Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia)
Manjistha botanically known as Rubia cordifolia is a member of the coffee family i.e. Rubiaceae. Rubia means red color, this name is given to Manjistha as it imparts red color to urine and mother’s milk when it is given for internal use.
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Dr. Madhavi Gupta (B.A.M.S. – Ayurveda)
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ShareManjistha – Indian Detoxifying Madder
Introduction
Manjistha botanically known as Rubia cordifolia is a member of the coffee family i.e. Rubiaceae. Rubia means red color, this name is given to Manjistha as it imparts red color to urine and mother’s milk when it is given for internal use. Manjistha or Manjith is commonly known as Madder or Indian Madder. In Ayurvedic classical texts, Manjistha is mentioned as a detoxifying drug as it helps to remove Ama i.e. toxins from the body. In Divine Farmer’s materia medica, the famous pharmacy book of China, the first recorded use of Manjistha has been mentioned approximately 2000 years back. Manjistha is sweet, bitter, and astringent in taste and improves voice and complexion. It is heavy to digest and heat-generating. It can cure poisons, Kapha diseases, edema, female genital spasms, eye and ear diseases, diarrhea associated with bleeding, skin diseases, other blood-borne diseases, heretic infections, cellulitis, wounds/ ulcers, and glycosuria. Recent research revealed that Manjistha has various active phytoconstituents like phenols, tannins, alkaloids, Quinones like alizarin, auzarin, purpurin, purpurin carboxylate, quinizarine, christofin, anthraquinone glycoside, manjishtin purpuro- xanthine, rubiatriol, etc due to which it exhibits various pharmacological activities like anti- viral, hepato- protective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, nephron- protective, etc.
Basonym of Manjistha
मंज्जो शोभते वर्णे शरीर स्थापयतीति, रक्तशोधकत्वात् |
Manjistha imparts normal color to the skin as it purifies blood.
Synonyms of Manjistha
According to Habitat
विकसा– विकसति प्रसरति |
Manjistha spreads on the ground.
योजन वल्ली – योजनं यावत् प्रसृता वल्ल्यस्या: |
Manjistha is a climber spread on the ground.
भण्डी– भण्डति प्रसरति ।
Spread extensively on the land.
जिंगी– जिन्गति गच्छति प्रसरतीति |
Manjistha expands very quickly and covers a larger area.
समंगा – समन्ततोअनंगतीप्रसरति |
Spreads extensively on the ground.
According to Morphology
कालमेषिका– काल मिषति स्पर्धते, शुष्के सति मूलं कृष्णवर्ण भवति |
When completely dried the root becomes black.
काला– कृष्णावर्णा, शुष्कमूलिनी सती |
On drying, the root of Manjistha becomes black.
ताम्र मूला– ताम्रवर्ण मूलमस्या: अर्धशुष्के सति मूलं ताम्रवर्ण भवति |
When half dried root becomes copper colored.
रक्तांगी –रक्तम अंग काण्ड मूलश्चअस्या: |
Fresh root of Manjistha will be red and the stem also red in color.
अरुणा– रक्ताभकाण्डा ।
Stem is reddish in color.
रक्तयष्टिका– रक्ते काण्डमस्या: |
Stem of Manjistha will be red in color.
चित्रपर्णी– चित्रानि चक्राकारे स्थितानि पर्णान्यस्या: |
Leaves are arranged in equal distance and in a circle.
According to properties and actions
वस्त्र रंजनी – वस्त्रमरज्यतीति, वस्त्ररञ्जनेप्रयुक्तत्यर्थ: |
Imparts color to cloth hence used as a dyeing agent.
रसायनी–रसादीनां धातूनामाप्यायनी, दोषहर्तृत्वात् |
Manjistha may be used as a rejuvenating agent.
गण्डीरी– गण्डात् ग्रन्थिनीरयति गन्तु प्रेरयतीति, ग्रंथि विनाशिकेत्यर्थ: |
Manjistha may be used for glandular growths as a medicine.
Regional Names of Manjistha
- Indian Madder (English)
- Manjit (Hindi)
- Manjiste, Citravalli, Manjustha (Kannada)
- Poont, Manjetti (Malayalam)
- Manjista (Marathi)
- Manjistha (Bengali)
- Manjitti (Tamil)
- Tamravalli (Telegu)
- Majith (Gujrati)
- Fubb (Arabic)
- Runas, Rodak (Persian)
Botanical Name
Rubia cordifolia Linn.
Rubia means red, redness alluding to the dye obtained from it. Cordifolia means heart-shaped leaves.
Family
Rubiaceae (Manjistha Kula)
Ayurveda Reference for Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia Linn.)
Scientific Classification of Manjistha
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Class | Dicotyledonae |
| Sub- Class | Gamopetalous |
| Series | Inferare |
| Order | Rubiales |
| Family | Rubiaceae |
| Genus | Rubia |
| Species | cordifolia |
Classification of Manjistha – As Per Charaka and Sushruta
Charaka: Varnya Mahakshaya, Vishghana Mahakshaya, Jwarahara Mahakshaya
Sushruta: Priyangvadi Gana
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi
| Charaka | Shusruta | Vagbhata (Ashtang Hridya) |
| C. S. Su. 4/ 8, 16, 39 | S. S. Su. 12/ 26 | A. H. Sa. 1/ 61 |
| C. S. Ni. 4/ 29 | S. S. Su. 16/ 5 | A. H. Sa. 2/ 48 |
| C. S. Sa. 8/ 54 | S. S. Su. 38/ 45 | A. H. Chi. 3/ 102 |
| C. S. Chi. 3/ 257 | S. S. Su. 39/ 7 | A. H. Chi. 5/ 71 |
| C. S. Chi. 6/ 39 | S. S. Sa. 10/ 57 | A. H. Chi. 10/ 48 |
| C. S. Chi. 7/ 65, 100, 120 | S. S. Chi. 2/ 83 | A. H. Chi. 11/ 59 |
| C. S. Chi. 8/ 83 | S. S. Chi. 3/ 7, 58 | A. H. Chi. 12/ 18 |
| C. S. Chi. 9/ 43, 75 | S. S. Chi. 5/ 12 | A. H. Chi. 13/ 4 |
| C. S. Chi. 11/ 44 | S. S. Chi. 6/ 9 | A. H. Chi. 19/ 50, 77 |
| C. S. Chi. 12/ 67 | S. S. Chi. 7/ 35 | A. H. Chi. 21/ 60, 65, 75 |
| C. S. Chi. 14/ 160 | S. S. Chi. 8/ 40, 41 | A. H. Chi. 22/ 22, 28, 44 |
| C. S. Chi. 15/ 148, 159 | S. S. Chi. 9/ 47, 59 | A. H. Ka. 4/ 37 |
| C. S. Chi. 16/ 105 | S. S. Chi. 11/ 8 | A. H. U. 5/ 10, 45 |
| C. S. Chi. 17/ 145 | S. S. Chi. 15/ 31 | A. H. U. 6/ 27 |
| C. S. Chi. 21/ 75 | S. S. Chi. 16/ 14, 18 | A. H. U. 13/ 4, 93 |
| C. S. Chi. 23/ 50, 79, 185, 196 | S. S. Chi. 17/ 8 | A. H. U. 14/ 25 |
| C. S. Chi. 25/ 112 | S. S. Chi. 22/ 32 | A. H. U. 16/ 13 |
| C. S. Chi. 26/ 207, 232, 236, 268 | S. S. Chi. 25/ 16, 20, 38 | A. H. U. 18/ 8, 21, 44, 47 |
| C. S. Chi. 28/ 149, 161 | S. S. Chi. 37/ 17 | A. H. U. 22/ 85, 92 |
| C. S. Chi. 29/ 93, 107, 113, 114. 123, 134 | S. S. Chi. 38/ 26, 50, 52, 54, 105 | A. H. U. 25/ 60, 67 |
| C. S. Chi. 30/ 275 | S. S. Ka. 6/ 3, 8 | A. H. U. 30/ 34 |
| C. S. Si. 3/ 46 | S. S. Ka. 7/ 22 | A. H. U. 32/ 16, 17, 28, 29, 31 |
| C. S. Si. 10/ 20, 41 | S. S. U. 9/ 13 | A. H. U. 34/ 63 |
| C. S. Si. 12/ 27, 56 | S. S. U. 12/ 12 | A. H. U. 36/ 59, 65 |
| S. S. U. 17/ 89 | A. H. U. 37/ 38, 71 | |
| S. S. U. 18/ 100 | A. H. U. 38/ 18 | |
| S. S. U. 21/ 48 | ||
| S. S. U. 30/ 5 | ||
| S. S. U. 39/ 225, 244, 251, 281, 305 | ||
| S. S. U. 40/ 19, 69, 121 | ||
| S. S. U. 52/ 23 | ||
| S. S. U. 60/ 43 | ||
| S. S. U. 61/ 31 | ||
| S. S. U. 62/ 22, 27 |
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Tamra Valli
Dalhana has identified it with a plant known as Vama Taruni or Manjistha. The Vama Taruni of Dalhana may be a Ventilago maderaspatana or some species of Smilax. A variety of Tamalaki is also copper colored. Manjistha is usually accepted in its place.
