Latakaranja (Caesalpinia crista)

Recent Research on Latakaranja (Caesalpinia crista)

• POTBHARE, BALAJI. (2021). Therapeutic Potential of Ayush 64 in Covid-19: An Ayurvedic Perspective. National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science. 9. 10. 52482/ ayurlog. V- 9i02. 829.
• Al-Snafi, Ali. (2015). Pharmacology and medicinal properties of Caesalpinia crista – An overview. International Journal of Pharmacy. 5. 71- 83.
• Gill, Naresh & Kaur, Ramandeep & Arora, Rajendra & Bali, Manoj. (2012). Phytochemical Investigation of Caesalpinia crista Seed Extract for their Therapeutic Potential. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6. 100- 107. 10. 3923/ rj. mp. 2012. 100. 107.
• Sulfahri, Sulfahri & Arif, Abdur & Iskandar, Israini & Wardhani, Riuh. (2019). In silico approach of antidiabetic compounds from Caesalpinia crista seed through docking analysis and ADMET predictions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1341. 022001. 10. 1088/ 1742- 6596/ 1341/ 2/ 022001. Caesalpinia crista (Fabaceae) is one of the herbs traditionally used as a drug for the diabetic. This study aimed to discover the bioactivity of the α-caesalpin compound from Caesalpinia crista for antidiabetic use based on reverse docking studies. Structures of chemical constituents of Caesalpina crista (α-caesalpin) were collected from published literature. The water molecule and ligands were removed by using Py- MOL v1.7.4.5 Software (Schrödinger). Molecular docking experiments were performed using the PyRx 0.8 software. Prediction and significant descriptors of Physicochemical Properties, Lipophilicity, Pharmacokinetics, and Druglikeness properties of the compounds were predicted using Swissadme. The results showed that α-caesalpin has greater potential as an antidiabetic based on its binding affinity and intermolecular interactions. The binding affinity of α-caesalpin with NOS 3 protein is -7.9, while the binding affinity of NOS 3 with the control compound β-estradiol is -10.1. AMES Test showed that α-caesalpin is not a potential mutagen and not a carcinogen. Druglikeness prediction showed that α-caesalpin fulfills the rules of Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge with a 0.55 Bioavailability Score.
• Reddy, Swapna & Banoth, Ramya Kuber. (2018). ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF CAESALPINIA CRISTA SEED EXTRACTS. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 8. 354- 357. 10. 22270/ jddt. v8i5. 1880. Objective: To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of Caesalpinia crista seed extracts Methods: Antiplasmodial activity of the seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista against rodent malaria infections in chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain was investigated, and oral acute toxicity of seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista was also evaluated. Results: The findings of this study revealed a significant (P < 0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in parasitemia in the parasitized groups treated with varying doses of the extract (50- 200 mg/ kg p.o.) in both suppressive and curative tests. There was also a significant decrease in parasitemia density in the chloroquine-treated group. The alcoholic extract was found to have no toxicity in Wistar rats and the oral LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Conclusion: Seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista extract possess potent antiplasmodial activity and may therefore, serve as potential sources of new antimalarial agents Keywords: Plasmodium falciparum, Caesalpinia crista, Plant extracts, Phytochemicals, Toxicity tests, malaria.
• Kumar, R & Kumar, K & N, Venkateswaramurthy. (2009). Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Caesalpinia bonducellaon carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. 1. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of the methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (MECB) (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) in Wistar albino rats. The different groups of animals were administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) (30 % CCl 4, 1 ml/ kg b. wt. in liquid paraffin 3 doses (i.p.) at 72 h intervals). The MECA at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/ kg and silymarin 25 mg/ kg were administered to the CCl 4 treated rats. The effect of MECB and silymarin on serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT) Serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), bilirubin, uric acid, and total protein were measured in the CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Further, the effects of the extract on lipid peroxidation (LPO), enzymatic antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), and non-enzymatic antioxidant (glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E) were estimated. The MECB and silymarin produced significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, uric acid, and lipid peroxidation and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, vitamin C, vitamin E and protein in a dose-dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that MECB possesses potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.
