Kulattha (Dolichos biflorus)

Recent Research on Kulattha (Dolichos biflorus Linn.)

• Rawat, Vandana & Tripathi, Arun & Tiwari, PR & Joshi, Neha. (2022). A CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF KULATTHA GUDA IN TAMAK SHWASA. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 13. 32- 40. 10. 7897/ 2277- 4343. 1306153.
• Athesh, Kumaraswamy & John, Nayagam & Gurunagarajan, Sridharan & Brindha, Pemiah & Alanazi, Amer & Rengasamy, Kannan & Balasubramanian, Balamuralikrishnan & Liu, Wen-Chao & Anand, Vijay. (2023). Protective Effect of Dolichos biflorus Seed Extract on 3T3- L1 Preadipocyte Differentiation and High-fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023. 1- 14. 10.1155/ 2023/ 6251200. Obesity is known to be one of the most severe health issues worldwide, as its prevalence continues to rise as well as its association with other chronic diseases worsens. Even though various approaches have been underway to prevent or treat obesity, alternative approaches are needed to combat this chronic condition because of the unsatisfactory effectiveness and adverse side effects of the existing approaches. Dolichos biflorus L. seeds have been employed as a weight-loss treatment in folk medicine. Considering the necessity to develop a safe alternative remedy to rising obesity, the current investigation has been set up to assess the antiobesity potential and the mode of action of the aqueous seed extract of D. biflorus (ASEDB) in a cell line (3T3- L1) and high-fat diet (HFD)- induced rats. For in-vitro studies, 3T3- L1 cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) augmented with adipogenic-inducing medium, and the influence of the extract (10 µg/ mL– 500 µg/ mL) on 3T3- L1 adipocyte viability, adipogenesis, and lipolysis were assessed. An in-vitro study revealed maintenance of cell viability, reduced triglycerides (TG) accumulation, and promoted lipolysis in 3T3- L1 cells by ASEDB. Following in-vitro analysis, the HFD-induced obese rats were treated with ASEDB at different concentrations (100 mg/ kg, 200 mg/ kg, and 300 mg/ kg) for 60 days and the effect was evaluated through various anthropometric and biochemical parameters. The findings revealed a significant decrement in total body weight, organ weights, fat pad weights, and restoration of abnormal levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, lipid markers, and antioxidant system to normal by ASEDB treatment. Also, pancreatic lipase inhibition analysis of ASEDB revealed a modest level of inhibition with an IC50 value of 213.3 µg/ mL. All these findings exposed that ASEDB possesses pronounced anti-obesity potential and exhibits its protective effect by suppressing food intake, reducing fat digestion and absorption, limiting adipogenesis, enhancing lipolysis, and alleviating oxidative stress.
• Singh, Rana & Behura, Sanjeev & Kumar, Rakesh. (2010). Litholytic property of Kulattha (Dolichous biflorus) vs potassium citrate in renal calculus disease: A comparative study. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 58. 286- 9. Renal calculus disease is associated with recurrence after its surgical removal in a large number of cases. Kulattha is acclaimed to have litholytic properties in Ayurvedic literature. We decided to compare the litholytic property of Kulattha with potassium citrate, an agent used to reduce stone recurrence in modern medicine. Forty-seven patients with a diagnosis of calcium oxalate renal calculi were taken in the study. Twenty-four patients received Kulattha (Group I) and 23 patients were given potassium citrate (Group II) for 6 months. The size of renal calculi was studied by periodic ultrasound assessment in both groups. The mean size of stone in group I at 0 months and 6 months were 5.42 +/- 1.55 mm and 4.26 +/- 1.2 mm. The mean size of stone in group II at 0 months and 6 months was 6.46 +/- 3.08 mm and 4.64 +/- 1.40 mm. Statistical analysis showed that a P value of less than 0.05 was seen in the first group from 0 to 6 months. There was no significant difference in the stone size within group II when the 3rd-month and 6th-month visits were compared with the initial visit. Kulattha can be used to reduce the recurrence of calcium oxalate stones, and it is shown to have a better result than the use of conventional potassium citrate in such patients.