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Sa. 10/ 59
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Sa. 2/ 54, A. H. U. 35/ 46
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Bhandi
It is supposed to be a synonym of Manjistha but Dalhana identifies it with Bhindi.
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Chi. 31/ 5
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Yojan Valli
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Sa. 38/ 44
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 15/ 37
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Rakta Yastika
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 21/ 17
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Rakat Lata
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Chi. 37/ 31, S. S. Chi. 38/ 70, S. S. Ka. 5/ 61, 68
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 19/ 41, A. H. U. 38/ 26
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Lata
Lata is considered to be the synonym mainly for Priyangu, Manjistha, and Durva. Sometimes it is preceded by Sita or Rakta. When Rakta Lata is supposed to stand for Manjistha but Sita is treated independently to stand for sugar or Shveta Surva.
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Chi. 3/ 26, C. S. Su. 4/ 8, C. S. Chi. 4/ 75, C. S. Chi. 29/ 111, C. S. Si. 4/ 20
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Sa. 10/ 60, S. S. Ka. 5/ 68, S. S. U. 60/ 49
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Sa. 2/ 55, A. H. U. 5/ 2, 20, A. H. U. 25/ 61
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Lohita
Dalhana states that according to others these drug names refer to another drug plant called Rama Taruni which may be either a Smilax species possessing reddish roots or Ventilago species with rusty red stems which we have identified with Kaivartika or Raja Nighantu.
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Chi. 11/ 9
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 19/ 38, A. H. Chi. 21/ 68, A. H. Ka. 4/ 12, A. H. U. 5/ 19, A. H. U. 27/ 38
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Vikasa
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Chi. 8/ 174
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 5/ 78
Manjistha’s Description in Brihtrayi as Samanga
Samanga appears to be Mimosa pudica Linn. Known as Lajjalu, it can be a synonym of Manjistha only in the sense that the latter can be used as a substitute for Lajjalu. Several interesting names such as Vraha Kranta, Anjalikarika, Sparsarodanika, Namskari, and Lajjalu, etc. given by the commentators refer to this plant and its sensitive nature. Another little plant Biophytum sensitivum or the water plant Neptunia oleracea may be given similar names but Samanga is none else than Mimosa.
| Charaka | Shusruta | Vagbhata (Ashtang Hridya) |
| C. S. Su. 4/ 5, 31 | S. S. Su. 16/ 27 | A. H. Su. 15/ 37 |
| C. S. Vi. 8/ 151 | S. S. Su. 36/ 25 | A. H. Chi. 8/ 105, 110, 112, 114, 127, 130 |
| C. S. Chi. 4/ 75, 88, 98 | S. S. Su. 38/ 45, 46, 47 | A. H. Chi. 9/ 63, 83 |
| C. S. Chi. 11/ 66 | S. S. Sa. 10/ 57 | A. H. Chi. 18/ 14 |
| C. S. Chi. 14/ 189, 193, 220, 227, 230, 237 | S. S. Chi. 2/ 73, 82 | A. H. U. 2/ 41 |
| C. S. Chi. 17/ 107 | S. S. Chi. 8/ 44 | A. H. U. 5/ 20 |
| C. S. Chi. 19/ 24, 60, 82, 117 | S. S. Chi. 9/ 7 | A. H. U. 22/ 80, 93, 98 |
| C. S. Chi. 21/ 87 | S. S. Chi. 16/ 15 | A. H. U. 24/ 51 |
| C. S. Chi. 25/ 66, 88 | S. S. Ka. 5/ 76 | A. H. U. 25/ 53, 27, 24 |
| C. S. Chi. 26/ 166, 189, 208 | S. S. Ka. 8/ 131 | A. H. U. 34/ 46, 56 |
| C. S. Chi. 27/ 28 | S. S. U. 21/ 46 | |
| C. S. Chi. 30/ 89, 120, 121 | S. S. U. 39/ 181 | |
| C. S. Si. 8/ 37, 38 | S. S. U. 69/ 73, 122, 123, 133 | |
| S. S. U. 61/ 31 |
Historical Background of Manjistha
- Manjistha’s antecedence dates back to the Vedic period. In Aitareya Aranyaka Manjista is described. During Upanayana Samskara Ksatriyas are expected to wear clothes colored with Manjistha. It has been known as an artificial coloring agent from the beginning. However, Ayurvedic texts emphasized its role in medicinal usage.
- Charaka described it as Jvarahara while Susruta referred to it as Pitta Shamaka. All the texts have delineated it as an herb useful to improve the color and complexion of the skin. It is famous as Rakta Sodhaka (blood purifier) in traditional medicine. At present it is used mainly as a natural colouring agent in the fabrics industry. Current research revealed that R. cordifolia is a potent anti-cancer/anti-tumor drug.
- It is often debated which is the useful part of Manjistha. In the market, we come across samples that appear as stems as well as roots. In Vaidya Cintamani, Manjistha is enumerated among the Kandasara Dravyas. Therefore, it may be concluded that the root is the useful part of Manjistha. It is interesting to note that Sri Chunekar K.C. reported that R. cordifolia is an adulterant for Swertia chirata. It is also reported that Oldenlandia umbellata linn (Hedyotis umbellata) or H. hispila or H. indica known as Chayaver in Tamil is an adulterant for Manjistha. Some consider R. ibrica as Manjistha.
External Morphology of Rubia cordifolia
- Habitat: Mnajistha is a perennial, herbaceous, climber, roots are very long and cylindrical with thin red bark.
- Stem: Stem of Manjistha is often many yards long, rough, grooved, becoming, slightly woody at the base, bark is white, branches are scandent through numerous divaricate or deflexed branchlets and petioles, quadrangular, sometimes prickly on the angles, glabrous and shining.
- Leaves: Manjistha has 4 leaves in one whorl, 4 to 9 cm long and 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide. Usually, two leaves in whorl are larger when compared to the other two leaves, ovate, acute, base rounded or slightly cordate, 5 nerves, all start from the base. Petioles of the leaves of the Manjistha are triangular with many recurved sharp prickles on the edges and exstipulate.
- Inflorescence: Inflorescence of Manjistha is terminal panicled cymes with trachomatous branches.
- Flowers: Flowers of Manjistha are small pedicels articulated with the calyx, petals are greenish and divided nearly to the base.
- Fruits: Fruits of Manjistha are globose, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, smooth, shining, and purplish black when ripe.
Flowering and fruiting time
Manjistha flowers during rains or July-September and its fruiting stage begins onwards i.e., between September to November.
Distribution of Rubia cordifolia
It is commonly occurring throughout the hilly regions in India, ascending to 8,000 ft. altitude. Frequently in the Himalayan region of the country from the North-west Frontier eastwards on the Himalayas (up to approx. 2,500 m.) and south to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula, also in China, Japan, Java, and Tropical Africa. The plant is generally found in Uttar Pradesh, the Sub-Himalayan tracts of Rohilkhanda, north Oudh, and other similar areas.
The Useful Part of Manjistha
Root – The root is hard, woody, and cylindrical. The root will be up to 1 cm in diameter. The outer surface is smooth, faintly striated longitudinally, and rusty brown. Transversely cut pieces show a closely adhering bark, followed by a reddish-brown tissue full of minute pores and a hollow center. On breaking it becomes very short pieces. It has got a bitter taste.
Varieties of Manjistha
Probably another variety of Manjistha is introduced by the commentators i.e., Rubia tinctorium Linn. Gangadhara (C. S. Su. 4), Srikanthadatta (Si. Yo. 65/ 1), Dalhana (S. S. Sa. 10), and Bhoja (Bhava Prakash Nirukta- Yoni Roga) described another variety of Manjistha which is famous as Ramakanta Manjistha or Tamravalli.
Important Phytoconstituent of Manjistha
The plant Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Manjistha) contains various chemical components which belong to the anthraquinone group. Saponins and some naphthalene derivatives are also isolated. It contains Alizarin, pseudo PUrpurins, and Rubiadin along with its glucoside, Lucidin, Asperuloside, purpurin, and Manjisthin.
