Lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum, Caryophyllus aromaticus)

Recent research on Lavanga

• Eugenin showed antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus at a concentration of 10 g/ml (Planta Med. 1981, 42, 69).
• Extract of leaves containing 3,4 dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol and 3,4, dihydroxybenzoic acid exhibited anti-inflammatory activity (Chem. Abstr. 1990, 113, 29242t).
• B-caryophyllene, its oxide, a-humulene, its epoxide, and eugenol exhibited significant activity as inducers of detoxifying enzyme glutathione-s-transferase in mouse liver and small intestine. They inhibit chemical carcinogenesis and may find use as potential anticarcinogenic agents (J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 999).
• The clove oil derived from the dried buds is often used as an analgesic and anesthetic (NIN, Hyderabad 1996).
• Shehzad, A. & Saeed, Muhammad & Nadeem, muhammad & Khan, Moazzam Rafiq & Shabbir, Muhammad Asim & AMIR, RAI. (2013). Antimicrobial activity of Syzygium aromaticum extracts against food spoilage bacteria. African Journal of microbiology research. 7. 4848- 4856. 10. 5897/ AJMR2013. 5946. In this study, the emphasis was on the extraction of aqueous and methanolic extract from whole clove (Syzygium aromaticum) that can be efficiently used as an antimicrobial agent with the ultimate objective of developing replacements for synthetic chemical additives in food products. The antimicrobial activity of the extract revealed that the solvent extract of clove has a great potential for the inhibition of microbial load. The value of antimicrobial activities of solvent extract ranged from 12 to 17 mm in the disc diffusion method as compared to aqueous extract i.e. ranged from 12 to 16 mm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were found from 17 to 23 mm for solvent extract and 13 to 17 mm for aqueous extract. The sensory characteristics of bread showed that the treatments had a highly significant effect on volume, color of the crust, symmetry of form, evenness of bake, the character of crust, grain, the color of crumb, taste, and texture, and overall acceptability of bread. Significantly lower total scores for the bread were exhibited by the bread supplemented with 2 and 2.5% clove extract. The results revealed that bread containing up to 1% clove extract is acceptable.
• Eugenol, the major component of clove oil, is a phenolic compound- a naturally occurring antioxidant that prevents foods from turning rancid. Its bactericidal and fungicidal properties favor its use in human medicine as an ant putrescent (NIN, Hyderabad 1996).
• The use of spices to extend the shelf-life of foods has been widely applied in various processing and preservation methods. In one of the studies amount of clove and cinnamon, powders was measured in a cake formulation (Zain & Hussain, ASOMPS, VII, Malaysia, 1994).
• Okmen, Gulten & Mammadkhanlı, Mahabbat. (2018). THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERR. & PERRY AGAINST ORAL BACTERIA AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITIES. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 4634- 4641. 10. 13040/ IJPSR. 0975- 8232. 9 (11). 4634- 41. Plants are an important source of substances that are claimed to induce biological activities. Although there are a few studies on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of this plant, antimutagenic activity has not been studied and there is no study in Turkey. Antibacterial activities of Syzygium aromaticum against oral pathogens have not been reported until today. The scope of this work was to investigate the biological activities of S. aromaticum in different extracts. The various extracts were screened for antibacterial activity. The bacteria were isolated from oral flora by traditional methods. The plant extracts were tested by Kirby- Bauer method. Other antibacterial activity tests are MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration). In addition to that, the antioxidant activities of plant extracts were screened by the stable DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl hydrate) free radical. The antimutagenicity of the plant extracts was determined by Ame’s test using Salmonella typhimurium strains. The highest antibacterial activity was determined as a 20 mm inhibition zone from methanol extracts. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found at 82% from the aqueous extract. S. aromaticum extracts have antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic potentials. Our results support the use of this plant in traditional medicine and show that some of the plant extracts possess compounds with good biological activities.