• Ranasinghe, Sandamalie & Ediriweera, E. R. H. S. S. (2019). Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc (Kulattha): A Conceptual Study. Abstract Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc commonly known as horse gram is a kind of legume of tropics and subtropics. Its medicinal uses have been known to Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional physicians for centuries. The present study was undertaken to collect data on the medicinal uses and nutritional values of M. uniflorum. Ayurveda pharmacodynamic properties of M. uniflorum are Kashaya Rasa, Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Guna, Ushna Veerya, and Katu Vipaka. Various medicinal preparations such as Dhanyamla and decoctions are prepared using seeds of M. uniflorum. It is mainly used as a tonic, astringent, and diuretic and is also recommended for rheumatism, neuralgia, and other several diseases. Horse gram seeds are rich in natural phenols mostly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and the major antioxidants. Horse gram is considered animal fodder and its full potential as a part of human diet has not been exploited completely. It can be consumed as seeds, as sprouts, or as a meal by itself. Horse gram is an excellent source of protein (22- 24 %). Seeds contain carbohydrates (57.2 %), fat (1.1 %), vitamins, minerals (3.2 %), and a good number of soluble fibers. Extract of these seeds shows potent anti-adipogenic, anti-hyperglycemic anti-hypercholesterolemic activities. It acts against oxidative stress. It is concluded that Horse gram can be used as a multifaceted treatment as well as a wholesome food.
• Mathew, Limi & Ganapathy, Sindhu & Helen, Antony. (2014). Dolichos biflorus exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in an acute inflammatory model. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 22. 10.1016/ j. jfda. 2014. 02. 002. Dolichos biflorus (Muthira) is a branched, suberect, and downing herb, native to most parts of India, and found at altitudes of up to 1000 m, whose seeds can be cooked and eaten. Nutrition plays a key role in building immunity and preventing noncommunicable diseases to a certain extent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of 70 % methanolic extract of seeds of D. biflorus (DME) in carrageenan-induced inflammation. DME exhibited a maximum percentage of edema inhibition at a dose of 50 mg/ kg at the 3rd hour of carrageenan induction. The effect was higher than that of the standard drug Voveran. The activities of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase, and malondialdehyde showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction whereas the activities of antioxidant enzymes, vitamins C, and reduced glutathione level were increased significantly (p < 0.05) on treatment with DME. Also, levels of the acute-phase protein, ceruloplasmin, were brought to their normal range in DME-treated rats. Phytochemical analysis showed that the extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, and tannins, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Thus, the results demonstrate the potential beneficiary effect of DME on carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats.
• Khare, Pragati & Saraswat, Pranit & Khare, Noopur. (2017). ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC DOLICHOS BIFLORUS LEAF EXTRACT. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-urolithiatic potential of ethanolic Dolichos biflorus L. leaf extract in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The anti-urolithiatic potential of Dolichos biflorus L. ethanolic leaf extract was analyzed by using the Zinc disc foreign body insertion technique model. The anti-urolithiasis activity of the leaves was evaluated based on a decrease in the weight of stones. 36 Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing between 25- 30gm were randomly selected and divided into 6 equal groups. Group I received Prophylactic control (1% ethylene glycol for 4 weeks), Group II received Prophylactic treatment (1% ethylene glycol + ethanolic extract of leaves of Dolichos biflorus 400 mg/ kg orally for 4 weeks), Group- III received Prophylactic treatment (1% ethylene glycol + ethanolic extract of leaves of Dolichos biflorus 800 mg/ kg orally for 4 weeks), Group IV received Curative control (1% ethylene glycol for 4 weeks followed by water for 4 weeks), Group V received Curative treatment (1% ethylene glycol for 4 weeks followed by ethanolic extract of leaves of Dolichos biflorus 400 mg/ kg for 4 weeks) and Group VI received Curative treatment (1% ethylene glycol for 4 weeks followed by ethanolic extract leaves of Dolichos biflorus 800 mg/ kg for 4 weeks). Results: It was observed that there was a significant decrease in the weight of the stones in the groups treated with leaf extract of Dolichos biflorus in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus possesses significant Anti-urolithiasis activity.