Recent Research on Manjistha
- An immunoassay system was established for the estimation of the quantity of an antitumor cyclo-hexapeptide, deoxy- bouvardin (RA-V) from Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schlecht, Rubia cordifolia L., and R. akane Nakai (Rubiaceae). Two clones were isolated, one producing MAb IgG (1) and the other MAb IgG(2b), both having a K light chain. Hasuda T, Hitosuyanagi Y, Takeya K. Monoclonal antibodies from Rubia cordifolia against antitumor cyclo- hexapeptide deoxy- bouvardin and their use in immunoassay. Hybridoma (Larchmt). 2012 Feb; 31 (1): 20- 4. doi: 10. 1089/hub. 2011. 0084.
- This study was undertaken to investigate the possible effect of the hydroalcoholic root extract of Rubia cordifolia against indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats. The present data suggest the protective effect of Rubia cordifolia in indomethacin-induced enterocolitis and may be beneficial in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Pawar AT, Anap RM, Ghodasara JV, Kuchekar BS. Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Root Extract of Rubia cordifolia in Indomethacin-Induced Enterocolitis in Rats. Indian J. Pharm Sci. 2011 Mar; 73 (2): 250- 3.
- The ameliorative effect of the Rubia cordifolia methanol extract on N-nitro- sodium- ethylamine- induced experimental hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. The findings demonstrated that Rubia cordifolia can be a source of potent antioxidants for the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Shilpa PN, Venkata bala subramanian S, Devaraj SN. Ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia in N- nitro- sodium – ethylamine- induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharm Biol. 2012 Mar; 50 (3): 376- 83. doi 10. 3109/ 13880209. 2011. 608073. Epub 2011 Dec 1.
- The neuroprotective potential and in vivo antioxidant status of extract of roots and rhizomes of Rubia cordifolia L (MERC) in reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia was studied. It is concluded that oxidative stress might play an important role in reserpine-induced abnormal oral movements and MERC significantly protected animals against reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and has great potential in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Patil RA, Kasture SB. Protective effect of Rubia cordifolia on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia. Nat Prod Res. 2012: 26 (22): 2159- 61. do: 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2011. 635341. Epub 2011 Nov 18.
- To evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Rubia cordifolia (RC) and to study its influence on lead nitrate-induced immunosuppression due to oxidative stress and RC can prevent the same under its in vivo antioxidant properties. Lodi S, Sharma V, Kanasal L. The protective effect of Rubia cordifolia against lead nitrate-induced immune response impairment and kidney oxidative damage. Indian J Pharmacal. 2011 Jul; 43 (4): 441- 4. doi: 10. 4103/ 0253- 7613. 83118 Rubimallin showed antibacterial activity (Yaoxue Xuebao 1990, 25, 834).
- Antitumour cyclic hexapeptide, RA-VII from R. cordifolia is reported (Itokawa et al., 1992).
- Four naphtha-hydroquinones and two naphtha-hydroquinones from R. cordifolia and their cytotoxic activity are reported (Itokawa et al., 1993).
- Antitumor activity of RC-18, a pure isolate from R. cordifolia was reported (Adwankar & Chitnis, 1980 & 1982).
- The anti-peroxidative property of the solvent-free alcoholic extract of R-cordifolia has been studied in rat liver homogenate. It prevents the cumene hydroperoxide-induced malondialdehyde formation in a dose and time-dependent manner. This effect is accompanied by the maintained reduced glutathione level even in the presence of the above toxin (Pandey et al., 1994).
- The blood purification effect of the partially purified fraction of this whole plant has been studied on rabbit platelets. It inhibits platelet aggregation induced by PAF (platelet-activating factor but not thrombin. It also inhibits the binding of 3H- PAF to the platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, it appears that R. cordifolia inhibits the action of PAF at its receptor level either by its blocking or by desensitization (Tripathi et al., 1993).
- The naphtha-hydroquinones (furomollugin, mollugin & rubilactone) suppressed the secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), in human hepatoma Hep 3B cells (Ho et al., 1996).
- Crude extract of R. cordifolia exhibited spasmolytic activity similar to that of verapamil suggesting the presence of calcium channel blocker-like constituents) in this plant (Gilani et al., 1994).
- Patil, Rupali & Gadakh, R. & Gound, H. & Kasture, Sanjay. (2011). Antioxidant and anticholinergic activity of Rubia cordifolia. Pharmacologyonline. 2. 272- 278. Rubia cordifolia Linn (Rubiaceae) is an important medicinal plant commonly used in the traditional and Ayurvedic systems of medicine for the treatment of different ailments. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant status of the methanolic extract of roots and rhizomes of R. cordifolia (M- RC) was determined. The effect of M-RC on tacrine-induced tremulous jaw movements in rats and sodium nitrite-induced hypoxia in mice was studied. IC50 value for lipid peroxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion was found to be 120 μg/ ml. IC 50 values for free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were found to be 130 ppm and 135 ppm, respectively. In M- RC, 1.8679 ± 0.29 μg/ g gallic acid phenol equivalents were detected. M- RC significantly inhibited tacrine-induced vacuous chewing movements (VCM), tongue protrusions (TP), and orofacial bursts (OB). M- RC also significantly potentiates sodium nitrite-induced hypoxia and decreases the latency for death after sodium nitrite administration. The study concludes that R. cordifolia has an anticholinergic activity which may be attributed to antioxidant activity and the presence of phenolic compounds.
- Kamble, Swapnil & Humbare, Ravikiran & Sarkar, Joyita & Kulkarni, Anjali. (2020). Assessment of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Root Extracts of Rubia cordifolia L. in Different Solvent Systems. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 4. 8625. 10. 3390/ IECPS2020- 08625. Rubia cordifolia L. is an important plant used in the Ayurvedic and Siddha medicinal systems of India for the treatment of blood disorders. Of all the plant parts, the roots of R. cordifolia are the most suitable source of effective secondary metabolites. The present work investigated the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of R. cordifolia root powder extracted in different solvents. Total polyphenols and flavonoid content were estimated. High antioxidant activity was corroborated with DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, reducing power, and total antioxidant assays. Obtained results showed that ethanol extracts were most potent over methanol, aqueous, and PBS extracts for DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and reducing power assays. In contrast, methanol and aqueous extracts had higher potency in nitric oxide and total antioxidant assays. Encouraging results were obtained for antioxidant activity even upon PVPP treatment that removed the polyphenols from the extracts. The results suggest the potential of ethanol and methanol extracts for cancer cytotoxicity.
- Humbare, Ravikiran & Sarkar, Joyita & Kulkarni, Anjali & Juwale, Mugdha & Deshmukh, Sushil & Amalnerkar, D.P. & Chaskar, Manohar & Albertini, Maria & Rocchi, Marco & Kamble, Swapnil & Ramakrishna, Seeram. (2022). Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Properties of Rubia cordifolia L. Extracts Prepared with Improved Extraction Conditions. Antioxidants. 11. 1006. 10. 3390/ antioxidant. 11051006. Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiaceae) is an important plant in Indian and Chinese medical systems. Extracts prepared from the root, stem, and leaf have been used traditionally for the management of various diseases. Some of the known effects are anti-inflammation, neuroprotection, anti-proliferation, immunomodulation, and anti-tumor. A comparative account of the extracts derived from different organs that lead to the identification of the most suitable solvent is lacking. We explored the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and anti-proliferative properties of a variety of solvent-based extracts of root, and methanol extracts of the stem and leaf of R. cordifolia L. The antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and total antioxidant assays. The anti-proliferative nature was evaluated by MTT assay on HeLa, ME- 180, and Hep G2 cells. The composition of the extracts was determined by UPLC- UV- MS. We found that the root extracts had the presence of higher amounts of antioxidants than the stem and leaf extracts. The root extracts prepared in methanol exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. The main compounds identified through UPLC- UV- MS of the methanol extract give credibility to the previous results. Our comprehensive study corroborates the preference given to the root over the stem and leaf for extract preparation. In conclusion, we identified the methanol extract of the root to be the most suited to have bioactivity with anti-cancer potential.