• Varghese, Reslee & Ragavan, D. & Sivaraj, Saranya & Gayathri, Dasara Raju & Kannayiram, Gomathi. (2017). Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum silver nanoparticles: In vitro and silico study. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 10. 370. 10. 22159/ ajpcr. 2017. v10i11. 19904. Objective: In the present study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) silver nanoparticles (clove AgNP’s) was evaluated. Methods: The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used to identify the compounds present in the aqueous extract of clove. Fourier transforms infrared (FT- IR) analysis was done to characterize the clove silver AgNP’s. 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was performed to evaluate the antioxidant property of nanoparticles (0.05 and 0.25 mg/ ml) and aqueous extracts (0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 mg/ ml) of clove. The anti-inflammatory property of the clove AgNP’s was determined by inhibition of protein denaturation and downregulation of interleukin-1 beta. In silico molecular docking studies were performed using Schrodinger Maestro software. Results: Eugenol was found to be highest with 16.27%. The AgNP exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant properties. AgNPs scavenged 80% of radical at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The scavenging activity of AgNP’s markedly increased when compared to aqueous extract at the same concentration. Inhibition of protein denaturation assay also revealed AgNP’s showing the highest activity (66%) when compared with the drug aspirin (55%) and aqueous extract (56%). In the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, AgNPs showed better inhibition (80%) when compared to aqueous extract (60%). Among 15 compounds, two compounds (eugenol and methyl 14- methyl- pentadecanoate) showed good glide energy, docking score, and hydrogen-bonded active site interactions with the protein interleukin- 1 beta. Conclusion- As AgNP’s were more active than the aqueous extract, it may be considered for pharmacological activity against inflammatory disorders.
• Sugihartini, Nining & Fariez Kurniawan, Muhammad & Yuwono, T. (2020). Anti-inflammatory Activity of Syzygium Aromaticum Essential Oil in Emulgel. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 13. 161-167. The essential oil of clove has acted as an anti-inflammatory. This study aims to detect the influence of the various components of oleic acid and propylene glycol as an enhancer to the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of clove in emulgel. The composition of oleic acid-(AO) and propylene glycol-(PG) in emulgel was based on the Simplex Lattice Design method are FI (100% 0% AO- PG), FII (50% AO- 50% PG), FIII (0% AO- 100% PG). Emulgel was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by using male mice strain BALb/ C which induced inflammation with croton oil. The results of the study showed the increasing concentration of propylene glycol caused a decrease in the value of COX- 2 (p> 0.05) and the thickness of the epidermis (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the increasing concentration of propylene glycol caused an increase in the number of inflammatory cells (P> 0.05). The optimum composition of enhancer in emulgel of essential oil of clove was 100%  of propylene glycol.
• Singh, Isha & Madan, V. K. (2018). Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) as Affected by Various Moisture Levels. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 30. 525- 528. 10. 14233/ ajchem. 2018. 20928. Moisture content in a plant matrix is an important factor as the nature of Phyto- constituents present in spices may be altered by the presence of moisture. The present study was conducted to observe the effect of moisture levels viz. 5 % moisture level (more than normal), 10 % moisture level (more than normal), and normal moisture level (control) on phyto-constituents and antioxidant activities of clove buds. Contents of total phenols, flavonoids, sugars, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and antioxidant activity decreased under the influence of moisture conditions during storage. The contents of total phenols in samples with 10 % and 5 % and normal moisture levels after 64 days of storage were 70.89, 73.76, and 96.07 mg GAE/g, flavonoids (21.02, 23.37 & 38.24 mg CE/g), total sugars (12.73, 13.88 & 23.01 mg/ g), reducing sugars (12.59, 13.73 and 22.77 mg/ g), non-reducing sugars (0.14, 0.15 and 0.24 mg/ g), IC50 values from DPPH free radical scavenging activity (253.0, 231.7 and 124.9 μg/  mL) and antioxidant activity (51.05, 55.19 and 84.67 %). The contents of various phytochemicals and antioxidant activity decreased more at 10 % moisture level in comparison to 5 % moisture level.
