Mukkutti (Biophytum Sensitivum)

Recent Research on Viparita Lajjalu (Biophytum sensitivum)

• D, Roopa & D R, Bharathi & Kumar, Manirupesh & Gurusidda, & V, Siva. (2022). A current study on pharmacology and phytochemistry of biophytum sensitivum. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry. 64- 71. 10. 46796/ ijpc. v3i2. 319. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC, is a highly valuable medicinal herb from the Daspushpam category of Ayurvedic essential plants in the Oxalidaceae family. It is also called a little tree plant, a life plant, and a sensitive plant growing in Africa, South Asia, and Madagascar’s tropical region. It has an intriguing characteristic that is similar to that of the touch-me-not plant. This article describes the synonyms, biological source, phytoconstituents, and various pharmacological activities of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC, which include Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, Anti-urolithiasis, Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor activity, Nephroprotective activity, Antifertility, Radioprotective, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Wound healing, Anti-fungal activity, Antihypertensive, Analgesic activity, Antipyretic activity, Chemoprotective activity, Anti-fungal activity, Anti-angiogenic activity, Anti-metastatic activity, Larvicidal activity and Diuretic activity.
• Shivakumar, Muthugounder & Ramalingam, Srinivasan & Natarajan, D.. (2012). Bioefficacy of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) leaf extracts against dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (L.). Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 3. 885- 892. Novel bioactive molecules of plant origin are very important for the success of vector control programs. In the present study, the larvicidal activity of Biophytum sensitivum leaf extracts was analyzed on the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Concentrations of 10, 15, and 25 mg/L of extract were used to determine larvicidal, pupicidal, and consequent effects on adult emergence. Results show that acetone extract had a dose-dependent effect and produced higher mortality (LC50 = 21.79 and LC99 = 139.50 μg ml-1) in larvae. Pupicidal activities of acetone extract showed (LC50 = 13.05 and LC99 = 137.75 μg ml-1) the highest effect. Acetone extracts also delayed the normal development of adult mosquitoes (LC50 = 9.77 and LC99 = 11.83 μg ml-1). The study shows that acetone extracts of B. sensitivum are effective in controlling the Aedes aegypti larvae.
• Guruvayoorappan, Chandrasekharan & Kuttan, Girija. (2007). Anti-angiogenic effect of Biophytum sensitivum is exerted through its cytokine modulation activity and inhibitory activity against VEGF mRNA expression, endothelial cell migration, and capillary tube formation. Journal of experimental therapeutics & oncology. 6. 241- 50. Angiogenesis is a crucial step essential for the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors. Substances produced by inflammatory cells, such as cytokines, play an important role in the stimulation and progression of angiogenesis. In this study we investigated the anti-angiogenic effect of Biophytum sensitivum, using in vivo as well as in vitro models. In vitro, antiangiogenic activity was studied using B16- F10 melanoma cell-induced capillary formation in C57BL/ 6 mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract at a concentration of 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the tumor-directed capillary formation induced by melanoma cells. The cytokine profile in the serum of these animals showed a drastically increased level of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL- 1beta, IL- 6, TNF- alpha, GM- CSF, and the direct endothelial cell proliferating agent, VEGF. Administration of Biophytum extract could differentially regulate these cytokine’s elevation. The differential elevation is further evidenced by the increased production of IL-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease- 1 (TIMP- 1) in the B16- F10 injected, extract-treated animals. The extract of B. sensitivum at non-toxic concentrations (1 microg/ ml, 5 microg/ ml, and 10 microg/ ml) inhibited the VEGF-induced vessel sprouting in rat aortic ring assay. Moreover, B. sensitivum was able to inhibit the VEGF-induced proliferation, cell migration, and capillary-like tube formation of primary cultured human endothelial cells. Furthermore, B. sensitivum showed an inhibitory effect on VEGF mRNA levels in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Hence the observed antiangiogenic activity of the plant B. sensitivum is exerted through its cytokine modulation activity and inhibitory activity against VEGF mRNA expression.