- Li, Wei- Qin & Quan, Mei- Ping & Li, Qin. (2019). Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Qiancao (Rubia cordifolia Linn.) Roots against Selected Foodborne Pathogens. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 7. 10. 24203/ ajafs. v7i4. 5876. The chemical composition of the essential oil from Qiancao roots was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS), and 43 components were identified in the paper. Mollugin (30.58 %) was found to be the major component, followed by 3- methyl- 2- cyclopentene- 1- one (10.55 %), 4- tert- butyl- 2- phenyl- phenol (8.64 %) and eugenol (6.30 %). The antibacterial activity of essential oil against selected food-borne pathogens was evaluated. The results showed that the sensitivity to essential oil was different for different tested bacteria and the essential oil had strong antibacterial activity against B. cereus with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) values of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/ mL, respectively. In addition, the microbial growth curve assay also showed that the essential oil had a significant effect on the growth rate of surviving B. cereus. The data of this study suggest that the essential oil from Qiancao roots has great potential for application as a natural antimicrobial agent to preserve food.
- Kumari, Priyanka & Sharma, Satish & Tiwari, Snigdha. (2019). Evaluation of the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of Rubia Cordifolia Linn. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9. 211- 215. 10. 22270/ jddt. v9i1. 2216. Hyperlipidemia is a major problem among the population of those, who have a sedentary lifestyle. The effects of ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubiacordifoliain experimentally induced hyperlipidemic rats were investigated. 42 Wistar rats of both sexes were used for the study. The animals were completely randomized into seven groups comprising 6 animals each. The groups were treated as follows: Group I: normal diet (ND); Group II: HFD ( Vanaspati ghee + coconut oil mixture in the ratio of 3: 2 at 10 ml/ kg/ day); Group III: HFD + Atorvastatin (10 mg/ kg/ day); Group IV: HFD+ ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose(200 mg/ kg/ day); Group V: HFD + ethanolic extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/ kg/ day); Group VI: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia low dose (200 mg/ kg/ day); Group VII: HFD + aqueous extract of roots of Rubia cordifolia high dose (400 mg/ kg/ day). Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding the animals with a high-fat diet for 21 days before administration of the extract. After 21thday of feeding, the administration of the extract lasted for 14 days. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the ethanolic and aqueous root extract of Rubia cordifolia contains glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Overall, findings from the present study suggest that the antihyperlipidemic activity observed with Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg oral) and the ethanolic extracts of Rubia cordifolia (400 mg/ kg) showed better activity than aqueous extracts of Rubia cordifolia (200 mg/ kg).
- Kasture, Sanjay & Kasture, Veena & Chopde, Chandrabhan. (2001). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rubia cordifolia Roots. J Nat Rem. 1. 111- 115. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2001/ 17. Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and gastrolesive properties of petroleum ether extract of Rubia cordifolia roots. Materials and methods: Bioassay-guided separation of petroleum ether extract was carried out to obtain a compound possessing anti-inflammatory activity. An active triterpene responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity was separated. The compound exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced edema, cotton pellet granuloma, and adjuvant-induced arthritis. The analgesic activity was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and radiant heat analgesia meter and antipyretic activity was assessed in yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The ulcerogenic potential was studied using pyloric ligated rats. Results: The compound possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity and strong gastrolesive properties. Conclusion: The study justifies the use of Rubia cordifolia in the treatment of inflammation, pain, and fever.
- Chandrashekar, BS & Prabhakara, S & Mohan, T & Shabeer, D & Bhandare, Basavaraj & Nalini, M & Sharmila, PS & Meghana, DL & Reddy, BasanthKumar & Rao, H Murali & Hire, Sahajananda & Kolandaswamy, Anbazhagan. (2018). Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 50. 12. 10. 4103/ ijp. IJP_ 418_ 17. OBJECTIVES: Rubia cordifolia L. (RC) is a well-known and highly valuable medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system. The present study involves evaluating the antioxidant and cardioprotective properties of RC root extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characterization of RC root extract was carried out using standard phytochemical and biochemical analysis. The functional groups were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phytotherapeutic compounds were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The cardioprotective activity of RC root extract was investigated against cyclophosphamide (CP; 100 mg/ kg, i.p)-induced cardiotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats. RC (100, 200, and 400 mg/ kg, p.o) or silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o) was administered immediately after CP on the 1st day and the next consecutive 10 days. Biochemical and histopathological analysis was performed to observe the cardioprotective effects of RC root extract. RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites that include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones in RC root extract. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of several functional groups. Based on HR-MS analysis, eight major phytotherapeutic compounds were identified in the methanol root extract of RC. Biochemical analysis in CP- an induced rat model administered with RC extract revealed significantly enhanced levels of antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. Histopathological study showed that the rat model treated with the root extract had reduced cardiac injury. CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that the RC extract contains various antioxidant compounds with cardioprotective effects. Treatment with RC root extract could significantly protect CP-induced rats from cardiac tissue injury by restoring the antioxidant markers.
- Okhti, Zahraa & Al-Sudani, Talib & Abdalah, Mayssaa. (2020). Study the Effect of Rubia Cordifolia Extract on Different Types of Cancer Cell Lines and Different Microbial. 994- 1000. Rubia cordifolia (Manjistha, Indian madder) is a plant in the Rubiaceae coffee family distributed in the lower Himalayas, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Japan. It was mainly used as a red pigment, R. Cordifolia can be used for the management of jaundice in Ayurvedic medicine., inflammation of the joints, and cough. R. Cordifolia is becoming increasingly popular in Western culture as an alternative treatment for skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and dermatitis. Past studies have also shown R. Cordifolia is a promising regulator of the spread of breast cancer cells. This research aims to find a solution to conditions such as cancer and multi-drug resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat and fungi by using R.Cordifolia aqueous root extract. Methods used in this inquiry to assess the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of low-concentration R. cordifolia aqueous extracts were MTT assay on three cancer cell lines (Hep G2, BxPC- 3, and MCF- 7) and the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC for antimicrobial susceptibility against six microorganisms, three are bacteria (P.aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), E. coli (Escherichia coli) and B. subtilis (Bacillus subtilis) and three are antibiotic resistant fungi (F. oxysporum, T. basicola, and T. phaseolin). The findings indicate that R. Cordifolia In addition to its function as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent, may have potential use as an adjunct therapy to pancreatic, liver, and breast cancer., as demonstrated in this study against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and F. oxysporum, T. basicola, and T. phaseoli strains.
- Tailor, Chandra Shekhar & Bahuguna, DrYogendr & Mahalwal, Vijender. (2010). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC STEM EXTRACTS OF RUBIA CORDIFOLIA LINN. IN RATS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 1. In the present Study of Ethanolic extract of Stem of Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) was screened for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema rats. The effect was assessed by the Difference in paw edema volume, before & after the low & high dose administration of the extract in Rats. Ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia stem (20 & 40 mg./ kg./ ml.) was administered orally. Anti-inflammatory effects were compared with the Standard drug- Indomethacin (10mg./ kg/ ml.). These observations helped us to conclude that Ethanolic Extract’s high dose is endowed with anti-inflammatory properties.
- Annadurai, Vinothkanna & Krishnamurthy, Mathivanan & Ananth, Sivapunniyam & Ma, Yongkun & Sekar, Soundarapandian. (2022). Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia bark extract: characterization, antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal and photocatalytic activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30. 10. 1007/ s11356- 022- 18996- 4. Rubia cordifolia represents the pivotal plant resource belonging to traditional Chinese medicine and Indian Ayurveda. The present study aims to synthesize biocompatible copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using R. cordifolia bark extracts, characterize the incumbent chemical transitions, and explore their biomedical and environmental applications. The absorbance peak between 250 and 300 nm demonstrates the formation of CuONPs in the UV–visible spectrum. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed the presence of functional groups essential for copper ion reduction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the CuONPs are spherical-shaped with a mean particle size of 50.72 nm. Additionally, the zeta potential demonstrates its robustness at 11.2 mV. X-ray diffraction patterns showed mixed phases (Cu, Cu2O, and CuO) of cubic monoclinic crystalline nature. CuONPs exhibited noticeable antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial cell damages were affirmed through FE- SEM imaging when treated with CuONPs. Further, CuONPs demonstrated considerable antioxidant activities by quenching free radicals such as DPPH (60.75 %), ABTs (70.88 %), nitric oxide (65.48 %) and reducing power (71.44 %) in a dose-dependent way. CuONPs showed significant larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (65 ± 8.66 %), Anopheles stephensi (80 ± 13.69 %), and Culex quinquefasciatus (72 ± 13.04 %) mosquito larvae. The photocatalytic activity of the CuONPs demonstrates the methylene blue (81.84 %) and crystal violet (64.0 %) dye degradation potentials, indicating the environmental bioremediation efficacy. Hence the present study is the first report in accounting for the versatile applications of the phyto-CuONPs. Moreover, the green synthesis of CuONPS has future applications in designing the drug for life-threatening diseases and various environmental issues.