• Singh, Vibha & Raghav, Pramod. (2012). Review on pharmacological properties of Caesalpinia bonduc L. Int. J.Med. Arom. Plant. 2. 2249- 4340. article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non- Commercial-No- Derivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY- NC- ND 3.0) License Caesalpinia bonduc L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world, especially in India, Sri Lanka, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands, and in India especially found in tropical regions. In Indian traditional plant medicine, it has been considered an important remedy for the treatment of several diseases. It is popular in Indigenous systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy. All parts of the plant have medicinal properties, so it is a very valuable medicinal plant that is utilized in traditional systems of medicine. The plant has been reported to possess anxiolytic, antinociceptive, antidiarrhoeal, antidiabetic, adaptogenic, anthelmintic, antiestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antipsoriatic, antitumor, larvacidal, muscle contractile, hepatoprotective, anticonvulsant and anti filarial activities. Phytochemical analysis of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) has revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) concerning its pharmacognostic characteristics, chemical constituents, a summary of its various pharmacological activities, and traditional uses.
• Gupta, Nakul & Chauhan, Prerna & Nayeem, Maryam & Safhi, Mohammed & Agarwal, Meetu. (2014). Hepatoprotective effect of Caesalpinia crista Linn. against CCl4 and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. African journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 8. 485- 491. This study was done to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of extracts of Caesalpinia crista against carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in albino rats. Seeds of C. crista were subjected to ethanolic and aqueous extraction. Albino rats were exposed to carbon tetrachloride (3ml/kg rat b.w) and paracetamol (3 g/ kg rat b.w) in two different protocols. Seven groups (n= 6) of animals were used in each protocol. Olive oil was used as a vehicle. Rats treated with extracts of Caesalpinia crista exhibited a significant reduction in CCl4 and a paracetamol-induced increase in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and also caused a significant increase in serum level of total proteins which was decreased by hepatotoxic compounds used. The protective effect of these extracts was comparable with Silymarin. Ethanolic extract of C. crista was able to normalize the biochemical levels and histopathological changes which were altered due to CCl4 and paracetamol intoxication.
• Chethana, Kolambe Rajappa & Sasidhar, Balappa Somappa & Naika, Mahadeva & Keri, Rangappa Sangappa. (2018). Phytochemical composition of Caesalpinia crista extract as a potential source for inhibiting cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation: Significance to Alzheimer’s disease. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 8. 500. 10. 41- 03/ 2- 221- 1691. 244159. Objective: To screen plant extract fractions and elucidate the components present in Caesalpinia crista (C. crista) leaves for cholinergic and anti-amyloidogenic activities for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: This work has been carried out to study the action of C. crista extracts from nonpolar to polar solvents toward inhibition of oxidative stress, cholinergic, and amyloidosis. The antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH total antioxidant assay; cholinergic assay by Ellman’s method and anti-amyloidogenic assay by thioflavin-T fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Results: The quantification of polyphenols was carried out following C. crista methanolic extract (CCMeOH) HPLC fingerprinting, along with LC-MS, and elucidated by MS LAMPS database. GC-MS of CCMeOH was screened for potential moieties. In vitro, experimental results showed that the CCMeOH was a potential extract that exhibited active inhibition of antioxidant properties, cholinergic enzymes acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase. For anti-amyloidogenic evaluations, among all the extracts, the CCMeOH was found to have the potential toward inhibiting the oligomers, and fibrillation of Aβ42 with good defibrillation of amyloid cascading properties. Conclusions: These results are also supported by the presence of polyphenols as the active ingredients. Multi-potent target drug therapy is a promising option for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Methanolic extract of C. crista shows potential activity against cholinergic enzymes and Aβ42 aggregation with antioxidant activity. 