• Suralkar, Anupama & Kasture, Sanjay. (2013). Evaluation of the antihistaminic activity of Dolichos Biflorus. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 4. P346- P352. Dolichos biflorus Linn. (Family- Fabaceae) is commonly known as ‘Horse gram’. The seeds are used in the treatment of piles, pain, constipation, wounds, urinary calculi, cough, edema, and asthma. The present study was therefore designed for the evaluation of the antihistaminic activity of seeds of Dolichos biflorus in the management of asthma. Antihistaminic activity of ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds (DB) was evaluated by using histamine-induced contraction on goat tracheal chain preparation and histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in Guinea pigs. The ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds (DB) significantly inhibited histamine-induced contraction of isolated goat tracheal chain preparation and significantly protected the guinea pigs against histamine-induced bronchospasm as indicated by delay in the pre-convulsive dyspnea time (PCT) following the exposure of histamine aerosol. The results suggest that ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds (DB) has antihistaminic activity and may prove beneficial in the management of asthma.
• Nandal, Praveen & Misar Wajpeyi, Sadhana. (2021). Protocol of Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Kulattha Gutika with Atorvastatin in the Management of Dyslipidemia (Medoroga). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 50- 57. 10. 9734/ jpri/ 2021/ v33i63B35251.
• Kolhe, Rasika & Acharya, Rabinarayan & Bhide, Bhargav & Harisha, Channappa & Shukla, Vinay. (2012). PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA LINN. (KULATTHA) SEED. GJRMI. 1. 69- 76. Kulattha (Vigna unguiculata Linn, Papilionaceae), one of the seed drugs described under a dietetic group, is being used as both drug and diet, in different classical texts of Ayurveda. It is one of the drugs of choice for the management of urinary calculus (Ashmari). Though used as a source of both drug and diet, it is reported as a major causative factor of acid peptic disorder (Amlapitta). Seed of V. unguiculata can be identified microscopically by the presence of rhomboidal crystals, and simple starch grains with hilum. The purity test shows a loss on drying (91.89 % w/w), total ash (4.89 % w/w), acid insoluble ash (1.22 % w/ w), alcohol soluble extractive (1.31 % w/w) and Water-soluble extractive (1.94% w/w). Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of starch, tannin, and amino acids. HPTLC study of its methanolic extract showed the presence of four and seven spots in short and long UV respectively. 
• Subbaiah, Roopashree & Singh, Sridevi & Gowda, Renuka & Rao, A. (2006). Dual-function protein in plant defense: Seed lectin from Dolichos biflorus (horse gram) exhibits lipoxygenase activity. The Biochemical Journal. 395. 629- 39. 10.1042/ BJ- 20051889. Plant-pathogen interactions play a vital role in developing resistance to pests. Dolichos biflorus (horse gram), a leguminous pulse crop of the subtropics, exhibits amazing defense against attack by pests/pathogens. Investigations to locate the possible source of the indomitable pest resistance of D. biflorus, which is the richest source of LOX (lipoxygenase) activity, have led to a molecule that exhibits LOX-like functions. The LOX-like activity associated with the molecule, identified by its structure and stability to be a tetrameric lectin, was found to be unusual. The evidence for the lectin protein with LOX activity has come from (i) MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS, (ii) N-terminal sequencing, (iii) partial sequencing of the tryptic fragments of the protein, (iv) amino acid composition, and (v) the presence of an Mn2+ ion. A hydrophobic binding site of the tetrameric lectin, along with the presence of an Mn2+ ion, accounts for the observed LOX-like activity. This is the first-ever report of a protein exhibiting both haemagglutination and LOX-like activity. The two activities are associated with separate loci on the same protein. LOX activity associated with this molecule adds a new dimension to our understanding of lectin functions. This observation has wide implications for the understanding of plant defense mechanisms against pests and the cellular complexity in plant-pathogen interactions that may lead to the design of transgenics with the potential to impart pest resistance to other crops.