• Pawar, Anil & Vyawahare, Niraj. (2015). The anti-urolithiatic activity of standardized extract of Biophytum sensitivum against zinc disc implantation induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research. 6. 176- 182. 10. 4103/ 2231- 4040. 165017. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC (family: Oxalidaceae) has been used in the Indian Indigenous system of medicine, Ayurveda, for the treatment of various health ailments including renal calculi. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-urolithiatic activity of standardized methanolic extract of the whole plant of B. sensitivum (MBS) in rats. Urolithiasis was induced by surgical implantations of zinc discs in the urinary bladders of rats. Upon postsurgical recovery, different doses of MBS (viz., 100, 200, and 400 mg/ kg body weight) were administered to zinc disc-implanted rats for 7 days by the oral route. Anti-urolithiasis activity was evaluated by measuring various dimensions of stones and estimating levels of various biomarkers in serum and urine samples. A significant decrease in urinary output was observed in the disc-implanted animals, which was prevented by the MBS treatment. Supplementation with MBS caused significant improvement in glomerular filtration rate and protein excretion. The elevated levels of serum creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen were also prevented by the MBS treatment. The MBS treatment showed reduced formation of deposition around the implanted zinc disc. The higher dose of MBS (400 mg/ kg) was found more effective. These results indicate that the administration of MBS significantly prevents the growth of urinary stones. The possible mechanism underlying this effect is mediated collectively through the diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. The results concluded that the methanolic extract of the whole plant of B. sensitivum possessed significant anti-urolithiatic activity.
• Natarajan, D. & Shivakumar, Muthugounder & Ramalingam, Srinivasan. (2009). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.  Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant used in folklore medicine. The main aim of this study is to demonstrate that the leaf extracts of B. sensitivum (methanol, chloroform, acetone, and petroleum ether) were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against several human pathogenic bacterial strains (Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli) by agar well diffusion method. All the extracts showed various levels of activity on different test organisms and their activity is quite comparable with the standard antibiotics. The acetone extracts showed remarkable antibacterial activity. This study fortifies that methanol and chloroform extracts were found to have better antibacterial activity against all the test organisms than petroleum ether extract. The results from these investigations encourage that the plant extracts may be used as anti-infective agents.
• Mishra, Moumita & Bandyopadhyay, D. & Pramanik, Kartick & Chatterjee, Tapan. (2007). Antihyperglycemic activity of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. in alloxan diabetic rats. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 7. 418- 425. 10. 3742/ OPEM. 2007. 7. 4. 418. The study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC in different extracts. Albino Wistar rats with alloxan hydrate-induced diabetes were divided into 7 groups of 6 each. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of Biophytum sensitivum were prepared and given individually at different doses to different batches of rats (both normal and diabetic rats) after an overnight fast. Methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight showed maximum blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats. The same dosages did not produce any hypoglycemic activity in normal rats. The antihyperglycemic activity of Biophytum sensitivum was compared with a standard drug Glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent. The above results suggest that maximum hypoglycemic effect was found only with a dose of up to 200 mg/ kg b.w. of methanolic extract which is therefore the optimum dose for hypoglycemia and was used in all the experiments of the present study.
• Bhaskar, V & Rajalakshmi, V. (2010). Anti-tumor activity of aqueous extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. Ann. Biol Res.  3. The present study investigating experimentally the possible antitumor effects of aqueous extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn (AEBS) leaves against Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma (DAL) bearing Swiss albino mice. The AEBS was administered orally at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg b. wt, in mice for 28 days after 24 h of tumor inoculation. The effects of AEBS on the growth of murine tumors, and the life span of DAL-bearing mice were studied. Treatment with AEBS decreased the tumor volume and viable cell count thereby increasing the life span of DAL-bearing mice. The present work indicates that the aqueous extract of B. sensitivum exhibited significant antitumor activity.
• DB, Johnson & C, Dinesh & KR, Arunkanth & D., Giles & Vino, Hubert. (2003). Antifertility activity of Biophytum Sensitivum. Indian Drugs. 40. 523- 525. Different extracts of the plant Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC (F. Oxalidaceae) were prepared and investigated for its antifertility activity in female albino rats. The ethanol extract exhibited significant antifertility activity at a dose of 400 mg/ kg. The activity was reversible on withdrawal of the treatment of the extract.
