooga vasti and Patikashaya in Madhumeha: A study protocol. 5. 491- 493.
- Jha, Pankaj & Mandal, Ram. (2019). Assessment of Growth Performance of Acacia catechu. International Journal of Advanced Research. 5. 1- 5. 10. 20431/ 2455-4316. 0501005.
- Gupta, Amit & Chaphalkar, Sushama. (2016). Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of Acacia Catechu on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY. 27. 111. 10. 14499/ indonesianjpharm27iss2pp111.
- Negi, Bhawna & Dave, Bharti. (2010). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia catechu and Its Phytochemical Analysis. Indian journal of microbiology. 50. 369-74. 10. 1007/ s12088- 011- 0061- 1.
- Trishala, A & Thangavelu, Lakshmi & Shanmugam, Rajeshkumar & Gurunathan, Deepa & Geetha, R V & Roy, Anitha. (2019). Physicochemical Profile of Acacia Catechu Bark Extract-An Invitro Study. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 10. 3513. 10. 5958/ 0976- 5506. 2019. 04129. 9.
- Sengupta, Apala & Nath, Rupashri. (2017). Therapeutic Effect of Khadira(Acacia catechu) in Ekakustha Vis-À-Vis (Psoriasis). 6. 77- 87.
- Lata, Sneh & Sharma, Geetika. (2014). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Acacia catechu Plant. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences. 5. 393- 400.
- Ram, Sukha & Kotecha, Mita & Joshi, Krutika. (2021). An Open‑Labelled Randomized Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of Balaharidradi Lepa with and without Khadira Twaka Kwath in Vyanga (Melasma). Journal of Ayurveda. 15. 163- 169. 10. 4103/ joa. joa_ 29_ 21.
- Rahul, Shingadiya & Bedarkar, Prashant & Bj, Patgiri & Prajapati, Pradeep & Harisha, Channappa & Shukla, Vinay. (2017). APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES (BIOPHARMACEUTICAL RECYCLING) FOR OPTIMIZATION OF KHADIRA KWATHA; AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2017. 10. 7897/ 2230- 8407. 087114.
- Dhruve, Kinnari & Prajapati, Pradeep & Harisha, Channappa. (2011). Pharmacognostical evaluation of Acacia catechu willd. heartwood with special reference to tyloses. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 5. 336. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 94358.
- Ram, Sukha & Sharma, Ritu & Kotecha, Mita & Joshi, Krutika. (2021). Preliminary Pharmacognosy Evaluation of The Bark of Acacia Catechu (Wild.). International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga. 04. 10. 47223/ IRJAY. 2021. 4420.
- Venugopalan, Vandana. (2018). PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROFILING OF KHADIRA (ACACIA CATECHU (LINN.F.) WILLD). International Journal of Advanced Research. 6. 417- 422. 10. 21474/ IJAR01/ 7536.
- Dhanik A, Sujatha N, Rai NP. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of Shvitrahara kashaya and lepa in vitiligo. Ayu. 2011 Jan; 32 (1): 66- 9. doi: 10. 4103/ 0974-8520. 85731. PMID: 22131760; PMCID: PMC 3215421.
- Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, Parveen A, Gaurav, Parveen R, Ahmad M. Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research. Front Pharmacology. 2021 Mar 2; 11: 578970. doi: 10. 3389/ fphar. 2020. 578970. PMID: 33737875; PMCID: PMC 7962606.
- Ojha D, Singh G, Upadhyaya YN. Clinical evaluation of Acacia catechu, Willd. (Khadira) in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1969 Jul- Sep; 37 (3): 302- 7. PMID: 5393205.
- Nille GC, Chaudhary AK. Potential implications of Ayurveda in Psoriasis: A clinical case study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021 Jan- Mar; 12 (1): 172- 177. doi: 10. 1016/ j. jaim. 2020. 11. 009. Epub 2021 Feb 3. PMID: 33546993; PMCID: PMC 8039350.
- Narahari SR, Aggithaya MG, Suraj KR. A protocol for systematic reviews of Ayurveda treatments. Int J Ayurveda Res. 2010 Oct; 1 (4): 254- 67. doi: 10. 4103/ 0974- 7788. 76791. PMID: 21455455; PMCID: PMC 3059450.
- Mamatha KV, Shubha U, Jain CM. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of Khadiradi yoga avachoornana in Kachchu with special reference to genitoinguinal intertrigo. Ayu. 2010 Oct; 31 (4): 461- 5. doi: 10. 4103/ 0974- 8520. 82043. PMID: 22048540; PMCID: PMC 3202265.
- Rashid, Mohammad & Shamsi, Shariq & Zaman, Roohi & Ilahi, Ahsan. (2015). Kath (Acacia catechu): An Overarching Envelop of Traditional and Modern Update. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 31276. 92808.