• Hazra, Bibhabasu & Sarkar, Rhitajit & Mandal, Sourav & Biswas, Santanu & Mandal, Nripendranath. (2009). Studies on antioxidant and antiradical activities of Dolichos biflorus seed extract. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8. 3927-3933. The antioxidant potential of 70% methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds was assessed using different tests including total antioxidant activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, hypochlorous acid scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. The extract was found to be an antioxidant with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 0.28 ± 0.006, the extract has shown its scavenging activity for different radicals and 184.55 ± 7.08, 114.14 ± 6.85, 74.77 ± 1.73, 287.9 ± 8.56 µg/ml were determined as IC 50 value for hydroxyl, superoxide, nitric oxide and hypochlorous acid respectively. The extract has shown moderate inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC 50 128.63 ± 3.44 g/ml. It was also observed that the plant extract (100 mg) has 44.67 ± 0.004 mg/ml gallic acid equivalent phenolic and 72.0 ± 0.008 mg/ ml quercetin equivalent flavonoid content. The present results demonstrate D. biflorus seeds as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
• Kolhe, Rasika & Acharya, Rabinarayan & Ravishankar, Basavaiah & Bk, Ashok. (2013). Safety Valuation of Kulattha (Dolichos biflorus Linn.) Seeds on Albino Rats. Rapid: Ethnopharmacology. 2013. 1- 4. Assessment of the status of the equilibrium in Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala is of great importance for disease management in Ayurveda. Equilibrium of these factors is considered as very essential for maintaining a healthy status in an individual. Therefore, to overcome the diseased condition and prevent it, the use of both drugs and diet has been recommended in Ayurveda. Many dietetics have been used in the treatment of diseases, in different forms like important ingredients in the formulations, Anupana, external use, etc. In different classical texts of Ayurveda, the seed of Kulattha (Dolichos biflorus Linn, Fabaceae), is being recommended as both a drug and diet. It is one of the drugs of choice for the management of urinary calculi (Ashmari). It has been used for internal as well as external applications, [4] Yoosha (Soup) prepared from Kulattha seed has therapeutic effect in many diseases like Shwasa (Dyspnoea), Kasa (Cough), Pinasa (Sinusitis), Hikka (Hiccough) [5], etc. But while highlighting its useful properties, the precautionary use of Kulattha seed is also reported in many contexts. It is opined as the most potent in producing hyperacidity (Amlapittajanana) among all other dicotyledons (Shimbidhanya). It is highlighted as an unwholesome food in diseases like Visarpa (Erysipelas), Kushtha (Skin disease), Raktapitta (Haemmorhagic disease), Vatarakta (Gout), etc. Overdose or prolonged use of Kulattha may be one of the causes to produce its unwanted effect. However prolonged use of Kulattha seeds as a drug for litholytic effect has been suggested in recent studies. [8] Hence, in the present study, the seed of Kulattha has been evaluated for its safety profile in overdose and administration over a prolonged period on different parameters through animal experiments in albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Test Drugs Kulattha seeds were purchased from the local market of Jamnagar in the month of March. The authenticity of the sample was confirmed by comparing their characters with the characters given in the authenticated books [9] and various floras [10] by the head of the pharmacognosy laboratory of the institute. A voucher specimen (crude drug sample) was preserved in the pharmacognosy laboratory, vide Ref No. 6036. The fine powder (120 mesh) of the drug was used for the study. Animals Wistar strain albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of either sex; weighing 200± 40 g were used for the study. The animals were obtained from the animal house (Registration No. 548/ 2002/ CPCSEA) attached to the pharmacology laboratory of the institute. Six animals were housed in each cage. They were housed at 22±3°C with constant humidity of 50-70%, on a 12 hr natural day and night cycle. They were fed with Amrut brand rat pellet feed supplied by Pranav Agro Industries and with tap water and libitum. The experiments were carried out by the directions of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), after obtaining its permission. (Approval number: IAEC/09/11/16). The selected animals were divided into three groups, with each group comprising three male and three female rats. The first group was kept in control and maintained with distilled water. The second group was administered with the therapeutic dose of the test drug (TED group) and the third group was administered with a fivefold dose of the test drug (TED×5). Increased WBC count is indicative of inflammatory conditions of certain organs, especially of the liver but here histopathology of the liver showed normal cytoarchitecture in both the doses of the Kulattha administered group.  The exact reason is not known, it may be indicative of mild degree inflammation in some organs which have not been examined by histopathological changes in this study.  Seeds of Kulattha, in their therapeutic dose and five times more than the therapeutic dose, didn’t produce any significant changes in the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters of the albino rats which can be considered to have any pathological significance.