- Nayal, Ream. (2018). ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF RUBIA TINCTORUM LINN. ROOT EXTRACTS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 3914- 3918. 10. 13040/ IJPSR. 0975- 8232. 9 (9). 3914- 18. This research aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic, aqueous, chloroformic, and petroleum ether extracts of Rubia tinctorum roots against two-gram positive and two-gram negative bacteria using agar well-diffusion methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the microdilution method. Extracts were dissolved in DMSO to obtain a concentration of 10% (w/v), and the density of bacterial suspension was 1.5 × 108 cfu/ ml. Results showed that methanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.1562 to 0.3125 mg/ ml, while aqueous extract showed no activity against the tested bacteria. However, chloroformic extract showed antibacterial activity only against Escherichia coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 2.5 mg/ ml. But petroleum ether extract showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.3125 to 1.25 mg/ml. But in conclusion, methanolic extract was the most effective against all tested bacteria. Further studies are needed for pharmaceutical purposes.
- Karodi, Revan & Jadhav, M. & Rub, Rukhsana & Bafna, Anand. (2009). Evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Rubia cordifolia L. (Indian madder) in mice. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products. 2. India has a rich tradition of plant-based knowledge of healthcare. A large number of plants are used by folklore traditions in India for the treatment of cuts, wounds, and burns. Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) is popular all over the world for its medicinal uses in skin diseases like eczema, dermatitis, skin ulcers, etc. In India, it is used traditionally for various types of skin diseases. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate its scientific validity. The alcoholic extract and the hydrogel of the same were investigated for the evaluation of its healing efficiency on the excision wound model in mice. A different formulation of the alcoholic extract was topically applied on the excision wound surface as a single dose. Wound area and histopathology were used to evaluate the effect on wound healing. The effect produced by gel, in terms of wound contracting ability, wound closure, decrease in surface area of the wound, tissue- regeneration at the wound site, and histopathological characteristics were significant (p < 0.01) in treated mice. The present study thus provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use of this plant in the management of wounds.
- Sawhney, Rajesh & Kumar, Arun. (2012). Inhibitory Activity of Rubia cordifolia Plant Extract Against ESBL Producing Urinary E.coli Isolates. The study attempted to explore the antibacterial properties of Rubia cordifolia, a medicinal plant known for its healing values for wounds, skin infections, gynecological disorders, and urinary problems, against ESBL (Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase) producing urinary E.coli. Ethanolic extract of the plant, with 7.5 % yield was obtained by soxhlet extraction of 20g dried powder in 70 % ethanol. Different E.coli strains were isolated from urine samples collected from patients attending tertiary care hospitals using standard methods. All the isolates were tested for different antibiotics and screened for their ESBL production based on NCCLS guidelines. A total of 7 different ESBL-producing E.coli were obtained. All seven isolates were tested against the ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia using the Kirby Bauer method and were found to be inhibited variably by the extract. Thus, the findings are suggestive of the inhibitory properties of the ethanolic extract of R. cordifolia against ESBL-producing E. coli. The plant could be a potential candidate as an alternative antibacterial agent to combat the invasion of drug-resistant organisms. However, further studies and optimizations could establish scientifically validated processes and products to harness the beneficial effects of Rubia cordifolia.
- Ismail, Yazan & Wedyan, Mohammed & Al Zuabe, Mu’Ad & Abderrahma, Salim. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Rubia cordifolia: Methods to Determine Antimicrobial Activity. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant. 10. 457- 462. 10. 3923/ramp. 2016. 457. 462. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Rubia cordifolia root water and methanol extracts on various microorganisms using the agar well diffusion method and to evaluate the variants between the two techniques used in growing bacteria in the agar well diffusion method; the pour plate technique and the spreading technique. Materials and Methods: Water and methanol extracts of R. cordifolia roots were prepared and their antimicrobial effects on various microorganisms were evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. In the agar well diffusion method, microorganisms were grown by either pour plate or spreading techniques. Statistical differences between the inhibition zone diameters resulted by using the spreading and the pour plate techniques were measured by ANOVA. Results: Rubia cordifolia root methanol extract showed antibacterial activity against all three Gram-positive bacteria used in this study and four Gram-negative bacteria and showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Interestingly R. cordifolia root methanol extract showed activity against 3 out of 4 bacteria which showed resistance to all antibiotics used in this study. Rubia cordifolia root water extract showed antibacterial activity only against two Gram-positive bacteria. The study found that in agar well diffusion method using the pour plate technique created a significantly wider inhibition zone compared to the inhibition zone created by the spreading technique at similar concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Rubia cordifolia root extracts showed antimicrobial effects. Using the pour plate technique in agar well diffusion method is more sensitive in showing antimicrobial effectiveness than using the spreading technique.
- Gao, Jinwei & Wang, Zheng & Ye, Zhangzhang. (2023). Madder (Rubia cordifolia L.) Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Protecting Endothelial Cells from Apoptosis and Inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation. 2023. 1- 8. 10. 1155/ 2023/ 5015039. Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion injury often occurs in organ transplantation, coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and other diseases, which greatly reduces clinical efficacy. This study examined the effectiveness of madder as a medicine to treat ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods: The efficacy of Madder was evaluated by measuring myocardial infarction size, coronary outflow volume, myocardial contraction rate, activation of inflammatory factors, autophagy factors, apoptosis factors, and related pathway genes in mice. Results: The results indicated that treatment with Madder can effectively reduce the area of myocardial infarction and restore arterial blood flow velocity and myocardial contractility in mice. Additionally, madder treatment inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors, autophagy factors, and apoptosis factors in mice and reduced the degree of myocardial cell injury. Studies have also shown that madder treatment can alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice and inhibit the occurrence of the inflammatory response by inhibiting the activity of the NF- κB pathway. Conclusion: The results showed that Madder was effective against ischemia-reperfusion injury, thus showing potential as a clinical drug for treating ischemia-reperfusion injury.
- KK, Srinivasan & Kumar, Bhagath & Ali Mohammed, Ciraj. (2008). Anti-arthritic property of the plant Rubia cordifolia Lin. Pharmacology online. Objective: To study the anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic extract of the plant rubia cordifolia. Methods: Arthritis is induced in albino rats by injecting Freund’s Complete Adjuvant and Bovine type II Collagen. The effectiveness of the plant extract is evaluated by comparing it with that of a standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Aspirin. Treatment is assessed by using various blood parameters and also by taking the change in paw volume. Results: Ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia showed significant anti-arthritic activity which was statistically similar to aspirin. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Rubia cordifolia exhibits significant anti-arthritic potential.
Rasa Panchaka of Manjistha
| Rasa (Taste) | Kashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet), Tikat (Bitter) |
| Guna (Virtue) | Guru (Heavy), Ruksha (Dry) |
| Virya (Potency) | Ushan (Hot Potency) |
| Vipaka (Post-Digestion) | Katu (Pungent) |
Dosha Karma of Manjistha
Kapha- Pitta Shamaka, Pitta Hara due to Kashaya, Tikta and Madhura Rasa. Kapha Hara because of Ushan Virya, Kashaya, Tikta Rasa, and Katu Vipaka.
Karma (Actions) of Manjistha
Rakta Prasadana, rakta Shodhaka, Varnya, Twachya, Mastishka – Nadi Shamaka, Deepana, Pachana, Ama Pachana, Stambhana, Krimighana, Kaphaghana, Garbashya Uttejaka, Aartava Janana, Stanya Shodhana, Parmeha Ghana, Kusthaghana, Jwaraghana, Balya, rasayana, Vishaghana, Shothhara, Vrana Ropana, Arshoghana, Sandhaniya, Swarya.
Prayogarha Vyadhi (Therapeutic Indication) of Manjistha
Kustha, Charma Vikara, Rakta Vikara, Vrana, Visphota, Visarpa, pidika, Kshudra Roga, Nilika, Vyanga, Arsha, Visha, Sarp Visha, Prameha, Manjistha Meha, Agni Dagdha, Bhagna, Shleepada, Shotha, Mutra Krrichra, Agni Mandya, Amadosha, Atisara, Krimi Roga, Rakta Srava, rakta Vikara, Kasa, swara Bheda, Kasht Aartav, Rajorodha, Prasavottara Vyapat, Satnya Shuddhi, Prasuti Jwara, Jirna Jwara, Dourbalya, Akshi Karnaruk.