• Mobin, Lubna & Saeed, Syed & Ali, Rashida & Saeed, Ghufran & Ahmed, Rahil. (2017). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the polyphenolic fractions isolated from the seed coat of Abrus precatorius and Caesalpinia crista. Natural Product Research. 32. 1- 5. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2017. 1378217. Crude seed coat extracts from Abrus precatorius and Caesalpinia crista were purified into four different fractions namely phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanin which were then examined for their polyphenol contents and antimicrobial potentials. The fractions derived from the seed coat of A. precatorius were found more potent with high phenolic and flavonoid contents as compared to C. crista fractions. Significant antibacterial activity was observed against all strains tested by the fractions of both samples apart from the anthocyanin fraction. It was interesting to note that the phenolic acid fractions of both samples were found more active against gram-negative bacteria, while gram-positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive towards flavonol fractions. The phenolic acid and flavonol fractions being potent antibacterial were selected to demonstrate the antifungal capacity of two samples. Among them, a phenolic acid fraction of both samples was found active towards all the fungal strains.
• Sumalatha, S. & Padma, D. & Pai K, Sreedhara & Prabhath, Sushma & Kumar, Nitesh & Bhat, Kumar. (2016). Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonduc against CCl4 induced chronic hepatotoxicity. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 8. 207- 211. Objective: The leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) have been used against various disorders in folk medicine including liver disorders. Earlier, we have shown the hepatoprotective effect of CB in the acute hepatotoxicity model. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic and anti-fibrotic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of CB on CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced chronic hepatotoxicity/fibrosis in Wistar rats. Methods: Animals were divided into three groups namely, preventive, curative, and prophylactic, which were further subdivided into four groups each: Group I–untreated control, group II- CCl4 control, group III- CB+ CCl4 and Group IV– silymarin+ CCl4. The aqueous extract of CB/silymarin was administered orally once, daily for eight weeks in the curative group and for four weeks in the preventive and prophylactic groups respectively. The chronic liver damage/fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice a week, for four weeks in preventive and prophylactic groups and eight weeks in the curative group. Blood samples were collected for assaying serum biochemical parameters, and the livers were excised and processed for histology. Results: The data showed that supplementation of aqueous leaf extract of CB along with CCl4 significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and prothrombin time(PT) thus further restoring the total protein(TP) and albumin(ALB) in preventive, curative and prophylactic groups when compared to CCl4 control. Significant improvement in the microscopic structure of the liver further confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of CB over the liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats. Conclusion: The study, therefore, suggests that an aqueous extract of CB might provide a novel and alternative approach for treating chronic hepatotoxicity/ liver fibrosis.
• Dhasade, Vipul & Komala, M. (2023). Investigation for determination of therapeutic potential for antitubercular activity with special reference to Caesalpinia crista fruits. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review. 30. 321- 329. 10. 52756/ ijerr. 2023. v30. 029. In recent years, plant biochemistry has played a significant role due to plant-derived products’ phytochemical details. One of the difficulties of phytochemistry nowadays is performing the procedures with limited material due to the wide variety and low yield of phytochemicals. The secondary metabolites found in Caesalpinia crista have a wide range of applications. To better understand the antitubercular properties of Caesalpinia crista, a major medicinal plant, this study examines the most essential compounds in its fruits. Results from both quantitative and phytochemical screening revealed high concentrations of a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, proteins, terpenoids, and glycosides. Microplate-based Alamar blue assay demonstrates their efficacy against TB. In addition, the results confirmed the presence of antitubercular potential in specific phytochemicals extracted from Caesalpinia crista fruits.
• Mobin, Lubna & Saeed, Syed & Ali, Rashida & Naz, Shahina & Saeed, Ghufran. (2021). Antibacterial antioxidant and phenolic fractions analysis of Caesalpinia crista seed coat extract and its different fractions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 53. 10. 30848/ PJB2021- 2 (18).
• Banoth, Ramya Kuber. (2017). Evaluating the anti-inflammatory potential of isolated constituents from seeds of Caesalpinia crista.
• Gandhi, Yashika & Mishra, Dr. Sujeet & Rawat, Hemant & Grewal, Jyotika & Kumar, Ravi & Shakya, Santosh & Jain, Vipin & Babu, Gajji & Singh, Arjun & Singh, Ravindra & Acharya, Rabinarayan & Kumar, Vijay. (2022). Phytomedicines Explored under In vitro and silico Studies against Coronavirus: An Opportunity to Develop Traditional Medicines. South African Journal of Botany. 151. 10. 1016/ j. sajb. 2022. 04. 053.