• Marimuthu Alias Antonisamy, Johnson & T, Shibila & I, Revathy & Mariappan, Utchimahali & M, Ramesh. (2015). Biopotency of Biophytum sensitivum DC. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 5. 42- 48. The present study was intended to examine the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and larvicidal potentials of B. sensitivum DC. The total phenolic content was determined by the standard method described by Siddhuraju and Becker (2003). The antioxidant activity of different extracts was determined using the stable radical DPPH, phosphomolybdenum, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide assays according to the standard method. In addition, the larvicidal and cytotoxic properties of the various extracts of B. sensitivum were examined. A maximum amount of extractable total phenolics was observed in methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum (1399.84 ± 215.79 mg GAE/ g). The best free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of B. sensitivum was observed in acetone extracts with an IC50 value of 30.12 µg/ ml. The methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum displayed the strongest phosphomolybdenum reduction (202.24 ± 11.44 g AA/ 100 g) compared to other tested extracts. The methanolic extracts of B. sensitivum showed the highest larval mortality in terms of lethal concentrations for 50% mortality against Culex quinquefasciatus with LC50= 215.34 mg/ ml. The methanolic extract of B. sensitivum displayed most effective at 90 % mortality (LC90) of brine shrimp nauplii occurred at 66.34 mg/ ml Conclusion: The present investigations suggest that methanolic and acetone extracts showed a good result of antioxidant, larvicidal, and cytotoxic activity. It was found that the high rates of phenolic substances were widely distributed in B. sensitivum.
• Br, Abhirama & Sundaram, Rajagopal & Nanjaian, Mahadevan. (2017). Nephroprotective effect of ethanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC in cisplatin-induced experimental renal damage in rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 10. 1772- 1779. 10. 5958/ 0974- 360X. 2017. 00313. 4. The present study was undertaken to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of whole plant ethanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC (B. sensitivum; EEBS) in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Animals were divided into five groups, containing six animals in each. A single dose of cisplatin (CDDP) 8 mg/ kg/ day; i. p. was given to all groups on the fifth day except normal control to induce nephrotoxicity in rats. Animals in Group I served as control, received 1 ml saline solution/day; i. p., for 9 days, and Group II as CDDP-treated or nephrotoxic control. Group III received standard quercetin (50 mg/ kg/ day; p.o.); Group IV received EEBS (250 mg/ kg/ day; p.o.) and Group V received EEBS (500 mg/ kg/ day; p.o.), for nine days. Several renal functional tests and injury markers such as body weight, water intake, urine volume and pH, and urinary levels of total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were measured. Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine, total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also analyzed. The results revealed that co-administration of EEBS significantly reduced the urinary excretion of total protein and calcium. Serum concentrations of BUN and creatinine were significantly lowered by treatment with EEBS. EEBS treatment produced a significant increase in body weight, urine pH, and serum levels of total protein, calcium, sodium, and antioxidant enzyme activities, compared to animals in group II. Hence, this study substantiated and confirmed the ethno-medical usefulness of B. sensitivum as a nephroprotective and antioxidant agent.
• A.M, Rashida & Meeran, Mohamed &  R, Sowbaraniga. (2021). PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ROOT EXTRACT OF BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (L.) DC. The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis. 12. 1340- 1349. The Biophythm sensitivum (L.) DC is an ethnomedicinal plant that has a rich source of bioactive compounds. It has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, wound-healing, immunomodulatory, and anti-diabetic properties and is widely used as a traditional medicine. The present study deals with the Fourier transform infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopic analysis and GC-MS of ethanolic extract of root of Biophytum sensitivum and revealed the presence of 33 phytocompounds in the plant sample of medicinal potency. The phytocompounds were identified by comparing the retention time and peak area with the help of the interpretation of mass spectra and literature. The most abundant major compounds identified were Hexadecanoic acid (15.36 %), Kanzonol F (12.13 %), and Phorbol (12.13 %) responsible for pharmacological activity.