Aamyik Paryog (Therapeutic Uses) of Manjistha
Kustha (Skin Disorder)
- Laghu Manjisthadi Kvatha (Sharangdhara Samhita. 2. 2. 38)
- Brihat manjisthadi Kvatha (Sharangdhara Samhita. 2. 2. 39. 44)
Arsha (Piles): For bleeding piles, ghee should be cooked with a decoction of manjistha, shigru, etc. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 6. 9)
Prameha (Diabetes): In Manjistha Meha, one should take a decoction of Manjistha and Chandana. (Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 9)
Bhagna (Fracture): Manjistha and madhuka pounded with sours should be applied as a paste. (Vrinda Madhava. 46/ 3)
Vyanga (Freckles etc.): Manjistha pounded and mixed with honey should be applied. (Ashtanga Sangreha Uttara Tantra. 37/ 24)
Sarp Visha (Snake-poison): Intake of ghee mixed with honey, manjistha, and root is beneficial. (Ashtanga Hridya Uttara Tantra. 36/ 59)
Benefits of Manjistha
- The drug Manjistha is a blood-purifying agent and pigment stimulant. It is astringent, antiseptic, bitter, pungent, tonic, and hemostatic.
- It is useful in diseases of the blood, skin, and urinary system, it is externally used for leucoderma.
- It is used in blood dysentery, ear, and eye diseases, inflammation, and urinogenital disorders.
- The roots of Manjistha are administered in the forms of powder, decoction, and other modes in skin affections, leucorrhoea, hemorrhage, pigmentation anomalies, amenorrhoea, prameha, kustha, jirna jvara, visarpa, and several other diseases.
- Manjistha is an important Varnya (promoting luster-complexion) herbal agent applied in different forms and employed in various formulations which are frequently prescribed for several diseases coming under this group. Roots are esteemed as herbal cosmetics. Roots yield dye also.
Benefits of Manjistha on Different Systems of Bodies
- External uses: It is anti-inflammatory. It heals wounds and helps with skin disorders. Its lepa (paste) is applied to inflammation, ulcers, and skin disorders.
- Nervous system: It gives relief to the brain and nerves. Thus it is useful in nervous system disorders (But if given in excessive doses, it creates mania hallucinations.
- Digestive system: It is a good appetizer (Deepan) and has good digestive capacity (Pachan). It has an astringent property that reduces motility and is anthelmintic. Therefore, it is used in loss of appetite, Amadosha, diarrhea, dysentery associated with bleeding, and different helminths.
- Circulatory system: Being hemostatic, used in many blood disorders, raktapitta and skin disorders, ulcers, erysipelas, etc.
- Reproductive system: It stimulates the uterus. It increases menstrual flow and purifies breast milk. Therefore, used in dysmenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. It is used to purify the uterus and breast milk after delivery. It also reduces fever.
- Urinary system: It is antidiabetic, especially in manjishtha meha, a type of Pittaj prameha. In renal calculi, 1gm. Manjishtha powder is given three times a day for 1 week. This removes the renal stone. If not, a surgical opinion is advised.
- Skin: It is used in skin diseases like leprosy, erysipelas, vitiligo, and hypopigmentation. In these conditions, Manjistha is given in honey.
- Dhatugamitva: External as well as internal use of majishtha, arjuna bark, yashthimadhu, and Sugandhi vala is beneficial in fractures.
- Temperature: It is used for fever, especially chronic pyrexia, and fever after delivery.
- Satmikaran: It has been proven beneficial in different skin disorders related to pigmentation, weakness, general debility, and poisoning. Manjishtha improves their voice.
Matra (Therapeutic Administration and Dosage) of Manjistha
- Churna (powder): 1- 3 gms
- Kwatha (decoction): 60- 100 ml
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Classical Reference of Manjistha
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga- 188- 190
Synonyms
मंजिष्ठा विकसा जिंगी समंगा कालमेषिका |
रसायन्यरुणा काला रक्तांगी रक्तयष्टिका |
भण्डीतकी च गण्डीरी मनज्जुशा वस्त्र रंजनी ||
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga- 190- 191
Properties and Actions
मंजिष्ठा मधुरा तिक्ता कषाया स्वरवर्ण्कृत् |
गुरुरुष्णा विषश्लेष्म शोथयोन्याक्षिकर्णरूक ||
रक्तातीसार कुष्ठास्रवीसर्पत्रणमेहनुत् ||
Dhanwantri Nighantu Guduchyadi Varga- 18
Properties and Actions
मंजिष्ठा मधुरा स्वादे कषायोष्ण: गुरुस्तथा |
कफोग्रवणमेहारुविषनेत्रामया्रयेत् ||
Kaiydeva Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, 1426- 1427
मंजिष्ठातुवरा तिक्ता स्व उष्णामधुरा गुरु: |
कर्णाक्षियोनि रोगघ्नीकफशोफविषापहा ||
विसर्प मेह कुष्ठ अर्श व्रण रक्तातिसारजित |
शाकं स्वादु लघु स्निग्ध॑ दीपनं वात पित्त जित ||
Raja Nighnatu Pipplyadi Varga, 194
मंजिष्ठामधुरा स्वादे कषाये उष्णा गुरुस्त्था |
व्रणमेह ज्वरश्रलेषा विष नेत्रामयापहा ||
Priya Nighnatu, Pipplyadi Varga, 76- 77
तिक्तोष्ण तुवारारसे अनु विदिता रक्तस्य संशोधनी |
वर्ण्या कुष्ठविसर्प शोथविषह्रत हन्ति प्रमेहां व्रणात |
मनज्जू त्वेन समंजस भवति स देहेन यात सेवनं |
रुधिर औषधि रकतेशु प्रतिष्ठिता वैद्ये: |
स्वयमपिरक्तंरकते धातौ रागं विवर्धयति |
Raja Nighnatu Pipplyadi Varga, 195
चोलश्चयोजनी कौंची सिंहली चचतुर्विद्या |
मंजिष्ठाचैव सा प्रोक्ता विलोमे च उत्तम उत्तमा ||
Kaiydeva Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, 1426- 1427
मंजिष्ठातुवरा तिक्ता स्वर्योष्णा मधुरा गुरु: |
कर्णक्षियोनिरोगघनोकफ शोफ विषापहा ||
विसर्प मेह कुष्ठार्शो व्रण रक्तातिसारजित् |
मंजिष्ठा शाकम
शाकं स्वादु लघु सनिग्धं दीपनं वातपित्तजित् |
Bhava Parkasha Nighnatu, Haritkyadi varga, 188- 189, Chakra Dutta, 42- 8
मंजिष्ठा गुणं
मंजिष्ठा मधुरा तिक्ता कषाया स्वरवर्णकृत् ||
गुरुरुष्णा विष श्लेष्मघ्नी शोथयोन्यक्षिकर्णरुक |
रक्तातीसार कुष्ठा स्त्रावी वीसर्प व्रणमेहनुत् ||