• Kalauni, Surya & Awale, Suresh & Tezuka, Yasuhiro & Banskota, Arjun & Linn, Thein & Asih, Puji & Syafruddin, Din & Kadota, Shigetoshi. (2006). Antimalarial Activity of Cassane- and Norcassane-Type Diterpenes from Caesalpinia crista and Their Structure-Activity Relationship. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 29. 1050- 2. 10. 1248/ bpb. 29. 1050. Malaria is one of the most life-threatening infectious diseases worldwide and claims millions of people’s lives each year. The appearance of drug-resistance Plasmodium falciparum has made the treatment of malaria increasingly problematic, and thus, there is a dire need to search the new alternatives to current drugs. In the present study, 44 cassane- and norcassane-type diterpenes isolated from Caesalpinia crista of Myanmar and Indonesia were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3/ A2 clone in vitro. Most of the tested diterpenes displayed antimalarial activity, and norcaesalpinin E (28) showed the most potent activity with an IC50 value of 0.090 microM, more potent than the clinically used drug chloroquine (IC50, 0.29 microM). Based on the observed results, a structure-activity relationship has been established.
• Sarkar, Rhitajit & Hazra, Bibhabasu & Mandal, Nripendranath. (2012). Hepatoprotective Potential of Caesalpinia crista against Iron- Overload-Induced Liver Toxicity in Mice. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM. 2012. 896341. 10. 1155/ 2012/ 896341. The present study was carried out to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Caesalpinia crista Linn. (CCME) extract on iron-overload-induced liver injury. Iron overload was induced by intraperitoneal administration of iron dextran into mice. CCME attenuated the percentage increase in liver iron and serum ferritin levels when compared to the control group. CCME also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and liver fibrosis. The serum enzyme markers were found to be less, whereas enhanced levels of liver antioxidant enzymes were detected in the CCME-treated group. In the presence of CCME, the reductive release of ferritin iron was increased significantly. Furthermore, CCME exhibited DPPH radical scavenging and protection against Fe (2+)-mediated oxidative DNA damage. The current study confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of CCME against the model hepatotoxicant iron overload and the activity is likely related to its potent antioxidant and iron-chelating properties.
• Subramani, Varalakshmi & Kamaraj, M. & Ramachandran, B. & John Martin, Jerome Jeyakumar. (2014). Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia bonduc (linn) Roxb seeds. International Journal of Phytopharmacy. 4. 10. 7439/ ijpp. v4i3. 102. The study aimed to investigate phytochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and trace metal concentrations of Caesalpinia bonducella. The phytochemical screening of the extracts of leaves of C. bonducella revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Steroids, Triterpenoids, Reducing Sugar(A), Reducing Sugar(B), Sugars, Flavonoids, Saponin, Amino acids with the absence of Alkaloids, Phenolic Compounds, Catachins, Tannins, Anthroquinones. The ethanol solvent was used for extraction and was used to screen the antimicrobial activity of C. bonducella leaves against certain pathogens by the disc diffusion method. In the antimicrobial study, in bacteria, the test sample was most effective against Escherichia coli NCIM 2931 (B2) while a smaller effect was noticed from Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). In fungi, this was effective against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans MTCC 613 (F2) whereas a smaller effect was observed in Candida glabrata MTCC 3984 (F1). All the microbial strains depict higher sensitivity to the higher concentration (1.2 mg/ disc) for the test sample when compared to the positive control except bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2920 (B1) and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 5021 (B3). The result supported the view that C. bonducella is a potent antimicrobial agent compared with the conventional antibiotic. The concentrations of trace metals in plants did not cross the standard level. Hence, it is signified that Aloe vera plant extract is safe to be used as an antimicrobial agent.