• Chandrakala, Sirigiri & Mallikarjuna, Kokkanti & Reddy, C.S.. (2013). In vitro pharmacological investigations of Biophytum sensitivum callus extract: Lack of potent activities. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 4. 60- 65. 10. 4103/ 0976- 9234. 116760. Objective: Biophytum sensitivum is an important medicinal plant extensively used in traditional oriental herbal medicines. Though the medicinal use of this plant is known, the active principles responsible for such property are not known. Pharmacological screening of this plant may lead to the discovery of new activity with a new mode of treatment. Hence, screening for in-vitro pharmacological activities of methanolic callus extracts of Biophytum sensitivum has been carried out. Experiments were designed according to the standard methods and processes. Materials and Methods: Leaf-cutting derived callus on MS medium supplemented with BA (Benzyl adenine) 1.0 mg/ l + NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) 1.0 mg/ l is used as a source, and compounds were extracted from dried callus using methanol solvent with Soxhlet apparatus. Results: The callus extract has shown antioxidant activity, and in-vitro inhibition of enzyme activities like α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase, but potency was found to be low. The Graph pad Prism Version-5 software is used to analyze data in the form of Figures. Conclusion: For the first time, we are reporting in-vitro pharmacological screening of methanolic callus extracts of Biophytum sensitivum.
• Santhi, M & Giridharan, Bupesh & Sakthivel, Vasanth & Ramasamy, Palaniappan & Johnson, W & Balachandar, Vellingiri. (2020). IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM EXTRACTS. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. 19. 1- 9. The occurrence of free radicals causes oxidative damage in the tissues of man while antioxidants block the assault of the free radicals reducing the risk of diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether, and aqueous extracts of Biophytum sensitivum. The ethanolic extracts of B. sensitivum exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (52 %) than that of the chloroform (40 %), aqueous (24 %), and Petroleum ether (21 %) extracts. All the extracts of B. sensitivum exhibited significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals. The hydroxyl radical activity ranged from 23 % to 63 %. The ethanolic extract of B. sensitivum indicated the highest antioxidant capacity (63 %) against hydroxyl free radical which showed almost a higher antioxidant activity than that of the ascorbic acid which is a known positive control. The overall nitrous oxide scavenging ranged from 26 % to 46 % activity among the extracts of B. sensitivum. Similarly, the ethanolic extract of B. sensitivum indicated 46 % activity while chloroform extract showed (38 %) scavenging activity against NO-free radicals. The ABTS activity of B. sensitivum extracts ranged from 27 % to 51 %. Amid the ethanolic concentrates of B. sensitivum, 51 % of ABTS indicated free radical scavenging activity, which was superior to that of the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid action.
• Chandavarkar, Sachin & Rajaram, Tarabai & Bandekar, & Sn, Mamle & Desai, E & Gautam, Girendra Kumar & Rajaram, E & Bandekar, Tarabai & Chandavarkar, Sachin & Desai, Mamle. (2016). The nephroprotective activity of different extracts of Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC. 5. 31- 34. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of different extracts of the whole plant of Biophytum sensitivum in Wistar albino rats. Randomly selected animals were divided into five groups of six animals each. The test extracts were administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Gentamicin was administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg i.p. to the rats for 7 days. On the eighth day, all the animals were sacrificed, and blood was collected. Elevation of urea and creatinine levels in the serum was taken as the index of nephrotoxicity. Histopathological examinations of the kidneys of all the groups were carried out. The findings revealed that methanol and aqueous extracts of Biophytum sensitivum possess nephroprotective activity. The elevations of serum urea and creatinine produced by Gentamicin were considerably reduced and showed histopathological changes in the kidneys to normal. The study concluded that Biophytum sensitivum possesses nephroprotective activity.
• Mishra, M. & Pramanik, Kartick & Chatterjee, T. (2008). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic & analgesic properties of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Indian Drugs. 45. 123- 131.
