Madanaphala (Randia dumetorum)

Recent Research on Madanphala (Randia dumetorum)

• Randia dumetorum fruits in different forms have been ethnopharmacologically reported to possess antiasthmatic properties. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate two different extracts of RD i.e., ethyl acetate (RD-EA) and methanol (RD-ME) for bronchial relaxant, anti-inflammatory, mast cell stabilizing and antioxidant effects along with safety, margin, according to OECD guidelines for toxicity. RD extracts also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH, reducing power, and metal chelation method, along with safe margin for oral administration as observed in acute toxicity evaluation. Ghante MH, Bhusari KP, Duragkar NJ, Jain NS, Warokar AS. Bronchorelaxant, mast cell stabilizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lamk. extracts. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012 May-Jun; 69 (3):465-74.
• The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of methanolic fruit extract of Randia dumetorum (L.) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Histology of the liver section of the animals treated with R. dumetorum improved the hepatotoxicity caused by alcohol. Hence the study concluded that R. numerous has potential hepatoprotective activity. Noorani AA, Kale MK. Pretreatment of Albino Rats with Methanolic Fruit Extract of Randia Dumetorum (L.) Protects against Alcohol-induced liver Damage. Korean J. Physiol Pharmacol. 2012 Apr; 16 (2): 125- 30. Doi: 10. 4196/ kjpp. 2012. 16. 2.125. Epub 2012 Apr 24.
• Two new triterpene-saponins, 3- 0- [O- beta- D- glucopyranosyl-(1- 4)- O- beta-D- glucopyranosyl- (1.3)- (beta- D- glucuronopyranosyl) oleanolic acid (1), 3- O-IO- beta- D- glucopyranosyl- (1.6)- O- beta- D- glucopyranosyl- (1.3)- (beta- D- glucuronopyranosyl) oleanolic acid (2) together with five known saponins (3- 7) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruits of Randia dumetorum (Retz) Lam. (Rubiaceae): Dubois MA, Benze S, Wagner H. New biologically active triterpene-saponins from Randia dumetorum. Planta Med. 1990 Oct; 56 (5): 451- 5.
• Thrigulla, Saketh Ram & Y.R, Sanjaya & N, Thamizh & Parekar, Sushant & N, Venugopalan & PK, Sudarsanan. (2014). TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF RANDIA DUMETORUM LINN SEEDS IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH. 4. 20-28. Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lam seeds were evaluated for safety in experimental animals. In the acute toxicity study, the test drug was administered at a dose of 5000 mg /kg body weight in Wistar rats and the animals were observed for mortality and signs of toxicity. In a sub-acute toxicity study, the test drug was administered at doses of 200 to 2000 mg /kg body weight to Wistar rats for 14 days. The test drug did not show any signs of toxicity or mortality upon a single exposure to the test drug. Though SGOT and SGPT showed a transient increase, the values were normalized at the end of 14 days. During the sub-acute toxicity study, 25% and 50% mortality were observed in AD (Average Dose) and HD (High Dose) groups respectively. A significant decrease was observed in body weight gain and percent feed intake in AD and HD groups as compared to the control group. The hematological study revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels and the relative decrease in packed cell volume and total red cell count. Biochemical studies revealed an increase in the levels of SGOT, and SGPT and a decrease in creatinine levels as compared to the control group. Histopathological examination revealed no major morphological changes in the vital organs. It could be concluded from the study that the death observed during the study might be due to progressive gastric dilatation and the same must be the reason for elevated levels of liver enzyme.
• Extracts of Randia dumetorum Lamk (SD) could inhibit pregnancy in 50- 60% of rats. Prakash AO, Saxena V, Shukla S, Tewari RK, Mathur S, Gupta A, Sharma S, Mathur R. Anti-implantation activity of some indigenous plants in rats. Acta Eur Fertil. 1985 Nov- Dec; 16 (6): 441- 8.
• In anesthetized dogs a drug consisting of R. dumetorum (coded as RDG- I) in doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/ kg produced hypotension and respiratory depression. It produced positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on perfused frog heart preparation. In isolated rabbit hearts, it increased pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis in mice significantly (CCRAS Annual Report, 1979- 80).