• Kumar R, Sunil & Ramesh, Balenahalli & Joshi, Chandrashekhar & Talakatta, Girish & Danagoudar, Ananda. (2017). Caesalpinia Crista Linn. Induces Protection against DNA and Membrane Damage. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 13. 250. 10.  4103/ pm. pm_557_16. Caesalpinia crista is a medicinal herb used to cure various ailments in subtropical and tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Objective: The objective of this evaluation of C. crista against free radical-induced DNA and erythrocyte damage. Materials and methods:  The profiles of polyphenols and flavonoids were quantified through reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Free radical-induced DNA and membrane damage were performed using H2O2 as an oxidative agent. Results:  The total polyphenol content of C. crista leaf ethyl acetate extract (CcEA) was 94.5 ± 3.8 mg/ g GAE, CcME (C. crista leaf methanol extract) was 52.7 ± 2.8 mg/ g GAE, and CcWE (C. crista leaf Water extract) was 31.84 ± 1.8 mg/gGAE. The total flavonoid content of CcEA was 60.46 ± 2.3 mg/ g QE, CcME was 46.26 ± 1.8 mg/gQE, and CcWE was 20.47 ± 1.1 mg/ g QE. The extracts also exhibited good antioxidant activity as confirmed by 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′- azino- bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), hydroxyl scavenging, reducing power, and total antioxidant assays. Among the three extracts, CcEA and CcME showed better protection against red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis and DNA damage as confirmed by the electrophoretic study. Further, scanning electron micrograph data showed that CcEA revealed the free radical-induced structural alterations in RBC, Conclusion:  These findings suggest that C. crista contains bioactive molecules and can inhibit oxidative stress and can be a source of further study to use in herbal medicine. ROS are generated under normal biological systems. These ROS generated can be scavenged by endogenous and exogenous cellular mechanisms. Environmental stress, radiation, smoke, etc. elevates ROS dramatically. This leads to significant damage to cellular biomolecules like DNA and cell structures. Plants as a large reservoir of drugs for protecting DNA and cell structures from oxidative stress. Polyphenols present in the C. crista extracts act through several mechanisms to quench free radicals. Extracts exhibited potent antioxidant properties and also protected DNA and cell membranes from oxidative damage. Hence this can be used in herbal medicine for treating oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2′-casino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); CcEA: C. crista leaf ethyl acetate extract; CcME: C. crista leaf methanol extract; CcWE: C. crista leaf Water extract; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; GAE: Gallic acid Equivalent; H2O2: Hydrogen Peroxide; QE: Quercetin Equivalent; RNS: Reactive Nitrogen Species; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope.
• Kumar, Ankit & Garg, Vikas & Chaudhary, Anurag & Jain, Pankaj & Tomar, Praveen. (2013). Isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of new compounds from methanolic extract of seeds of Caesalpinia crista L. (Caesalpinaceae). Natural product research. 28. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2013. 814054. Phytochemical study on the methanolic extract of Caesalpinia crista afforded two novel compounds, 2-hydroxytrideca-3,6-dienyl-pentanoate and octacosa- 12, 15- diene along with known compounds 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3’O- α- rhamnopyranoside, β-sitosterol, and sucrose. Compound 3-O-methyl ellagic acid 3’O- α- rhamnopyranoside is reported for the first time from the plant. Molecular structures, of isolated compounds, were elucidated by using the NMR spectroscopy in combination with IR and mass spectral data. All isolated compounds, extracts, and fractions were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and found to be significantly active against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration: 64- 512 μg mL (- 1)).
• Banoth, Ramya Kuber. (2023). Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation for Antiplasmodial Activity of Extracted Constituents from Caesalpinia Crista Linn seeds. INDIAN DRUGS. 60. 44- 49. 10. 53879/ id. 60. 02. 11933.