• Afanyibo, Yaovi-Gameli & Esseh, Komlavi & Idoh, Kokou & Koudouvo, Koffi & Agbonon, Amegnona & Gbeassor, M. (2019). Toxicity and antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum, Mondia whitei, Carissa spinarum, and Caesalpinia bonduc. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 8. 124- 128. 10. 31254/ phyto. 2019. 8307. Caesalpinia bonduc, Mondia Whitei, Carissa spinarum, and Syzygium aromaticum are four medicinal plants used alone or in combination in the production of traditional liquors in Togo to treat infertility, impotence, and infections. They were selected based on an ethnobotanical survey among Togolese traditional medicine practitioners to be evaluated for their toxicological effects and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical extraction was carried out on the powders of the roots, leaves, and seeds of C. bonduc, the roots, and leaves of M. whitei, the roots of C. spinarum, and the leaves of S. aromaticum. The toxicity of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each plant organ was checked in vitro on shrimp larvae and in antioxidant tests. The toxicity test showed that the seven hydroethanolic extracts had their LC50 between 0.20 and 1.85 mg/ml and were all above 0.1 mg/ml, the LC50 threshold set for in vitro toxicity tests. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH antiradical test showed that the fourteen extracts had IC50 between 38.21 to 96.10 μg/ mL, higher than 7.79 µg/mL which is the IC50 of quercetin used as a standard drug. The results showed that the extracts had antioxidant activity and were not toxic to shrimp larvae in vitro. However, toxicity studies will be further evaluated in vivo in animals to prove their safety and their use in traditional medicine in Togo.
• Ocheje, Joshua & Ogunyemi, Oludare & Gyebi, Gideon. (2019). Molecular Docking Studies of Bioactive Compounds from Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) on Metabolic Regulators in Cancer. 1. 1-18. Bioactive components of dietary herbs and spices are promising chemopreventive agents in cancer. This study focused on evaluating the binding characteristics of some previously reported compounds from clove to some key metabolic regulators (AMPK, Akt1, PI3K, and LKB1) in cancer. To this end, the crystal structures of receptors and the ligands were retrieved from the protein databank and PubChem database respectively prepared using Autodock tools and docked using BINDSURF to find the binding sites and characterize the ligand-protein complexes. Results revealed that limonin, oleanolic acid, myricetin, and isorhamnetin exhibited higher affinity binding than the standard drug metformin with the proteins. Evaluation of ligand-protein complexes revealed the involvement of multiple interactions such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces, depending on the amino acid composition of binding sites and chemical properties of the compounds. While limonin exhibits hydrogen bonding with specific amino acid residues of AMPK (ARG298 and SER241), PI3K (HIS295 and ARG849), and LKB1 (ARG55, SER58, and ARG18); isorhamnetin bonds with AMPK (SER255, SER315, HIS297 HIS150, and SER313) and AKT1 (THR211 and THR82); and oleanolic acid bonds with PI3K (ALA822, LEU823, SER824, ILE828, and GLU880) and LKB1 (ASN42 and ASP124). In conclusion, limonin, isorhamnetin, and Oleanolic acid from clove, which exhibited high-affinity interactions with multiple metabolic regulators in silico may be exploited as important nutraceuticals in targeting Warburg effects in cancer. However, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate such a claim.
• Abadi, Atena & Karimi, Ehsan & Oskoueian, Ehsan & Mohammad, Ghasem & Shafaei, Negin. (2022). Chemical investigation and screening of anti-cancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. bud (clove) essential oil nanoemulsion. 3 Biotech. 12. 10. 1007/ s13205- 022- 03117- 2. This study was done to improve the medicinal properties of Syzygium Aromaticum L by processing S. Aromaticum L. bud essential oil (SABE) to the Nanoemulsion drug delivery system (SABE- NE) and investigating its anti-tumor and apoptotic impacts against the human HT- 29 colon cancer cells. Applying the ultra-sonication method and characterization by DLS and FESEM analysis facilitates the nano-emulsification procedure. Human cancer (HT-  29) and normal (HFF) cell lines were then evaluated based on the SABE-NE apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. In an in vitro section, the flow cytometry method, Cas3 gene profile, AO/PI cell staining, and MTT assays are used to analyze the apoptotic and cytotoxic activities. In further analysis, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant gene expression (SOD, CAT, and GPx) investigate alterations in mice organs. As a result, produced 131.2 nm SABE-NE induces apoptosis response and cellular death (Cas3 up-regulation and enhanced SubG1 peaks). Subsequently, the HT- 29 cells’ viability can reduce significantly, while HFF cells indicate confined cytotoxic impacts. Moreover, in vivo, test results on mice livers demonstrate the cytoprotective properties of SABE-NE (reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzymes gene expression and undetectable cytotoxic impacts). We produced a novel nanoemulsion drug delivery system called SABE- NE, a cell-specific apoptotic inducer. We thus can be utilized as an efficient anti-cancer compound for human colon cancer treatment. However, further supplementary studies are required to verify and approve its cell-specific anti-tumor activity.