- Ghate NB, Hazra B, Sarkar R, Mandal N. Heartwood extract of Acacia catechu induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma by altering bax/bcl- 2 ratio. Pharmacogn Mag. 2014 Jan; 10 (37): 27- 33. doi: 10. 4103/ 0973- 1296. 126654. PMID: 24695415; PMCID: PMC 3969655.
- Negi BS, Dave BP. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia catechu and Its Phytochemical Analysis. Indian J Microbiol. 2010 Oct; 50 (4): 369- 74. doi: 10. 1007/ s12088- 011- 0061- 1. Epub 2011 Feb 2. PMID: 22282602; PMCID: PMC 3209846.
Suggestive Reading Regarding Acacia suma
- Mondal, Dr Sumanta & Suresh, Padilam & Kumar, G. (2013). The wound healing potential of Acacia suma Roxb leaf. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 6. 20- 22. 10. 1093/ ecam/eq 043).
- Acharyya, Suman & Dash, G. & Kumar, Brahma & Raj, Chhetree & Manvar, Matushree. (2011). PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ACACIA SUMA (ROXB) BARKS. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2.
- Mondal, Dr. Sumanta & S, Raja & Suresh, P. & Kumar, Shiv. (2013). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of Acacia suma stem bark. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 5. 302- 307.
- Parhi, Rabinarayan. (2010). Studies on diuretic and laxative activity of Acacia suma (Roxb) barks. 1. 510- 514.
- Mondal, Dr. Sumanta. (2009). Studies on the hypoglycaemic activity of Acacia suma (Roxb.) barks. International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science. 1. 10- 13.
- Kanbarkar, Nikita & Mishra, Sanjay & Nandanwadkar, Shrikrishna & Alegaon, Shankar. (2022). Assessment of antioxidant activity and quantification of epigallocatechin in Acacia suma heartwood by HPTLC-DPPH fingerprinting method. Chemical Papers. 76. 1- 14. 10. 1007/ s11696-022- 02295- w.
- Gore, Ramchandra & Garad, Krushnadeoray & Gaikwad, S. (2015). Genus Acacia P. Miller s. l. (Fabaceae) In Maharashtra (India): Diversity and Ecological Status. Science Research Reporter. 52. 153- 176.
- Singh KN, Mittal RK, Barthwal KC. Hypoglycaemic activity of Acacia catechu, Acacia suma, and Albizzia odoratissima seed diets in normal albino rats. Indian J Med Res. 1976 May; 64 (5): 754- 7. PMID: 965073.
- Ikarashi N, Toda T, Okaniwa T, Ito K, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acacia Polyphenol in Obese Diabetic KKAy Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 952031. doi: 10. 1093/ ecam/ nep241. Epub 2011 Apr 14. PMID: 21799697; PMCID: PMC 3137845.
- Rahmatullah M, Hossain M, Mahmud A, Sultana N, Rahman SM, Islam MR, Khatoon MS, Jahan S, Islam F. Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of ‘khoyer’ prepared from boiling the wood of Acacia catechu in water. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2013 May 16; 10 (4): 1- 5. doi: 10. 4314/at cam. v10i4. 1. PMID: 24146493; PMCID: PMC 3794383.
- Hassan RA, Hamdy RS. Synoptic Overview of Exotic Acacia, Senegalia and Vachellia (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid Clade, Fabaceae) in Egypt. Plants (Basel). 2021 Jul 1; 10 (7): 1344. doi: 10. 3390/ plants 10071344. PMID: 34371547; PMCID: PMC 8309130.
- Ikarashi N, Takeda R, Ito K, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. The inhibition of lipase and glucosidase activities by acacia polyphenol. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 272075. doi: 10. 1093/ ecam/ neq043. Epub 2011 Feb 14. PMID: 21660093; PMCID: PMC 3096474.
- Chandra Shekar BR, Nagarajappa R, Jain R, Singh R, Thakur R, Shekar S. Antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid, Psidium guajava extracts and their combination on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2016 Mar- Apr; 13 (2): 168- 73. Doi: 10. 4103/ 1735- 3327.178206. PMID: 27076832; PMCID: PMC 4810915.
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- Bhela Samhita
- Dr. J.L.N. Sastry and Dr. B.S. Sastry, Dravyaguna Vigyana, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi.
- Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta with the vaidaya Prabha hindi commentary by indra deva tripathi, chaukambha sanskrita sansthan, varanasi 2nd Edition, 1994.
Ayurveda is an Indian system of medicine that is popular since ancient times. Dr. Gupta’s IAFA® has been conducting research studies to find out different phytoconstituents of herbs and their action in the body. Such knowledge acquired by our experts is used in the preparation of medicines and providing the treatment facilities safely and effectively. IAFA® is the provider of safe and effective treatment for a wide range of diseases, mainly allergic diseases all based on Ayurveda.
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