• Gupta, Nakul & Sharma, Ishan & Agarwal, Meetu & Mohammed, Safhi & Chauhan, Prerna & Anwer, Tarique & Khan, Gyas. (2013). Antidiabetic activity of seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista Linn. in experimental animals. African journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 7. 1808- 1813. 10. 5897/ AJPP- 2013.3422. The present study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic and aqueous seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in 2-day-old pup models. The seeds were collected, authenticated and shade dried. Shade-dried seeds were then ground into coarse powder and processed for further studies. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared, and the preliminary phytochemical screening was performed. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts were evaluated for antidiabetic activity by using streptozotocin-induced diabetes in a 2 days pups model. After 3 months of streptozotocin administration, the pups became diabetic and then further protocol proceeded. Estimation of biological parameters like serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride were performed and body weight, water intake, and food intake were also recorded after 3 weeks of treatment. A histopathological study was performed to study the structure of islets of the pancreas in different groups of animals. There was a significant decrease in the biological parameters that is, serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride when compared with the diabetic untreated group after 3 weeks of treatment plant extracts. Treatment with the extracts also affected the physical parameters like a decrease in body weight, and an increase in demand for food intake and water intake when compared with the diabetic untreated group. Histopathological study shows the changes in the structure of islets of the pancreas in different groups of animals. Hence, it can be concluded that in the above study, both ethanolic and aqueous seed extracts of C. crista Linn. showed antidiabetic activity, but the aqueous extract of C. crista Linn. showed a more significant effect as compared to the ethanolic extract.
• Upadhyay, Pooja & Joshi, Bhuwan & Sundriyal, Ankush & Uniyal, Sushmita. (2019). Caesalpinia crista L.: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH. 3. 10. 53517/ CMDR. 2581- 5008. 312019191.
• Patil, Sachin & Deshmukh, Sagar. (2023). A Review on Taxonomy and Ethnobotany of Caesalpinia crista L. (Caesalpiniaceae). 11. 2022. 10. 37591/ RRJoE.
• Gupta, Malaya & Mazumder, Kishor & Ramanathan, Sambathkumar & Sivakumar, T. & Madgula, Vamsi. (2004). Antitumor Activity and Antioxidant Status of Caesalpinia bonducella Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 94. 177- 84. 10. 1254/ jphs. 94. 177. The methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonducella FLEMING (Caesalpiniaceae) leaves (MECB) was evaluated for antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing Swiss albino mice. The extract was administered at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight per day for 14 days after 24 h of tumor inoculation. After the last dose and 18 h fasting, the mice were sacrificed. The present study deals with the effect of MECB on the growth of transplantable murine tumors, the life span of EAC- bearing hosts, hematological profile, and biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione content (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. MECB caused a significant (P< 0.01) decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume, and viable cell count; and it prolonged the life span of EAC-tumor-bearing mice. Hematological profile converted to normal levels in extract-treated mice. MECB significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and significantly (P< 0.05) increased the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT. The MECB was found to be devoid of conspicuous short-term toxicity in the mice when administered daily (i.p.) for 14 days at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/ kg. The treated mice showed conspicuous toxic symptoms only at 300 mg/ kg. The results indicate that MECB exhibited significant antitumor and antioxidant activity in EAC-bearing mice.
• Deore, Hemant & Muzaffar, Shaikh & Gomase, Pravin & Khan, Rahil & Begum, Touseef & Patil, Ravindra & Badgujar, V & Shaikh, T & Ahmad, Irfan & Syed, Umar & Faruq, & Nameera, Siddiqui & Saniya, Shaikh & Pathan, Shahid & Wasil, Qazi & Ahmed, Ansari. (2024). Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia Bonduc Seeds in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.
• Jivani, Parikshit & Vadalia, Jigna & Mohaddesi, Behzad & Koradia, Krishna & Navin, Sheth & Raval, Mihir. (2015). Pharmacological Review on Indian Wild Plant Caesalpinia Crista. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 47. 67.