• Suralkar, Anupama & Kasture, Sanjay. (2013). Anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activities of Dolichos biflorus. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 7. 196. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258.120205. Background: The seeds of Dolichos biflorus (DB) have been traditionally used in the treatment of cough and asthma. Aim: Based on the traditional claim, the present study was planned to evaluate the anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic activities of DB. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the seeds of DB was prepared by cold maceration process. DB was subjected to phytochemical screening, acute toxicity studies, mast cell-stabilizing activity using compound 48/80, and anti-allergic activity using milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia and passive paw anaphylaxis. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done by using one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett′s test. Results: The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of proteins, flavonoids, and glycosides. DB extract inhibited milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia and also the compound 48/ 80 induced mast cell degranulation. DB extract significantly reduced passive paw anaphylaxis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that DB extract possesses anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic potentials that might be useful in the management of asthma.
• Petimani, Mahalaxmi & Adake, Prabhakar & Aditya, Abhilash. (2019). Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Dolichos Biflorus Methanolic Seed Extract in Animal Models of Depression. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 7. 1-5. 10.13189/ijbb.2019.070101.
• Nath, Amarjit & Kumari, Reena & Sharma, Shilpa & sharma, Heena. (2015). Biological activity of Dolichos biflorus L. Trypsin inhibitor against lepidopteran insect pests. Indian journal of experimental biology. 53. 594-599. Protease inhibitors confer resistance in plants against insect pests by inhibiting larval gut proteases. Cultivars of Dolichos biflorus were screened for their inhibitory activity against midgut proteases of Pieris brassicae larvae. Seed extracts of developing and germinating seeds of HPK4 cultivar inhibited larval gut proteases of Spodoptera littoralis efficiently. Neonate larvae of P. brassicae fed on cabbage leaf discs coated with 0.025-2.50 mg protein (seed extract) resulted in 10-80% larval mortality and significantly reduced leaf area eaten and fecal matter as compared to control. The treated larvae had 40% less soluble proteins per mg fecal matter and there was a similar decline in midgut proteases of treated larvae (@ 2.5 mg protein) compared to untreated ones after 5 days. The LC50 and LT50 value was calculated to be 1.05 mg/leaf disc and 4.8 days (2.5 mg protein), respectively for neonate larvae of P. brassicae. A significant reduction in egg hatching (75 %) was observed in egg mass treated with 5.3 mg of crude inhibitor protein of mature seeds. This could be due to the inhibition of proteases involved in the hydrolysis of egg chorion proteins. The studies demonstrated the insecticidal activity of D. biflorus seed extracts. 
• Yasmin, Shaikh & Verma, Pinki. (2024). Anti- Urolithiasis Activity of Dolichos biflorus by Using Wistar Albino Rats in Ethylene Glycol Induction Method. Journal of Advanced Zoology. 45. 10. 53555/ jaz. v45i2. 4064. Objective: Dolichos biflorus has been used in the Indian indigenous system of medicine, Ayurveda, for the treatment of various health ailments including renal calculi. The present study was undertaken to investigate the Anti-urolithic activity of ethanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus in Wistar Albino Rats. Method: Dolichos biflorus extract was prepared by using 98% ethanol by maceration method and phytochemical analysis was performed. The samples were examined for antiurolithiatic action by determining phosphate, calcium, and oxalate levels in urine; Urea, uric acid, and creatinine in serum with the Automatic Laboratory Chemistry Research System. The histopathology of the kidney was analyzed. Result: Dolichos biflorus extract at a dosage of 200 mg/ kg, 400 mg/ kg in Wistar Albino Rats Significantly, decreased the level of phosphate, calcium as well as oxalate in urine; decreased the serum level of urea nitrogen and creatinine, and uric acid. Comparing the observed outcomes at various dosages to the control groups revealed significant differences. The tubules exhibit normal morphology and have recovered to some extent. These results revealed that the seed extract of Dolichos biflorus decreased calculi levels.