• Crude saponin fraction showed hemolytic, molluscicidal, and immunostimulating activities (Planta Med. 1990. 56, 451).
• Satpute, Kranti & Jadhav, M. & Karodi, Revan & Katare, Y. & Patil, M. & Rub, Rukhsana & Bafna, Anand. (2009). Immunomodulatory activity of fruits of Randia dumetorum Lamk. J Pharmocogn Phytother. 1. Randia dumetorum Lamk., a plant widely used in the traditional medicinal systems of India, has been reported to possess antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, an attempt was made to screen the immunomodulatory activity of methanol extract and its petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fraction of fruits of R. dumetorum. The effects of R. dumetorum on cell-mediated and humoral components of the immune system in mice were observed. Administration of chloroform fraction at a dose of 100 mg/kg produced statistically significant results as evidenced by an increase in humoral antibody (HA) titer (p < 0.05), and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response (p < 0.001). This fraction also enhanced the total WBC level in the cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression model (p < 0.001) at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Petroleum ether fraction and methanol fraction affected only cell-mediated immunity. The present study, therefore, reveals that the drug holds promise as an immunomodulatory agent.
• Mishra, P.R. & Panda, P.K. & Chowdary, K.A. & Panigrahi, Subodha. (2011). Evaluation of the acute hypolipidemic activity of different plant extracts in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia in albino rats. Pharmacologyonline. 3. 925-934. The lipid-lowering activity of Randia dumetorum fruit extract & Paederia foetida aerial part extract has been studied in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in male albino rats. The dried and ground parts of the fruit of Randia dumetorum and the aerial part of Paederia foetida were subjected to extraction with methanol using a soxhlet apparatus for 72 Hrs. The obtained methanolic extracts were suspended in distilled water and administered orally to Swiss albino rats through an oral feeding tube for 2 days. Before that male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups. Groups I and II serve as vehicle control (demineralized water) and triton control (Triton WR- 1339 – 200 mg/ kg; i.p.), respectively. Group III was treated with atorvastatin (7.2 mg/kg). Groups IV and V were treated with test substances Paederia foetida and Randia dumetorum extract, at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day respectively as a single dose for two days. The Blood samples of each animal were collected at 0, 18, 24,40and 48 Hr post-treatment and the results were analyzed. All the data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t-test to observe any significant difference. The statistical significance of results was tested at two confidence levels viz. p< 0.05 and p< 0.01. The mean body weight of animals in each group was calculated daily till the end of the experiment. In this experiment Paederia extract resulted in a lowering of serum total cholesterol from 157.47± 17.75mg/ dl (18th Hr) to 133.15± 16.52mg/ dl (24th Hr), Randia extract lowers it from 121.38±21.14mg/dl (18 th Hr) to133.44± 19.64mg/ dl (24 th Hr) and atorvastatin reduces it from 125.80± 15.46 mg/ dl (18 th Hr) to 112.80± 18.27mg/ dl (24th Hr). In the case of serum triglycerides, atorvastatin treatment resulted in lowering from 661.72± 153.31 mg/ dl (18th Hr) to 337.34± 105.01 mg/ dl (24th Hr), Paederia extracts non-significantly lowers it from 865.47± 134.87 mg/ dl (18th  Hr) to 457.03± 96.84 mg/ dl (24th  Hr), and in case of randia extract, there was a non-significant decrease from 557.13± 197.66 mg/ dl to 345.99± 118.45 mg/ dl. The results of the present study demonstrated lipid-lowering activity in the fruit extract of Randia dumetorum.
• Begum, Ferdousi & Islam, Kazi Mohammed Didarul & Paul, Rathindra & Mehedi, Masfique & Rani, Shyamole. (2004). In vitro propagation of emetic nut Randia dumetorum (Lamb.). Indian Journal of experimental biology. 41. 1479-81. An efficient protocol for in vitro shoot multiplication of Randia dumetorum (Emetic nut) has been developed. The seeds of R. dumetorum were germinated in vitro in MS medium for 5 weeks. Subsequent propagation using a shoot tip as an explant was carried out in MS medium along with different concentrations and combinations of BAP (0.5- 2.0) and NAA (0.0- 2.0). Maximum shoot multiplication was obtained (12.7 shoots per shoot tip) in MS medium containing 1 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L NAA. Micropropagated shoots were rooted in 1/ 2 MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l IBA. This is the first report of in vitro plant propagation of R. dumetorum. In vitro-grown plantlets showed a survival rate of 70% after 2 months of transplantation to a natural environment.