• Marimuthu Alias Antonisamy, Johnson & T, Shibila & M, Narayani & I, Revathy & Mariappan, Utchimahali. (2014). PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM DC (OXALIDACEAE). WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. 3. 1885 -1895. S The present study was undertaken to explore the photo profile of the medicinally important plant Biophytum sensitivum DC (Oxalidaceae). The powder of Biophytum sensitivum (10 g) was sequentially extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, and ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus for 8 h. For aqueous extracts, the dried powder was boiled with water for 24 h continuously. To identify the secondary metabolites preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of B. sensitivum leaves extracts was carried out. To reveal the lignin, tannin, phenols, and polyphenols occurrence in B. sensitivum’s various parts, histochemical studies were carried out. To explore the photo profile of various extracts of B. sensitivum fluorescence, UV-Vis and FT-IR were analyzed. The weight percentage of major and minor elements present in the samples was carried out using the OXFORD INCA Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer. Histochemical studies revealed a high degree of tannin, lignin, and polyphenol occurrence in root and stem epidermis and vascular bundles of B. sensitivum. The result of UV- Vis and FT- IR analysis confirmed the active constituent’s presence in B. sensitivum. A total of ten elements viz., carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, and ferrous were observed in the powdered sample of B. sensitivum. These spectroscopic profiles will act as pharmacognostic markers to distinguish the medicinally important B. sensitivum from its adulterants using a relatively simple, cost-effective spectroscopic profile in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Guruvayoorappan, Chandrasekharan & Kuttan, Girija. (2008). Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC Inhibits Tumor Cell Invasion and Metastasis Through a Mechanism Involving Regulation of MMPs, Prolyl Hydroxylase, Lysyl Oxidase, nm- 23, ERK- 1, ERK- 2, STAT- 1, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Metastatic Lung Tissue. Integrative cancer therapies. 7. 42- 50. 10. 1177/ – 1534735407313744. Biophytum sensitivum is a traditional oriental herbal medicine that is known for its immunostimulatory and antitumor effects. Tumor metastasis is the most important cause of cancer death. Although B sensitivum was shown to inhibit metastasis, the mechanism underlying this action is not well understood. In the present report, the authors studied the effect of B sensitivum on the invasion and motility of B16F- 10 melanoma cells and investigated the regulatory effect on the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase, nm23, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)- 1, ERK- 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, and proinflammatory cytokines in metastatic tumor-bearing lungs. B sensitivum inhibited the invasion and motility of B16F-10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. B sensitivum inhibited the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, whereas it activated STAT-1 expression in metastatic tumor-bearing lungs. Similarly, inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase, ERK- 1, ERK- 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression but activation of nm23 by B sensitivum was observed in metastatic tumor-bearing lungs. B sensitivum treatment also downregulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)- 1- beta, IL- 6, and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor in metastatic tumor-bearing lungs. In B16F- 10 cells, B sensitivum also inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the results indicate that B sensitivum exhibits antimetastatic effects through the inhibition of invasion and motility. The results also suggest that MMPs, prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl oxidase, nm23, ERKs, VEGF, STAT, and proinflammatory cytokines are critical regulators of the B sensitivum-mediated antimetastatic effect.
• Mishra, M. & Pramanik, Kartick & Chatterjee, T. (2008). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic & analgesic properties of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Indian Drugs. 45. 123- 131.
• Puri, Dinesh. (2008). Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Biophytum sensitivum Leaf Water Extract. Pharmaceutical Biology. 41. 253- 258. 10. 1076/ phbi. 41. 4. 253. 15680. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible hypocholesterolemic effect of water extract of leaves of Biophytum sensitivum in three groups (of six each) of male albino rabbits: group I of healthy controls, group II of untreated hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and group III of hypercholesterolemic rabbits treated with the water extract. Hypercholesterolemia was initially induced in group II and III rabbits by feeding cholesterol at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day for 1 week. Subsequently, for 4 weeks, the group II rabbits continued to receive the above dose of cholesterol, while the group III rabbits were given the plant extract (200 mg/ kg body weight/day) along with the above dose of cholesterol for four weeks. Group I rabbits were given groundnut oil only at a dose of 1ml/kg body weight. In group II, serum total cholesterol (TC) showed a nearly five-fold rise from an initial value of 53.6 ± 7 mg/ dl to 286.3 ± 22 mg/ dl. In group III, there was an increase only until the third week from 52.6 ± 7 mg/ dl to 170.8 ± 12 mg/ dl, after which TC started decreasing and came down to 146.3 ± 13 mg/ dl by the end of the 5th week. A similar effect on the other lipid parameters was also observed. The treatment not only prevented the elevation of serum triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein plus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc + LDLc), and the ratios of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLc) and (VLDLc + LDLc)/HDLc, but also brought down most of these values. Blood glucose levels were not significantly altered. The study shows that the extract has a significant hypocholesterolemic effect.