• Muthu, A. & Sethupathy, Subramaniam & Manavalan, R. & Karar, P. K. (2007). Antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus (Linn.). Asian Journal of Chemistry. 19. 2737- 2743. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus (Linn.). The in vitro antioxidant potential of the plant extract was evaluated using three separate methods namely inhibition of free radical 2, 2- diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2O2 assay and nitric oxide radical inhibition assay. Rabbits were fed on a high-fat diet and the oxidative damage was explored by assessing parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione- S- transferase (GST) in the liver, heart, and aorta. The effect of co-administration of two different doses (200 mg/ kg and 400 mg/ kg body weight) of Dolichos biflorus extracts on the above parameters was also investigated and compared with standard drug atorvastatin. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus when compared with the standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid, rutin, and BHT exerted remarkable antioxidant activity. Antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GPx, and GST too showed enhanced activities in the co-administration of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus. The higher dose of the plant extract was found to be more effective than the lower dose. It is concluded that administration of Dolichos biflorus manifests a protective action against HFD-induced oxidative stress in different tissues in rabbits and exhibits stronger antioxidant activity in in vitro studies.
• Haque, Mohibul & Al-Shami, Ali & Chatterjee, Sandipan. (2022). Evaluation of Anti- Anti-Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Dolichos biflorus Seed Extract by Using Ethylene Glycol Induced Model. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 37- 52. 10. 9734/ jpri/ 2022/ v34i47/ B36405. In the phytochemical screening, it was found that Dolichos Biflorus seed extract contained the presence of tannins steroids, protein, flavonoids, terpenoids, mucilage, saponin, and carbohydrate, but no alkaloids fixed oil. So, this plant has high diuretic activity. Which can be used for the treatment of urolithiasis. Objective: The Present study aims to investigate the Urolithiasis activity of Dolichos Biflorus methanolic seed extract in a rat model. Methods: Dolichos Biflorus Seeds Extract was evaluated for anti- Urolithiasis activity. Urolithiasis has been induced in Wistar rats through Ethylene glycol (0.75 % v/ v, p. o). Upon completion of the experiment, animals in all groups were sacrificed and biochemical parameters such as calcium, creatinine, Phosphorus, Uric acid, Alkaline Phosphatase BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and histology of the Kidney were observed. Furthermore, Potassium, Oxalate levels, and Alanine Aminotransferases were measured. Results: The extract of Dolichos Biflorus was proven to be safe in the toxicity findings. It has been shown that the in-vivo significant effect of plant extract was able to manage the urolithiasis markers such as calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and potassium. In the urolithiasis rats it has been observed that with abundant crystal depositions, renal epithelial cells had more tubular dilatation and damage shown by large spaces in the tissue, and renal stone deposition damages the renal tissue and deteriorates the renal function. Urolithiasis markers such as calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), and potassium were normal in animals receiving plant extract and prevent renal cell injury. Conclusion: All its findings and phytoconstituents existing inside the extract must stay the viable chemical materials involved in the prevention of Urolithiasis.
• Saha, Sarmistha & Verma, Ramtej. (2014). Anti- nephrolithiasis and antioxidative efficacy of Dolichos biflorus seeds in a lithiasis rat model. Pharmaceutical Biology. 10. 3109/13880209.2014.909501.Dolichos biflorus sensu auct non-L. (Fabaceae) is widely used for the treatment of kidney stones, leucorrhea, urinary disorders, and menstrual troubles, and is known for its antioxidant activity to evaluate the preventive effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds (DBE) in ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis. Materials and methods: In vitro, the antioxidative capacity of DBE was estimated in terms of reducing power, superoxide radical, 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl radical, and nitric oxide scavenging activity. A validated HPLC method was used for standardization using quercetin as a marker. Adult female Wistar rats were administered with DBE (150 and 300 mg/ kg body weight/ day) along with ethylene glycol (0.75 %, v/ v) for 28 d. The various biochemical parameters were measured in urine, serum, and kidney followed by histochemistry. Results:  Ethylene glycol caused a significant increase in calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and total protein in the urine as well as in the kidney whereas a decrease in calcium, sodium, and magnesium in serum was observed (p < 0.001). Ethylene glycol also caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a concurrent decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney (p < 0.001). However, the seed extract of D. biflorus caused significant restoration of all these parameters (p < 0.001). Histopathological and histochemical studies also showed reduced calcifications in kidney seed extract-treated rats. These results indicated that seeds of D. biflorus have a significant prophylactic effect in preventing nephrolithiasis, which might be due to the antioxidant activity of the active compounds of the plant.