• Hamerski, Lidilhone & Furlan, Maysa & Cavalheiro, Alberto & Eberlin, Marcos & Tomazela, Daniela & Bolzani, Vanderlan. (2003). Iridoid glucosides from Randia spinosa (Rubiaceae). Phytochemistry. 63. 397- 400. 10. 1016/ S0031- 9422 (03) 00109- 2. An iridoid glucoside: randinoside, along with five known iridoids: galioside, deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester, scandoside methyl ester, geniposide, and gardenoside, were isolated from the stems of Randia spinosa. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR techniques.
• Bhattacharjee, Indranil & Chatterjee, Soroj & Ghosh, Anupam & Chandra, Goutam & Sc, D & Professor, (2011). Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts used in Indian traditional folk medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 1. 165-169. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (11) 60148- 2. Objective- To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts of Cestrum diurnum, Ocimum sanctum, Carcica papaya, Solanum villosum, Vitex negundo, and Clerodendron inermis against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 2940 and Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441) and two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli MTCC 739 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453). Methods- The sensitivity of two gram-positive and two gram-negative pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria to extracts of leaves of six medicinal plants used as a popular medicine in India was studied in vitro by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results- All the bacterial strains were found to be sensitive to aqueous, n-hexane, and ethanol extracts. But the organic extracts were comparatively more effective than aqueous extracts.
• Jangwan, J.S. & Aquino, Rita & Mencherini, Teresa & Singh, R. (2012). Chemical investigation and in vitro cytotoxic activity of Randia dumetorum lamk. Bark. International Journal of Chemical Sciences. 10. 1374- 1382. β-Sitosterol, lupeol, and daucosterol have been isolated from ethanolic extract of Randia dumetorum bark. β-Sitosterol, Lupeol, and Daucosterol have been isolated for the first time from the Randia dumetorum. β Sitosterol and Daucosterol were identified by complete interpretation of 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra using 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, DQF- COSY) experiments and Lupeol by direct comparison with authentic samples. The ethanolic extract is subjected to cytotoxic activity against A549 cell (adeno- carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells), BE (2) C (Neuroblastoma Cell Line), Hela, MDA- MB- 231 (breast cancer cell line), SK MEL- 2 (Human Skin Melanoma Cell) and U87MG cell (Human Neuronale Gliblostoma astrocytoma Cell Line) which showed most effective cytotoxic activity at 400 μg/mL concentration on MDA- MB- 231 (Breast Cancer Cell Line). Kumar, Dinesh & Mudgade, Satish & Bhat, Zulfiqar & Bhujbal, Santosh & Rub, Rukhsana. (2011). Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of the fruits of Randia dumetorum Lamk. OPEM. 11. 161– 167. 10. 1007/ s13596- 011-0025- 3. Abstract Randia dumetorum Lamk. commonly known as Madana in Sanskrit and widely distributed throughout India. In Ayurveda, Randia dumetorum Lamk. is used in the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, bronchitis, cold, cough, pain, inflammation, etc. The aim of this study: was to assess the anti-allergic effects of the fruit of Randia dumetorum Lamk. Allergy and anaphylaxis are the most responsible factor for diseases like asthma, rhinitis, bronchitis, cold, cough, pain, inflammation, etc. Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lungs and the hallmarks of the disease are the increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the airways and poor respiratory function although there is a possibility that Randia dumetorum Lamk. may have an inhibitory effect on lung inflammation and allergic mediators. The effects of Randia dumetorum Lamk. on allergy and asthma have not been fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated the antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activity of Randia dumetorum Lamk. extract and its fraction on milk-induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice, passive paw anaphylaxis, and mast cell degranulation in rat models. Randia dumetorum Lamk. the extract was obtained from dried and powdered fruits of Randia dumetorum Lamk. using 95% methanol and its fractions were obtained by using the increasing polarity of solvents like Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Milk was used to induce leucocytosis and eosinophilia in the mice model, egg albumin was used as a sensitizer in passive paw anaphylaxis in a rat model and clonidine was used to degranulate the mast cells in a rat model. We examined the effects of Randia dumetorum Lamk. extract and its fraction on milk-induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice, passive paw anaphylaxis, and mast cell degranulation in rats. The extract and its fractions significantly inhibited leukocytosis and eosinophilia in the blood of mice. The extract and its fractions also significantly inhibited the passive paw edema and mast cell degranulation in rats. Methanol extract showed dose-dependent significant activity (p< 0.01). Amongst the fractions, the chloroform fraction showed the most significant activity followed by ethyl acetate and residual methanol fraction with intermediate activity, and finally the petroleum ether fraction with the least or negligible activity (p< 0.05, p< 0.01). These results suggest the possibility of extract and its fraction can exert suppressive effects on allergy, inflammation, and asthma and may provide evidence that Randia dumetorum Lamk. is a useful agent for the treatment of allergic airway disease. Hence it would be a good path for the isolation of most bioactive principles for the management of allergic airway disease.