• Pawar, Anil & Vyawahare, Niraj. (2017). Protective effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Biophytum sensitivum extract against sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2016. 12. 012. The methanolic whole plant extract of Biophytum sensitivum has been found to possess an antiurolithiatic effect. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effect of some fractions of methanolic whole plant extract of B. sensitivum (MBS) in rats as a step toward activity-directed isolation of antiurolithiatic components. The MBS was successively extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water to obtain fractions. Sodium oxalate (70 mg/ kg, i.p.) was administered to rats for seven days to develop calcium oxalate urolithiasis. These rats were treated with two doses (20 and 40 mg/ kg, p. o.) of fractions, 1 h before sodium oxalate injections. Anti- urolithiasis activity was assessed by estimating biochemical changes in urine, serum, and kidney homogenate along with histological changes in kidney tissue. Sodium oxalate administration caused biochemical alterations in urine which was found to be prevented significantly by the ethyl acetate fraction. Supplementation with ethyl acetate fraction prevented the elevation of serum creatinine, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen levels. The elevated calcium, oxalate, and phosphate levels in the kidney tissue homogenate of lithiatic rats were significantly reduced by the treatment with ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction also caused a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation activity, accumulation of calcium oxalate deposits, and histological changes in the kidney tissue. The results showed that the anti-urolithiasis component of the methanolic whole plant extract of the plant is contained in the ethyl acetate fraction. The effect is attributed to its diuretic, antioxidant, nephroprotective properties and effect on lowering the concentration of urinary stone-forming constituents.
• Guruvayoorappan, Chandrasekharan & Kuttan, Girija. (2007). Evaluation of the chemoprotective effect of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC extract against cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Drug metabolism and drug interactions. 22. 131- 50. 10. 1515/ DMDI. 2007. 22. 2- 3. 131. An alcoholic extract of Biophytum sensitivum was studied against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced toxicity in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the extract with CTX significantly increased the total WBC count (3,356 +/- 236 cells/ cm2), bone marrow cellularity (15.6 +/- 0.42 cells/ femur) and alpha-esterase positive cells (846 +/- 30 cells) when compared to control mice treated with CTX alone. The relative organ weight of the spleen and thymus was also found to be increased after B. sensitivum administration when compared to the control mice. Reduction of GSH in the liver (4.9 +/- 0.22 nmol/ mg protein) and in the intestinal mucosa (10.6 +/- 1.02 nmol/ mg protein) of CTX-treated controls was significantly reversed by B. sensitivum administration (liver: 6.5 +/- 0.18 nmol/ mg protein; intestinal mucosa: 16.5 +/- 0.88 nmol/mg protein), with amelioration of changes in serum and liver ALP, GPT, and lipid peroxidation. Histopathological analysis of the small intestine also suggests that B. sensitivum could reduce CTX-induced intestinal damage. The level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, which was elevated during CTX administration, was significantly reduced by the administration of B. sensitivum extract. The lowered levels of cytokines IFN- gamma, IL- 2, and GM- CSF after CTX treatment were also found to be increased by B. sensitivum extract administration.
• Mary, Lurdu & Raj, Thampi. (2017). Anti-bacterial activity of root extract of Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. 2. 2455- 6548. Medicinal plants are very interesting and have the ability to produce remarkable chemical structures with diverse biological activities. Biophytum sensitivum L. DC (Oxalidaceae) is used as a traditional medicine to cure various diseases and also is an ethnomedicinal plant used in folklore medicine. The main aim of this study demonstrates the root extracts of Biophytum sensitivum (Acetone, Benzene, Ethanol, Isopropyl alcohol, and N- butyl alcohol) were evaluated for its antibacterial activity against several human pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris) by disc agar diffusion method. All the extracts showed various levels of activity on different test organisms and their activity is quite comparable with the standard antibiotics. The n-butyl alcohol extracts of Biophytum sensitivum root showed remarkable anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results from these investigations encourage that the plant extracts may be used as anti-infective agents.