• Muthu, A & Sethupathy, Subramaniam & Manavalan, R & Karar, P. (2005). Hypolipidemic effect of methanolic extract of Dolichos biflorus Linn. in high-fat diet fed rats. Indian journal of experimental biology. 43. 522- 5. High-fat diet-fed rats showed significantly increased levels of plasma and tissue total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, plasma LDL cholesterol, and decreased levels of plasma HDL cholesterol. Methanolic extract of D. biflorus administration to high-fat diet-fed rats showed near to normal levels of the above lipids in plasma and tissues. The higher dose of the extract (400 mg/ kg body weight) showed comparable results with the standard drug atorvastatin. It is concluded that the methanolic extract of D. biflorus possesses hypolipidemic activity in high-fat diet-fed rats.
• Kumar, Sandeep & Raman, Rewati & Rathore, Satyendra & Jaiswal, Reenesh & Prasad, Suruchi. (2022). Development and Characterization of Medicated Ointment Containing Extracts of Dolichos biflorus, Cichorium intybus, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Crataeva nurvala. International Journal of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 12. 05- 09. 10. 31782/ IJMPS. 2022.12702. The present research reflected exploring the plausible role(s) of extracts of Dolichos biflorus (seed), Cichorium intybus (root), Pterocarpus marsupium (bark), and Crataeva nurvala (bark) formulated as ointment product. The formulations were characterized by determining the pharmaceutical characteristics like pH, skin irritancy test, viscosity, appearance, extrudability, spreadability, washability, and swelling index. No specific edema or erythema symptoms were seen following treatment for a continuous seven days according to the skin irritation test investigation. The formulations’ pH levels were determined to be 5.2 (F1) and 5.7 (F2). F1 displayed swelling of 1.29 %, whereas F2 displayed swelling of 1.14 %. The spreadability of the two ointment formulations (F1 and F2) was 6.9 g. cm/ sec and 5.2 g. cm/ sec. For F1 and F2, the extrudability of the formulations from the collapsible tubes was determined to be +++ and ++, respectively. The viscosity was determined to be 4550 cps (F1) and 5300 cps (F2) when examining the rheological features of the formulations. The formulations’ washability was determined to be +++ for Formulation-1 and ++ for Formulation-2. The uses of polyherbal formulations in conventional medicine were revealed by this discovery, which also revitalized the concepts of ethnopharmacology in contemporary medicine.
• Garimella, Tushar & Jolly, C & Narayanan, Sadhasivam. (2001). In vitro studies on the antilithiatic activity of seeds of Dolichos biflorus Linn. and rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata Wall. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 15. 351- 5. 10.1002/ ptr. 833. Soxhlet extracts of seeds of Dolichos biflorus and rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata were tested for their in vitro antilithiatic/anti-calcification activity by the homogeneous precipitation method. The extracts were compared with an aqueous extract of cystone (a marketed preparation) for their activities. Also, a combination of the extracts of the two plants was tested. Extracts of Dolichos biflorus showed activity almost equivalent to cystone while Bergenia ligulata showed less activity and the combination was not as active as the individual extracts.
• To evaluate the preventive effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds (DBE) in ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis. Ethylene glycol caused a significant increase in calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and total protein in the urine as well as in the kidney whereas a decrease in calcium, sodium, and magnesium in serum was observed (p < 0.001). Ethylene glycol also caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a concurrent decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney (P < 0.001). However, the seed extract of D. biflorus caused significant restoration of all these parameters (p < 0.001). Histopathological and histochemical studies also showed reduced calcifications in the kidneys of seed extract-treated rats. These results indicated that seeds of D. biflorus have a significant prophylactic effect in preventing nephrolithiasis, which might be due to the antioxidant activity of the active compounds of the plant. Saha S’, Verma RJ. Anti- nephrolithiasis and antioxidative efficacy of Dolichos biflorus seeds in a lithiasis rat model. Pharm Biol. 2015 Jan; 53 (1): 16- 30. Doi: 10. 3109/ 13880209. 2014. 909501. Epub 2014 Sep 22.