Raja Nighnatu Pipplyadi Varga, 194
श्लीपद मंजिष्ठादि लेप
मंजिष्ठा मधुरा स्वादे कषायोष्णा गुरुस्तथा |
व्रणमेह ज्वर श्लेष्म–विषनेत्रामयापहा ||
चोलश्च योजनी कौश्ची सिंहिली च चतुर्विधा |
मंजिष्ठाचैव सा प्रोक्ता विलोमे चोत्तमोत्तमा ||
Dhanwantri Nighnatu
मंजिष्ठामधुरा स्वादे कषायोष्णा गुरुस्तथा |
कफोष व्रण मेहास्रविषनेत्रामयान् जयेत् ||
Raja Vallabha Nighnatu
मंजिष्ठा कुष्ठवीसर्प शोथघ्नी मूत्रकृच्छजित् |
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana
मंजिष्ठामेहे
मंजिष्ठा चन्दनकषाये मंजिष्ठा मेहिनं पाययेत् |
Chakra Dutta
व्यंगेषु
मंजिष्ठा वा समाक्षिका |
Bhavaprakasha Kustha Roga Adhikara, 99- 106
कुष्ठ रोग
लघु मजिष्ठा आदि क्वाथ
मध्य मजिष्ठा आदि क्वाथ
बृहन्मजिष्ठा आदि क्वाथ
Chakra Dutta, Vrana Sotha Chikitsa, 44- 93
अग्निदग्ध व्रण चिकित्सायां मंजिष्ठादिघृतम् |
Chakra Dutta, Kshudra Roga Chikitsa, 55/ 61- 62
नीलिका व्यंगपीडिका आद्यारोगाणां शमनार्थम्
मंजिष्ठादि तैलं
Chakra Dutta, 55- 45
मुख कान्तिकरलेप:
सम मंजिष्ठादि अन्य घातक द्रव्या:
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 6- 9
अर्श
शोणितार्शः सु मंजिष्ठागुरुअंग्यादिनांकषाये ( सर्पि: ) पाचयेत |
Ashtanga Sangreha, Uttara Tantra, 37- 24
व्यंग
क्षौद्रेण वा पिष्टा मंजिष्ठा |
Ashtanga Sangreha, Uttara Tantra, 36- 59
सर्पविषे
पांञ्चक्षौद्र मंजिष्ठ गृह धूमयुतं घृतम् |
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 11/ 9
प्रमेहे
मजिष्ठ मेहिनं मजिष्ठा चन्दन कषायम् |
Vrinda Madhava. 46/ 3
भग्ने
आलेपनार्थ मजिष्ठा मधुकज्लाम्लपेषितम् |
Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana, 3/ 257, Chandanadya Taila (Jwara Chikitsa)
चन्दन भद्रश्री कालानुसार्य कालीयक पद्मा पद्मकोशीर सारिवा मधुक प्रपौण्डरीक नागपुष्पोदीच्यवन्य पद्मोत्पल नलिन कुमुद– सौगन्धिक पुण्डरीक शतपत्र बिस मृणाल शालूक शैवालक शेरुकानन्ताकुश काशेक्षु दर्भ शर नल शालिमूल जम्बु वेतस वानीर गुन्द्रा– ककुभासनाश्वकर्ण स्यन्दन वातपोथ शाल ताल धव तिनिश खदिर कदर कदम्ब काश्मर्य फल सर्ज प्लक्ष वट कपीतनोदुम्बराश्वत्थ– न्यग्रोध धातकी दूर्वेत्कट शृङ्गाटक मञ्जिष्ठा ज्योतिष्मती पुष्कर बीज क्रौञ्चादन बदरी कोविदार कदली संवर्तकारिष्ट शत पर्वा शीत कुम्भिका शतावरी श्रीपर्णी श्रावणी महा श्रावणी रोहिणी शीत पाक्योदन पाकी काल बला पयस्या विदारी– जीवकर्षभक मेदा महामेदा मधुर सर्ष्यप्रोक्ता तृण शून्य मोचरसाटरूषक बकुल कुटज पटोल निम्ब शाल्मली नारिकेल– खर्जूर मृद्वीका प्रियाल प्रियङ्गु धन्वनात्मागुप्ता मधूकानामन्येषां च शीत वीर्याणां यथा लाभमौषधानां कषायं कारयेत् | तेन कषायेण द्विगुणित पयसा तेषामेव च कल्केन कषायार्धमात्रं मृद्वग्निना साधये त्तैलम्| एतत्तैलमभ्यङ्गात् सद्यो दाह ज्वरमपनयति| एतैरेव चौषधैर श्लक्ष्ण पिष्टैः सुशीतैः प्रदेहं कारयेत्| एतैरेव च शृतशीतं सलिलमवगाह परिषेकार्थं प्रयुञ्जीत ||
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 6/ 39 (Parmeha Chikitsa)
दृष्ट्वाऽनुबन्धं पवनात् कफस्य पित्तस्य वा स्नेहविधिर्विकल्प्यः| तैलं कफे स्यात् स्वकषायसिद्धं पित्ते घृतं पित्तहरैः कषायैः|| त्रिकण्टकाश्मन्तकसोमवल्कैर्भल्लातकैः सातिविषैः सलोध्रैः| वचापटोलार्जुननिम्बमुस्तैर्हरिद्रया पद्मकदीप्यकैश्च|| मञ्जिष्ठया चागुरुचन्दनैश्च सर्वैः समस्तैः कफवातजेषु| मेहेषु तैलं विपचेद्, घृतं तु पैत्तेषु, मिश्रं त्रिषु लक्षणेषु|| फलत्रिकं दारुनिशां विशालां मुस्तां च निःक्वाथ्य निशां सकल्काम्| पिबेत् कषायं मधुसम्प्रयुक्तं सर्वप्रमेहेषु समुद्धतेषु||
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 7/ 65 (Mustadi Churna, Kustha Chikitsa)
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 8/ 83
शृङ्गालाबुजलौकोभिः प्रदुष्टं व्यधनेन वा| शिरःपार्श्वांस शूलेषु रुधिरं तस्य निर्हरेत्|| प्रदेहः सघृतश्चेष्टः पद्मकोशीर चन्दनैः| दूर्वा मधुक मञ्जिष्ठाकेशरैर्वा घृताप्लुतैः|| प्रपौण्डरीक निर्गुण्डी पद्म केशरमुत्पलम् | कशेरुकाः पयस्या च ससर्पिष्कं प्रलेपनम्|| चन्दनाद्येन तैलेन शत धौतेन सर्पिषा| अभ्यङ्गः, पयसा सेकः शस्तश्च मधुकाम्बुना|| माहेन्द्रेण सुशीतेन चन्दनादि शृतेन वा| परिषेकः प्रयोक्तव्य इति संशमनी क्रिया||
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 14/ 160, (Kanka Arishta, Arsha Chikitsa)
Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 28/ 149, (Amritadya Taila, Vata Roga Chikitsa)
अमृतायास्तुलाः पञ्च द्रोणेष्वष्टस्वपां पचेत्|| पादशेषे समक्षीरं तैलस्य द्व्याढकं पचेत्| एलामांसीनतोशीर सारिवा कुष्ठ चन्दनैः|| बला तामलकी मेदा शतपुष्पर्धि जीवकैः | काकोली क्षीरकाकोली श्रावण्यतिबला नखैः|| महाश्रावणि जीवन्ती विदारी कपिकच्छुभिः| शतावरी महामेदा कर्कटाख्या हरेणुभिः|| वचा गोक्षुरकैरण्डरास्नाकाला सहाचरैः| वीरा शल्लकि मुस्तत्वक्पत्रर्षभक बालकैः|| सहैलाकुङ्कुमस्पृक्का त्रिदशाह्वैश्च कार्षिकैः| मञ्जिष्ठायास्त्रि कर्षेण मधुकाष्टपलेन च|| कल्कैस्तत् क्षीण वीर्याग्निबल सम्मूढ चेतसः| उन्मादारत्यपस्मारैरार्तांश्च प्रकृतिं नयेत्||| वात व्याधिहरं श्रेष्ठं तैलाग्र्यममृताह्वयम्|
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 5/ 12, (Vata Roga Chikitsa )
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 17/ 8
Sushruta Samhita, Chikitsa Sthana, 9/ 47 (Kustha Chikitsa)
पथ्या व्योषं सेक्षुजातं सतैलं लीढ्वा शीघ्रं मुच्यते कुष्ठरोगात् | धात्रीपथ्याक्षोपकुल्याविडङ्गान् क्षौद्राज्याभ्यामेकतो वाऽवलिह्यात् || पीत्वा मासं वा पलांशां हरिद्रां मूत्रेणान्तं पापरोगस्य गच्छेत् | एवं पेयश्चित्रकः श्लक्ष्णपिष्टः पिप्पल्यो वा पूर्ववन्मूत्रयुक्ताः || तद्वत्तार्क्ष्यं मासमात्रं च पेयं, तेनाजस्रं देहमालेपयेच्च | आरिष्टीत्वक् साप्तपर्णी च तुल्या लाक्षा मुस्तं पञ्चमूल्यौ हरिद्रे || मञ्जिष्ठाक्षौ वासको देवदारु पथ्यावह्नी व्योषधात्रीविडङ्गाः | सामान्यांशं योजयित्वा विडङ्गैश्चूर्णं कृत्वा तत्पलोन्मानमश्नन् || कुष्ठाज्जन्तुर्मुच्यते त्रैफलं वा सर्पिर्द्रोणं व्योषयुक्तं च युञ्जन् | गोमूत्राम्बुद्रोणसिद्धेऽक्षपीडे सिद्धं सर्पिर्नाशयेच्चापि कुष्ठम् || आरग्वधे सप्तपर्णे पटोले सवृक्षके नक्तमाले सनिम्बे जीर्णं पक्वं तद्धरिद्राद्वयेन हन्यात् कुष्ठं मुष्कके चापि सर्पिः ||
Specific Formulation of Manjistha
- Maha Manjisthadi Kashaya for Kustha and Vata Rakta
- Manjisthadi Taila for Netra Roga and Shiro Roga
- Manjisthadi Lepa for Sotha
- Pinda Taila for Daha, Vata Rakta.