• Juárez-Trujillo, Naida & Tapia-Hernández, Fredy & Alvarado-Olivarez, Mayvi & Beristain-Guevara, César & Pascual-Pineda, Luz & Fernández, Maribel. (2022). Antibacterial activity and acute toxicity study of standardized aqueous extract of Randia monantha Benth fruit. Biotecnia. 24. 38- 45. 10. 18633/biotechnical. v24i1. 1516. The fruit of Randia monantha is traditionally and empirically used in the preparation of a beverage as anti-venom and for the treatment of various diseases, but to date there is little scientific evidence regarding its anti-microbiological properties and toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the administration of the aqueous extract of the Randia monantha pulp on acute toxicity in male Wistar rats and evaluate antimicrobial activity at different concentrations against pathogenic bacteria. The results of acute oral toxicity revealed no deaths in doses up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The experimental animals showed no significant changes in the weight and behavior parameters evaluated concerning the control treatment. Rats did not show significant changes in the hematological parameters, but doses of 5000 mg/kg body weight rats exhibited the appearance of yellow spots on the kidney. The aqueous extract did not show antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of the Randia monantha fruit can be used with some degree of safety by oral administration but should not be taken in high doses.
• Shanthamani, M. & Ulagi, R. (2019). Isolation of Steroid Compounds from Randia malabarica (Triveng) and their Biological Activity. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 31. 135- 138. 10. 14233/ aj chem. 2019. 21609. Two steroidal compounds i.e., 1- octacosanol (1) and β- sitosterol (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Randia malabarica (Triveng). The antitumor activity of compounds 1 and 2 was observed against A549 and HeLa using an MTT assay. The isolated compounds exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the two cancer cell lines with a significant effect of inhibition. Molecular docking studies have been performed for both compounds and showed good inhibitory activity, thereby opening their applications to various clinical trials.
• S., Manekar & Charde, Manoj. (2018). EVALUATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BERLERIA PRIONITIS LINN. AERIAL PARTS. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 10. 30. 10. 22159/ ijcpr. 2018v10i6. 30971. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the aerial parts of a plant of Barleria prionitis Linn., for its anti-asthmatic activity with the separation of active moieties. Methods: Adult Wistar albino rats were used for the anti-inflammatory study. Histamine-induced bronchospasm was conducted on isolated goat trachea. Results: The dried and powdered aerial parts of Berleria prionitis were extracted with continuous soxhlet extraction with Petroleum ether (40- 60 ° C), Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Methanol, and Hydroalcoholic solvents. A preliminary phytochemical screening of all extracts was done. Preliminary animal studies by In vitro isolated goat trachea chain preparation of all extracts were done to find out the potent extract. In this study, the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Berleria prionitis was found to be potent compared to another extract. The results of the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model indicated the dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. As compared to the standard drug (Indomethacin), methanolic extract showed similar activity which was found to be statistically significant (P< 0.0001). The extent of DPPH radical scavenging was determined by calculating the IC 50 value of methanolic extract Berleria prionitis (133. 5) compared with the Ascorbic acid (114.7) taken as standard. In the present study, the histamine-induced dose-dependent contraction of the goat tracheal chain was significantly inhibited (p< 0.001) by methanolic extract of aerial parts of Berleria prionitis (200 μg/ml). Thus the present study revealed that the methanolic extract of Berleria prionitis (MEBP) has significant antihistaminic (H1 receptor antagonist) activity. Conclusion: Because tribal have well experienced the anti-asthmatic effects of the roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The results of our study, for the first time, show that the methanolic extract of aerial parts of Berleria prionitis Linn. possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and Bronchodilator properties and therefore can be used for anti-asthmatic treatment.