• Nanta, Rajesh & Kale, R. (2011). Chemo modulatory effect of Dolichos biflorus Linn. on skin and forestomach papilloma genesis in Swiss albino mice. Indian journal of experimental biology. 49. 483- 90. Effect of consumption of three different doses (2 %, 4 %, and 6 %, w/ w) of Dolichos biflorus Linn. seeds on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione content, lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation in Swiss albino mice have been reported. Anti-carcinogenic effect has been studied by 7, 12- dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA)- induced skin and benzo(a) pyrene [B(a)P]- induced forestomach papillomagenesis models. D. biflorus consumption resulted in a significant increase in hepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzyme systems, especially at 4 % and 6 % doses. Significant increase in reduced glutathione content (GSH) and specific activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the liver of mice, at 4 % and 6 % doses has been reported. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and peroxidative damage have been significantly decreased at 4 % and 6 % doses. In the skin papillomagenesis model, 4 % and 6 % doses in diet significantly reduced the tumor incidence (up to 25 %), tumor multiplicity (up to 59 %), and tumor volume per mouse (up to 70 %) as compared to DMBA treated group. Importantly, a significant reduction in tumor incidence (up to 33 %) and tumor multiplicity (up to 61 %) was evident for the forestomach papilloma genesis model.
• Basu, Shibani & Maji, Priyankar & Ganguly, Jhuma. (2015). Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver and gold nanoparticles by Dolichos biflorus Linn seed extract. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 1- 9. 10.1080/17458080. 2015. 1112042. The bio-reduction method employed for the synthesis of colloidal AgNPs and AuNPs is reported here. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Dolichos biflorus Linn seed were used as the bio-reducing agent. The structural and morphological aspects of the synthesized metal nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD revealed the crystalline nature of the synthesized particles, and UV– vis spectrophotometric analysis showed characteristic absorption peaks for both AgNPs and AuNPs. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver and gold particles, and the average size and morphology were determined by SEM and TEM. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited good antibacterial potential whereas AuNPs showed poor activity against human pathogenic, gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Vijayalakshmi, Mahadevan & Rameshkumar, Ganesan & Rajagopal, Thangavel & Thangapandian, V. & Ponmanickam, Ponnirul. (2015). Phyto fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Horse Gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) seed extract and assessment of its bactericidal and antioxidant activities. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 39. 149- 155. 10. 56808/ 3027- 7922. 1943. The silver nanoparticles synthesized by the phyto-fabrication method receive more attention due to their fascinating properties. This study deals with the green-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of horse gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) and the assessment of their bactericidal and antioxidant activities. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV– Vi’s absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, EDAX, XRD, and SEM. In UV- vis spectroscopic analysis, a strong peak was observed at 442 nm. The XRD pattern showed that the silver nanoparticles were crystalline. The average estimated particle size of the sample was 29.09 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that the silver nanoparticles were cubic. FTIR analysis showed the possible functional groups involved in the AgNPs formation. The EDAX result exhibited a large peak of silver which confirmed its presence in the suspension. Further, the silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy against different human pathogens by standard good diffusion method. The highest antibacterial activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, and no activity was noticed against Proteus sp. The percentage inhibition of free radicals increased with an increase in the concentration of substrates. The 60 μl concentration of nanoparticles showed 99% of scavenging activity. The present study suggests that plant-mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis using horse gram seed extract is quick with potential bactericidal and antioxidant activities.
• Saha, Sarmistha & Verma, Ramtej. (2014). Evaluation of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dolichos biflorus seeds on inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 5. 10. 1016/ j. hermed. 2014.11. 001. Objective To evaluate the effect of an extract obtained from Dolichos biflorus (Fabaceae) on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Materials and methods A hydro-methanolic extract of (30: 70, v/ v) of D. biflorus seeds at different concentrations (1- 10 mg/ ml) was subjected to in vitro anticrystallization activity using a synthetic urine system. The results were compared with a parallel study conducted with the herbal medicinal product cystone under identical dosage conditions. The nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals were measured using spectrophotometric methods and crystals generated in the urine were also analyzed by light microscopy. Statistical differences and percentage inhibitions were calculated using GraphPad Prism 5 software. Results The seed extract was significantly more effective than cystone at inhibiting the nucleation, as well as the aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in a dose-dependent manner. These results were also confirmed by microscopic analysis. The results showed that the selected herb, D. biflorus has excellent anticrystallization activity and therefore, might be beneficial if used in formulating a strategy for the dissolution and thereby prevention of urinary stones.