- Laghu Manjisthadi Kwatha
- Manjisthadya Arka
- Sinduradi tail
- Trnaka Taila
- PanchaTikta Guggulu Ghrita
- Nava Kshaya
- Aditya Paka Taila
Contraindication and Side Effects of Manjistha
- Manjistha is Kashaya (astringent) and Guru (heavy) in Guna (properties). So, for digestion problems like hyperacidity and gastritis, Manjistha should be used with hot water.
- If your skin is hypersensitive, use it with caution and after consultation with your doctor.
- Consuming the Manjistha may result in changes in the color of urine, tears, perspiration, breast milk, etc.
- Consult your doctor before using Manjistha during Pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Suggestive Reading Regarding Rubia cordifolia
- Tailor, Chandra Shekhar & Bahuguna, DrYogendr & Mahalwal, Vijender. (2010). ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC STEM EXTRACTS OF RUBIA CORDIFOLIA LINN. IN RATS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy.
- Chandrashekar, BS & Prabhakara, S & Mohan, T & Shabeer, D & Bhandare, Basavaraj & Nalini, M & Sharmila, PS & Meghana, DL & Reddy, BasanthKumar & Rao, H Murali & Hire, Sahajananda & Kolandaswamy, Anbazhagan. (2018). Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 50. 12. 10. 4103/ ijp. IJP_ 418_ 17.
- Kasture, Sanjay & Kasture, Veena & Chopde, Chandrabhan. (2001). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rubia cordifolia Roots. J Nat Rem. 1. 111- 115. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2001/ 17.
- kk, Srinivasan & Kumar, Bhagath & Ali Mohammed, Ciraj. (2008). Anti-arthritic property of the plant Rubia cordifolia Lin. Pharmacologyonline. 1.
- Sawhney, Rajesh & Kumar, Arun. (2012). Inhibitory Activity of Rubia cordifolia Plant Extract Against ESBL Producing Urinary E. coli Isolates.
- Ismail, Yazan & Wedyan, Mohammed & Al Zuabe, Mu’Ad & Abderrahma, Salim. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Rubia cordifolia: Methods to Determine Antimicrobial Activity. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants. 10. 457- 462. 10. 3923/ramp. 2016. 457. 462.
- Annadurai, Vinothkanna & Krishnamurthy, Mathivanan & Ananth, Sivapunniyam & Ma, Yongkun & Sekar, Soundarapandian. (2022). Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia bark extract: characterization, antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal and photocatalytic activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30. 10. 1007/ s11356- 022- 18996- 4.
- Gao, Jinwei & Wang, Zheng & Ye, Zhangzhang. (2023). Madder (Rubia cordifolia L.) Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Protecting Endothelial Cells from Apoptosis and Inflammation. Mediators of Inflammation. 2023. 1- 8. 10. 1155/ 2023/ 5015039.
- Kumari, Priyanka & Sharma, Satish & Tiwari, Snigdha. (2019). Evaluation of the anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of Rubia Cordifolia Linn. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9. 211- 215. 10. 22270/ jddt. v9i1. 2216.
- Patel, P.R. & Nagar, Dr & Patel, R.C. & Rathod, D.K. & Patel, Vishal. (2011). In Vitro anticancer activity of Rubia cordifolia against hela and HEP2 cell lines. 3. 70- 71.
- Kamble, Swapnil & Humbare, Ravikiran & Sarkar, Joyita & Kulkarni, Anjali. (2020). Assessment of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Root Extracts of Rubia cordifolia L. in Different Solvent Systems. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 4. 8625. 10. 3390/ IECPS2020- 08625.
- Patil, Rupali & Gadakh, R. & Gound, H. & Kasture, Sanjay. (2011). Antioxidant and anticholinergic activity of Rubia cordifolia. Pharmacologyonline. 2. 272- 278.
- Li, Wei-Qin & Quan, Mei-Ping & Li, Qin. (2019). Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Qiancao (Rubia cordifolia Linn.) Roots against Selected Foodborne Pathogens. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 7. 10. 24203/ ajafs. v7i4. 5876.
- Okhti, Zahraa & Al-Sudani, Talib & Abdalah, Mayssaa. (2020). Study the Effect of Rubia Cordifolia Extract on Different Types of Cancer Cell Lines and Different Microbial. 994- 1000.
- Humbare, Ravikiran & Sarkar, Joyita & Kulkarni, Anjali & Juwale, Mugdha & Deshmukh, Sushil & Amalnerkar, D.P. & Chaskar, Manohar & Albertini, Maria & Rocchi, Marco & Kamble, Swapnil & Ramakrishna, Seeram. (2022). Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-Proliferative Properties of Rubia cordifolia L. Extracts Prepared with Improved Extraction Conditions. Antioxidants. 11. 1006. 10. 3390/anti oxidant 11051006.
- Rani, S. & Nagarauk, R. & Anuradha, P. (2010). Antibacterial properties of extracts of Indian medicinal plants: Syzygium alternifolium, Phyllanthus niruri, and Rubia cordifolia. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 3. 123- 128.
- Karodi, Revan & Jadhav, M. & Rub, Rukhsana & Bafna, Anand. (2009). Evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Rubia cordifolia L. (Indian madder) in mice. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products.
- Barlow, R & DA, Barnes & Campbell, Adam & Nigam, R & Owusu-Apenten, Richard. (2015). Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antimicrobial, Effects of Rubia cordifolia Aqueous Root Extract. Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology. 5. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ JABB/ 2016/ 22625.
- Patel, Parag & Raval, Bhuvan & Karanth, Hamsraj & Patel, Vishal. (2011). Potent antitumor activity of Rubia cordifolia. International Journal of Phytomedicine. 2. 10. 5138/jam. 2010. 0975. 0185. 02008.
- Kumari, Isha & Kaurav, Hemlata & Choudhary, Gitika. (2021). Rubia cordifolia (Manjishtha): A review based upon its Ayurvedic and Medicinal uses. Himalayan Journal of Health Sciences. 17- 28. 10. 22270/his. v6i2 . 96.
- Chaudhary, Anand & Meena, Vandana. (2015). Manjistha (Rubia Cordifolia)- A helping herb in the cure of acne. Journal of Ayurveda & Holistic Medicine. III. 11- 17.
- Chandrashekar BS, Prabhakara S, Mohan T, Shabeer D, Bhandari B, Nalini M, Sharmila PS, Meghana DL, Reddy BK, Hanumantha Rao HM, Sahajananda H, Anbazhagan K. Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model. Indian J Pharmacol. 2018 Jan- Feb; 50 (1): 12- 21. doi 10. 4103/ ijp. IJP_ 418_ 17. PMID: 29861523; PMCID: PMC 5954628.
- Verma, Anuradha & Kumar, Babita & Alam, Perwaiz & Singh, Vijendra & Gupta, Shiv. (2016). RUBIA CORDIFOLIA – A REVIEW ON PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 7. 2720- 2731. 10. 13040/ IJPSR. 0975- 8232. 7 (7). 2720- 31.
- Wen M, Chen Q, Chen W, Yang J, Zhou X, Zhang C, Wu A, Lai J, Chen J, Mei Q, Yang S, Lan C, Wu J, Huang F, Wang L. A comprehensive review of Rubia cordifolia L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical applications. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 9; 13: 965390. doi 10. 3389/ fphar. 2022. 965390. PMID: 36160419; PMCID: PMC 9500525.
- Deoda, Ramesh & Kumar, Dinesh & Kadam, Prasad & Yadav, Kavita & Bhujbal, Santosh & Patil, Manohar. (2011). Pharmacognostic and Biological Studies of the Roots of Rubia Cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae). International Journal of Drug Development & Research. 148- 158.
- Bussmann, Rainer & Batsatsashvili, Ketevan & Kikvidze, Zaal. (2020). Rubia cordifolia L. Rubia tinctorium L. Rubiaceae. 10. 1007/ 978- 3- 030-28947- 8_ 122.
- Ali, Ayesha & Aslam, Mohd & Chaudhary, Shahid. (2020). A Review A Review on Pharmacognostic and Therapeutic Uses of Rubia cordifolia. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 10. 195- 202. 10. 22270/ jddt. v10i6. 4514.
- Nyeem, Mohammad & Mannan, Md. (2018). Rubia cordifolia-phytochemical and Pharmacological evaluation of indigenous medicinal plants: A review.
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Ayurveda is an Indian system of medicine that is popular since ancient times. Dr. Gupta’s IAFA® has been conducting research studies to find out different phytoconstituents of herbs and their action in the body. Such knowledge acquired by our experts is used in the preparation of medicines and providing the treatment facilities safely and effectively. IAFA® is the provider of safe and effective treatment for a wide range of diseases, mainly allergic diseases all based on Ayurveda.
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