• Nazari, Anelise & Dias, Suziane & Costa, Willian & Bersani-Amado, Ciomar & Vidotti, Gentil & Souza, Maria & Sarragiotto, Maria. (2008). Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Randia Hebecarpa. and Major Constituents. Pharmaceutical Biology. 44. 7- 9. 10. 1080/ 13880200500496504. The methanol extract of Randia hebecarpa. Benth. (Rubiaceae) leaves were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw edema models. Antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and the fractions resulting from its partition were also measured using the 1, 1- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the linoleic acid peroxidation method. The methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and hydro-methanol fraction exhibited percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation comparable to that of commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Fractionation of the ethyl acetate and hydro-methanol fractions through chromatographic methods yielded kaempferol- 3, 7- O.- α.- L- dirhamnoside, kaempferol- 3- O- β- D- galactoside, quercetin- 3- O- β- D- galactoside, myricetin- 3- O- α- L- rhamnoside, kaempferol- 3- O- α.- L- rhamnosyl- (1 → 6)- β.- D- galactosyl- 7- O- α- L- rhamnoside, quinovic acid- 3- O- β- D-quinovopyranosil- 28- O- β- D- glucopyranoside, cinchonic acid 3- O.- β.- D- quinovopyranosil- 28- O- β-  D-glucopyranoside, and the sugar D-mannitol.
• Raghavan, Hemang & Panara, Kalpesh & Thakar, Anup & Harisha, Channappa. (2014). PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF EMETIC FORMULATION OF MADANPHALA & VACHA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 3. 187- 193. In Ayurveda, Vamana therapy is a medicated emesis therapy said to be the principal treatment for various diseases originating from Kapha-dosha aggravation. Vamana is the first choice of treatment for some alimentary canal and skin disorders. The herbal formulation prepared by the powder of Madanaphala (dried fruit pulp of Randia dumetorum) and Vacha (dried rhizome of Acorus calamus) has been used as the best emetic drug formulation. Adulteration of both drugs is increasing day by day due to the unavailability of a sufficient quantity of original genuine material. Keeping this in view, powder microscopic study and physicochemical and phytochemical screening of the power of this emetic formulation has been carried out to develop its quality standards. Parameters were studied according to pharmacopoeial guidelines. A pharmacogenetic study of Vamanayoga revealed the presence of lignified stone cells, lignified fiber, compact small parenchymatous cells, oleoresin cells with yellowish content, calcium oxalate crystals, and abundant aleurone grains. Physicochemical analysis showed loss on drying 7.97 % w/ w, total ash content 6.64% w/ w, Acid insoluble ash 0.52% w/ w, water-soluble extractive 16.31% w/ w, alcohol soluble extractive 29.86% w/ w, and pH (5% aqua solution v/ w) 7.6. Phytoconstituents such as carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin, amino acids, and tannin were detected.