• Dwivedi, Vinay & Shrivastava, Richa & Hussain, Showket & Ganguly, Chaiti & Bharadwaj, Mausumi. (2011). Comparative Anticancer Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) – an Indian Spice – Against Cancer Cell Lines of Various Anatomical Origin. Asian Pacific Journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 12. 1989-93. Spices, active ingredients of Indian cooking, may play important roles in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. The objective of the present study is to compare the in vitro anticancer activities of three different extracts of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L), a commonly used spice and food flavoring agent, against different kinds of cancer cell lines of various anatomical derivations. Water, ethanol, and oil extracts were screened for anti-proliferative activity against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF- 7 (ER + ve) and MDA- MB- 231 (ER – ve) breast cancer, DU- 145 prostate cancer and TE-13 esophageal cancer cell lines, along with normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay as a vital stain. In the examined five cancer cell lines, the extracts showed different patterns of cell growth inhibition activity, with the oil extract having maximal cytotoxic activity. Morphological analysis and DAPI staining showed cytotoxicity to be a result of cell disruption with subsequent membrane rupture. Maximum cell death and apoptotic cell demise occurred in TE- 13 cells within 24 hours by clove oil at 300 μl/ ml with 80% cell death whereas DU-145 cells showed minimal cell death. At the same time, no significant cytotoxicity was found in human PBMCs at the same dose.
• Radunz, Marjana & Trindade, Maria & Camargo, Taiane & Radünz, André & Borges, Caroline & Gandra, Eliezer & Helbig, Elizabete. (2018). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of unencapsulated and encapsulated clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) essential oil. Food Chemistry. 276. 10. 1016/ j. food chem. 2018. 09. 173. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum, L.) essential oil is known for its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. Encapsulation of clove oil was proposed as a means to disguise its strong odor that limits its uses in the food industry. Thus, the aim of this study was extraction, encapsulation, and assessment of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of clove essential oil. The essential oil showed high DPPH scavenging capacity and low hydroxyl radical inhibition. Clove essential oil showed in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal effects against S. aureus, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium. In addition, in situ, the antimicrobial activity of clove oil against S. aureus was superior to nitrite. The essential oil particles encapsulated with sodium alginate and emulsifiers showed high encapsulation efficiency, low antioxidant activity, and strong antimicrobial inhibition. Similar bacterial growth was observed in meat-like products after the addition of either particles or nitrite.
• The molecular mechanism of eugenol-induced apoptosis in melanoma, skin tumors, osteosarcoma, leukemia, gastric and mast cells has been well documented. This review article will highlight the antiproliferative activity and molecular mechanism of the eugenol-induced apoptosis cancer cells and animal models.
• Jaganathan SK, Supriyanto E. Antiproliferative and molecular mechanism of eugenol-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Molecules. 2012 May 25; 17 (6): 6290- 304. doi 10. 3390/ molecules 17066290.
• The plant Syzigium aromaticum (SYZ), commonly known as clove, has since been employed locally to treat constipation. Attempts to complement the effort of other research called for its selection for laboratory investigation, to determine its possible effect on intestinal propulsion in rodents as well as its suspected gastrointestinal protective properties. The findings explain the folkloric uses of SYZ as an antiulcer and a purgative agent as well as its possible mechanism of action. Agbaje EO. Gastrointestinal effects of Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae) in animal models. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2008 Jul- Sep; 18 (3): 137- 41.
• The essential oil extracted from the dried flower buds of clove, Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), is used as a topical application to relieve pain and promote healing and also finds use in the fragrance and flavoring industries. This short review addresses the chemical composition and biological effects of clove essential oil and includes new results from GC/MS analysis and a study of its antimicrobial activity against a large number of multi-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dialysis biomaterial.
• Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla-Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother Res. 2007 Jun; 21 (6): 501- 6.