• Pratiwi, Novida & Aziz, Isna & Syah, Ismedsyah & Andayani, D. & Amin, Saeful. (2019). Antidiabetic activity of kemrunggi (Caesalpinia crista L.) seeds infusion in Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus berkenhout, 1769) hyperglycaemic. 10. 389-393. Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in Indonesia. People in West Papua utilize Kemrunggi (Caesalpinia crista L.) as medication for diabetes mellitus. This research’s main objective is to determine the effect of infusing Kemrunggi seeds obtained from West Papua on the blood glucose and ALT serum levels of hyperglycaemic rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). The albino rats were male, Wistar. 7 groups of rats include 4 control groups and 3 treatment groups of 10%, 20%, and 30% Kemrunggi seeds infusion. Each group consists of 5 specimens. A total of 6.75 g/kg D-glucose monohydrate was injected to make the hyperglycaemic rat. The treatment was performed, observed, and tested for the result within 7 days. The result showed that on the seventh day, blood glucose level was lowest in the independent group (AUC0- 300 32421.32). The highest percentage recorded for lowering the blood glucose value (55.282 %) was within the 20 % infusion group, however, there were no significant differences among infusion treatments. The 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % seed infusion resulted in lower ALT serum levels of 26.13 %, 10.02 %, and 17.55 % respectively, not significantly different among treatments. These results concluded that infusion of Kemrunggi seeds at 20 % can lower blood glucose effectively and lower ALT serum levels at 10- 30 % concentration.
• Srinivasa, Chandramma & Kumar, Sharath & M Nandish, Sharath & Kengaiah, Jayanna & Ramachandraiah, Chethana & Shivaiah, Ashwini & Sannaningaiah, Devaraja. (2019). Caesalpinia Crista Seed Exhibits Strong Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Activity. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 14. 2319- 7676. 10. 9790/ 3008- 1401012230. Caesalpinia Crista Seeds stores robust phytochemicals responsible for several therapeutic efficacy, hence it has been used since ancient times in folk medicine. Although researchers put effort into validating its stored health benefits, its role in thrombosis was least explored. Thus, the current study investigates the anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and clot lysis efficiency of Caesalpinia Crista Seed Aqueous Extract (CCSAE). The protein blueprints of CCSAE revealed a similar banding pattern from 15- 200 kDa on 10 % SDS-PAGE suggesting that CCSAE reserves only monomeric proteins. CCSAE exhibited proteolytic activity by degrading casein and gelatin with the specific activity of 0.160 and 0.210 units/ mg/ min respectively at 37° C. The proteolytic activity was strongly inhibited by both IAA and 1,10 Phenanthroline, while PMSF and EDTA did not show inhibition, suggesting the presence of both cysteine and zinc-dependent metalloprotease in the seeds. CCSAE showcased a strong anticoagulant effect that enhanced the clotting time of both PRP and PPP from control 180 s to 1367 s and 200 s to 1565 s respectively. The anticoagulation effect and its site of participation were also further strengthened by APTT and PT tests. CCSAE appeared to interfere with the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. CCSAE was found to hydrolyze fibrin but not plasma proteins. Furthermore, CCSAE also exhibited strong antiplatelet activity by inhibiting both ADP and epinephrine agonists-induced platelet function. The recorded inhibition percentage was found to be 44.0 % and 76.7 % respectively. Interestingly, CCSAE is devoid of damaging blood vessels, edema, and RBC lysis potency.
• Gaur, Rajiv & Sahoo, Malaya & Dixit, Saurabh & Fatma, N & Rastogi, Shubham & Kulshreshtha, D & Chatterjee, Risha & Murthy, P. (2008). Antifilarial activity of Caesalpinia bonducella against experimental filarial infections. The Indian journal of medical research. 128. 65- 70. Lymphatic filariasis is a disabling disease that continues to cripple populations in tropical countries. Currently, available antifilarial drugs are not able to control the disease. Therefore, a better antifilarial is urgently required for proper management of the disease. We undertook this study to assess the anti-filarial activity of Caesalpinia bonducella-seed kernels against rodent filarial parasites in an experimental model. Microfilaraemic cotton rats and Mastomys coucha harboring Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia malayi respectively, were treated with crude extract or fractions of the seed kernel C. bonducella through oral route for 5 consecutive days. Microfilaricidal, macrofilaricidal, and female worm sterilizing efficacy was assessed. Crude extract showed a gradual fall in microfilariae (mf) count in the L. sigmodontis-cotton rat model from day 8 post-treatment attaining more than 95 percent fall by the end of the observation period. It also exhibited 96 percent macrofilaricidal and 100 percent female sterilizing efficacy. The butanol fraction F018 caused a 73.7 percent reduction in mf count and 82.5 percent mortality in adult worms with 100 percent female sterilization. The aqueous fraction F019 exerted more than 90 percent microfilaricidal activity and 100 percent worm sterilization. Two chromatographic fractions, F024 and F025 of hexane soluble fraction exhibited 64 and 95 percent macrofilaricidal activity, respectively. Both the fractions caused a gradual fall in microfilaraemia and 100 percent worm sterilization. In B. malayi-M. couch model F025 showed a gradual reduction in microfilaraemia and caused 80 percent sterilization of female parasites conclusion, C. bonducella- seed kernel extract and fractions showed microfilaricidal, macrofilaricidal, and female-sterilizing efficacy against L. sigmodontis and microfilaricidal and female-sterilizing efficacy against B. malayi in animal models, indicating the potential of this plant in providing a lead for new anti filarial drug development.