• Santos Cervantes, Maria & Ibarra-Zazueta, María & Paredes-Lopez, Octavio & Delgado-Vargas, Francisco. (2007). Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of Randia echinocarpa Fruit. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 62. 71-7. 10. 1007/ s11130- 007- 0044- x. We report for the first time the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of fractions from Randia echinocarpa fruit, which is a Rubiaceae plant native to Sinaloa, Mexico. This fruit has been traditionally used in the prevention or treatment of cancer, among other diseases. The pulp of the fruit was sequentially extracted with solvents of different polarity (i.e. hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water). A high extraction yield was obtained with methanol (72.17% d.w.). The aqueous extract showed the highest content of phenolics (2.27 mg/g as ferulic acid equivalents) and the highest antioxidant activity based on the beta-carotene bleaching method (486.15). The commercial antioxidant BHT was used as a control (835.05). Antimutagenic activity of the aqueous extract (0- 500 microg/ tube) was evaluated using the Salmonella micro-suspension assay (YG1024 strain) and 1-NP as the mutagen (50 and 100 ng/ tube). The aqueous extract was neither toxic nor mutagenic and the percentage of inhibition on 1-NP mutagenicity was 32 and 53% at doses of 50 and 100 ng/tube, respectively. The results of the double incubation assay suggest that the extract inhibited the mutagenicity of 1-NP by a combination of des mutagenic and bio-anti-mutagenic effects.
• S., Manekar & Charde, Manoj. (2018). EVALUATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BERLERIA PRIONITIS LINN. AERIAL PARTS. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 10. 30. 10. 22159/ ICCPR. 2018v10i6. 30971. Bai, G. & Gandhimathi, S.  (2014). Antidiabetic activity of Randia dumetorum against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. International Journal of Pharmacological Research. 4. 10. 7 439/jp. v4i3.103. The present investigates the antidiabetic activity of Randia dumetorum against streptozotocin (stz) induced diabetes in rats. The rats treated with Streptozotocin showed a significant increase in glucose levels and altered levels of lipid profile, hemoglobin, and insulin were observed. The mechanism underlying STZ hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus involves over-production (excessive hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues. Fifteen days of administration of ethanolic extract of leaf of the Randia dumetorum (500 mg/ kg by wt.) and standard as glibenclamide (0.25 mg/ kg ) to diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose level, restored hemoglobin, and lipid profile as compared to diabetic rats. The present study suggests that the Randia dumetorum leaves extracts had synergetic hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects revealed by decreased glucose, lipid levels, and hemoglobin therefore attribute to the therapeutic value of the Randia dumetorum extracts of leaves to combat the diabetic condition in rats. The effect of Randia dumetorum leaves was better than glibenclamide. The potential activity of Randia dumetorum leaves may be due to the presence of phytochemicals.
• K, Kasim & Hassan, Syed & Gulnaz, A. R. (2013). ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF BARK EXTRACTS OF “RANDIA ULIGINOSA” O N ORAL PATHOGENS: RESEARCH STUDY. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2. 4260- 4263. 10. 14260/ je.mds / 829. ABSTRACT: India has rich plant diversity. The people in India are using these plants for medicinal purposes. This practice is common in other developing countries also. The drugs obtained from Different plants are used in various traditional as well as modern Practices. The present investigation is aimed at investigating the in vitro Successive solvent extract viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of stem bark of Randia uliginosa. was evaluated for antibacterial activity, against four important bacterial strains S. aureus Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus faecalis by agar-well diffusion method. All the solvent extracts showed significant activity against all the tested bacteria, The antibacterial activity is more significant in solvent extracts compared to aqueous extract indicating that the active principle responsible for the antibacterial activity is more soluble in organic solvents Comparison of the inhibitory activity of the extracts with the antibiotics Gentamicin revealed that methanol extracts of Randia uliginosa were significantly higher than that of the antibiotics tested. The results suggest that Randia uliginosa can be used as a medicament for oral infection.
• Cruz-Silva, Sthefany & Matias, Rosemary & Bono, José Antonio & Santos, Karen & Ludwig, Juliane. (2016). Antifungal potential of extracts and fractions of Randia nitida leaves on soybean pathogens and their phytochemistry. Revista Caatinga. 29. 594- 602. 10. 1590/ 1983-21252016v29n309rc. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of methanol extract and fractions of leaves of Randia nitida (Kunth) DC on Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & Moore, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary and perform chemical and antioxidant activity tests. The crude methanol extract (EBM) and fractions (hexane = FHX, dichloromethane = FDM, and ethyl acetate = FAE) underwent classical phytochemical analysis and determination of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Samples were individually incorporated into PDA culture mediums (potato-dextrose-agar) at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg mL⁻¹ of extract or fraction. Mycelial growth was evaluated when the control reached the edge of the plate. Phytochemical results indicated that flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids are the major chemical constituents in both EBM and fractions. Total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were higher for FAE and EBM, followed by FDM and FHX; however, the latter showed higher content of steroids and triterpenoids compared to the other fractions. For C. truncatum, R. solani, and S. sclerotiorum, the most efficient fractions were respectively FAE, FDM, and FHX, all of them in the highest concentration (160 μg mL⁻¹). The highest inhibition rate was observed against S. sclerotiorum, reaching 93.75 %. We concluded that all fractions have antifungal activity on the plant pathogens, being FHX the most active against S. sclerotiorum, which might have been due to the presence of steroids and triterpenes. 