• The effects of long-term administration of boiled aqueous extract of Syzigium aromaticum (SYZ), commonly known as clove (which has been locally employed for treating gastrointestinal tract diseases and also used as food spices), on some biochemical indices, such as body weight, liver functions, and blood parameters were studied in adult albino rats of both sexes. The present work has revealed the toxicity of the subchronic administration of SYZ, which suggests that its prolonged usage must be avoided. Agbaje EO, Adeneye AA, Daramola AO. Biochemical and toxicological studies of aqueous extract of Syzigium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae) in rodents. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009 May 7: 6 (3): 241- 54.
• Tahir, Hafizah & Sarfraz, Raja & Adil, Shazia. (2015). Chemical Composition and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Essential Oils Obtained from Two Spices (Syzygium Aromaticum and Cuminum Cyminum). International Journal of Food Properties. 19. 10. 1080/ 10942912. 2015. 1110166. The current aim was to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Syzygium aromaticum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils and their emulsions by alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The antidiabetic activity of C. cyminum and S. aromaticum was examined in dose-dependent mode (1 to 100 µg/ mL). Maximum anti-diabetic activity for S. aromaticum and C. cyminum essential oils was noted at the highest dose (100 µg/ mL). Five emulsions (essential oil + surfactant (tween 80) + co-surfactant (ethanol) + water) of different concentrations for S. aromaticum (A1 to A5) and C. cyminum (B1 to B5) essential oils were formulated. Among different emulsions, A5 of S. aromaticum and B5 of C. cyminum essential oil exhibited maximum anti-diabetic activity with 95.30 and 83.09 % inhibition of α-amylase, respectively. Moreover, analysis of essential oils showed that eugenol (18.7 %) and α-pinene (18.8 %) were the major components of S. aromaticum and C. cyminum essential oils, respectively.
• Sammy, Joshua & Tamuno-emine, Davies & Nwachuku, Edna. (2020). Evaluation of Anti-diabetic, Hepatoprotective and Antilipidemic Potentials of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) on Albino Rats. 61685. 10. 9734/ JOCAMR/ 2020/ v11i130178. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic, hepatorenoprotective, and antilipidemic potentials of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in albino rats. Study Design: This study is a non-randomized experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Methodology: Thirty-five male Wister rats with weights between 145 to 150 g were randomly selected into seven groups of five rats each. The first group served as Negative control (group 1). The second group was the positive control (Diabetic group). The remaining five groups are the treatment groups (3- 7). Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally with 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose. Group 3 Diabetic group treated with metformin (100 mg/ kg); Group 4 Diabetic group treated with low-dose clove (250 mg/ kg). Group 5 Diabetic group treated with low-dose clove and metformin; Group 6 Diabetic group treated with high-dose clove (750 mg/kg), while Group 7 was the Diabetic group treated with high-dose clove (750 mg/kg) and metformin for six weeks. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture in appropriate EDTA, heparinized, and sterile bottles Original Research Article Sammy et al.; JOCAMR, 11 (1): 38- 50, 2020; Article no. JOCAMR. 61685 39 for standard laboratory investigations of lipid profile, glucose, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine. Plasma lipid profile, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine were determined using the enzymatic endpoint method under standard operating procedures. Statistical analysis was done using Graph Pad Prism Version 5.03 and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Results revealed that the STZ-induced diabetic group exhibited a highly significant increase in the activity of liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP, an increase in the levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, and most lipid profile parameters as compared to the negative control group (p< 0.001). Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats indicated slight changes. However, their changes were overcome by clove treatment and the majority of the cells tend to be normal. Low-dose clove group 5 (250 mg/kg) with metformin decreased the levels of the analytes most when compared to the levels of the positive control group. For glucose, group 5 gave a mean glucose level of 4.40 ± 1.08 mmo/l, significantly lower than the positive control group 39.67 ± 0.67, ALT group 5 gave a mean ALT level of 56.00 ± 7.11, which was significantly lower than the positive control group 205.70 ± 14.79, for urea group 5 gave a mean urea level of 4.25 ± 0.77 which was significantly lower the control group 23.80 ± 3.56 at p < 0.001, thereby yielding a better treatment result. Conclusion: In conclusion, low-dose clove supplementation with metformin could be excellent adjuvant support in the therapy of diabetes mellitus and its complications.