• Iheagwam, Franklyn & Ogunlana, Olubanke & Ogunlana, Oluseyi & Isewon, Itunuoluwa & Oyelade, Jelili. (2019). Potential Anti-Cancer Flavonoids Isolated from Caesalpinia bonduc Young Twigs and Leaves: Molecular Docking and In Silico Studies. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights. 13. 117793221882137. 10. 1177/ 1177932218821371. Tyrosine kinase (TK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are important cancer therapeutic target proteins. Based on reported anti-cancer and cytotoxic activities of Caesalpinia bonduc, this study isolated phytochemicals from young twigs and leaves of C bonduc and identified the interaction between them and cancer target proteins (TK, VEGF, and MMP) in silico. AutoDock Vina, iGEMDOCK, and analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the isolated bioactive as therapeutic molecules were performed. Seven phytochemicals (7-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-3, 11- dehydrohomoisoflavanone, 4, 4′- dihydroxy- 2’- methoxy chalcone, 7, 4′-dihydroxy- 3, 11- dehydrohomoisoflavanone, luteolin, quercetin- 3- methyl, kaempferol- 3- O- β- d- xylopyranoside and kaempferol- 3- O- α- l-rhamnopyranosyl- (1 → 2)- β- D- xylopyranoside) were isolated. Molecular docking analysis showed that the phytochemicals displayed strong interactions with the proteins compared with their respective drug inhibitors. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the compounds were promising suggesting that they can be developed as putative lead compounds for developing new anti-cancer drugs.
• Ali, A. & Venkat Rao, Nimmagadda & Hussain, Shalam & Gouda, T. & Shantakumar, S. M. (2009). Anticonvulsive effect of seed extract of caesalpinia bonducella (Roxb.). Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 8. 51- 55. In the traditional system of Indian medicine, C.bonducella is widely used for its antipyretic, antiperiodic, anticonvulsive, and antiparalytic activities. For assessing anticonvulsant activity, pentylenetetrazole, maximal electroshock, strychnine- and picrotoxin-induced convulsions models were used. Diazepam was used as a standard reference for all models except the maximal electroshock model, wherein phenytoin was used as the standard reference. Seed kernels of C. bonducella were powdered and subjected to successive extraction with solvents like petroleum ether (PE), ethanol, methanol, and water using a soxhlet apparatus. All the extracts were administered as a suspension in 2% gum acacia in all the experiments. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of petroleum ether extract of Caesalpinia bonducella revealed the presence of saponins, glycoside, starch, sucrose, proteins, sterols, and reported constituents like homoisoflavone (bonducillin) and a non-alkaloid bitter principle (natin). It was found to be non-toxic even up to the dose level of 3000 mg/ kg (LD- 50). In pentylenetetrazole, maximal electroshock, strychnine- and picrotoxin-induced convulsion models, medium and high doses (600 and 800 mg/kg) of the extract showed significant anticonvulsant activity. The present investigation revealed that the PECB possessed anticonvulsant activity which may be attributed to the presence of phytoconstituents such as saponins, proteins, Hom isoflavone (bonducillin), carbohydrates, and sterols present in the drug, as these are already reported for their anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activities.