• Ghante, Mahavir & Bhusari, Kishore & Duragkar, N.J. & Jain, Nishant & Warokar, Amol. (2012). Bronchorelaxant, mast cell stabilizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Lamk. extracts. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica. 69. 465-74. Randia dumetorum (RD) fruits in different forms have been ethnopharmacologically reported to possess anti- asthmatic properties. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate two different extracts of RD i.e., ethyl acetate (RD-EA) and methanol (RD-ME) for bronchial-relaxant, anti-inflammatory, mast cell stabilizing, and antioxidant effects along with safety margin, according to OECD guidelines for toxicity. RD- ME and RD- EA (1 mg/ mL) exhibited 68.75 and 57.39 % inhibition of contraction against acetylcholine, while against histamine-induced contraction, inhibition observed was 100 and 78.13 %, respectively. Moreover, extracts attenuated the experimentally induced inflammation at 200 mg/kg with a % inhibition of 41.62 by RD-ME and 30.36 by RD-EA in the carrageenan model, while in the egg albumin model, RD-ME and RD-EA exhibited a % inhibition of 48.31 and 33.75, respectively. In addition, RD- ME and RD- EA at 100 microg/mL demonstrated a significant decrease in histamine release of 08.31 and 16.71 in C- 48/ 80 induced mast cell degradation. RD extracts also exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH, reducing power, and metal chelation method, along with safe margin for oral administration as observed in acute toxicity evaluation.

Dravyasiddhi (Madanphala Siddhi)

Before using madanphala for emesis it should be first purified as follows – on pushya, Ashwini, or mriga sheersha nakshatras in spring or summer, yellowish-white fruits are collected. These fruits are wrapped in oil cakes, grass, etc. The paste of cow dung is applied over it. This whole thing is kept under the heap of grains like yava, horse gram, moong, and black gram for ripping. After 8 days, when they become soft and sweetly fragrant, they are removed and dried in the shade. When dried, the inside pulp is removed and mixed with ghee, curds, honey, and a paste of sesame seeds and dried. These are then stored and used as per the need.

Administration to Produce Emesis

Madaphala, the preparation of which is described above, and pippali powder, should be used for emesis. The patient should be given seven days of both internal and external oleation therapy as per the need. A minimum of three days should be given. A day before an emesis patient should be given anorexic drugs like meat soup, milk, curds, urad, sesame seed powder, khichri, etc. On the second day in the morning, a diet of either milk with ghee or rice and ghee is given. The proper dose of madanphala-pippali powder soaked in any one of the decoctions of yashtimadhu, kanchanar, bitter bimbi, arka, and apamarga should be given. It should be mixed very well, crushed, and filtered. Then a small amount of saindhav, honey, and warm water is added to the above mixture and given to the patient to drink. It should be given frequently in less quantity and wait for the emesis. Emesis should be continued till bile is seen in the vomitus. If emesis doesn’t occur properly, the mixture of long pepper, amla, mustard, vacha, and saindhav in warm water should be given. Madaphala is the best emetic drug, but it is given with different anupan for different purposes. For vata disorders, it is given along with alcohol (Zovirax), juice of sour fruits, sharbat, curds, etc. For pitta disorders, with black dates, amla, honey, yashtimadhu, falsa, milk, and sugarcane juice, and for kapha disorders, with honey or cow’s urine. There are very few drugs that alleviate dosha and mala without any adverse effect on body tissues. Madaphala tops the list of the drugs that are most useful in carrying out the described action of detoxification by emesis or medicated enema.