• Shanthi, M & Giridharan, Bupesh & Sachidanandam, Magesh & Meenakumari, K. & K, Saravanan, & Muthiah, N. (2016). IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM WHOLE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST CERVICAL AND LIVER CANCER CELL LINES. 7. 5128- 5135. In the present study, the various extracts viz aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, and Petroleum ether of Biophytum sensitivum whole plant were evaluated for anticancer activity against cancer cell lines. The cervical (Hela) and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines were used to screen the in vitro anticancer challenging with the B.sensitivum extracts. Concentration ranges from 20 to 100 micrograms of B. crude extracts were screened against Hela and HepG2 cells. The antiproliferative activity of B.sensitivum was performed by 3-[ 4, 5– Di methyl thiazol- 2- yl]- 2, 5- diphenyl- tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. The cytotoxicity was highly significant in the ethanolic extract and chloroform extract than in the aqueous and petroleum ether extract. The maximum nontoxic concentration was observed at 150µg concentration of aqueous extract in the vero cell line. The research areas of cancer and infectious diseases possess a chief position on the utilization of medicinal plants as a source of drug discovery. The FDA approved that 60- 75 % of drugs from natural origin such as medicinal plants were highly validated for anticancer and anti-infectious drugs 1. These drugs were considered for chemotherapeutics in cancer research from the discovery of natural drugs in chemoprevention.
• Narendran, Ruveena & Ramavarma, Smitha & Pongathara, Ann & Arif, Rini. (2016). A Study on Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Biophytum sensitivum in Three Different Solvents. South Indian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2. 1. 10. 22205/ sijbs/ 2016/ v2/ i1/ 100331. Biophytum sensitivum, a very small flowering plant belongs to the family Oxalidaceae. It is a perennial herb of Indian origin. It is used for chest complaints, convulsions, cramps, and inflammatory tumors. The objective of the study is to screen the phytochemicals, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the plant. The crude plant material is ethanolic and chloroformic extract was prepared by using a soxhlet apparatus. The percentage yield of ethanolic, chloroformic, and aqueous extract of the plant extract is 8.35 %, 4.25 %, and 3.9 % respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannin, saponin, phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and steroid in the ethanolic extract. Chloroformic extract contains tannin, phenol, alkaloid, and steroid. Aqueous extract showed the presence of tannin, anthraquinone, phenol, flavonoid, and alkaloid. The optical density method and well diffusion method are used for the analysis of antibacterial activity. Ethanolic extract of Biophytum sensitivum was found to be effective against Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli. The antifungal activity of the extract was checked by the good diffusion method and growth inhibitory assay. The results showed inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger. The three extracts of B. sensitivum showed strong hydroxy radical scavenging, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, and DPPH activities. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes.
• Ananda, Prabu & Chidambaram, Kumarappan & Christudas, Sunil & Kalaichelvan, Vk. (2012). Effect of Biophytum sensitivum on streptozotocin and nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2. 31- 5. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (11) 60185- 8. To investigate the effect of aqueous solution of Biophytum sensitivum leaf extract (BSEt) on normal and streptozotocin (STZ)- nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male Wistar rats by the administration of STZ- STZ-nicotinamide (40, 110 mg/ kg b. w., respectively) intraperitoneally. BSEt (200 mg/ kg) was administered to diabetic rats for 28 days. The effect of the extract on blood glucose, plasma insulin, total hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, liver glycogen, and carbohydrate metabolism-regulating enzymes of the liver was studied in diabetic rats BSEt significantly reduced the blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and significantly increased the total hemoglobin, plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels in diabetic rats. It also increased the hexokinase activity and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose- 1, 6- 6-bisphosphatase activities in diabetic rats. The results of our study suggest that BSEt possesses a promising effect on STZ- nicotinamide-induced diabetes.
• Banerjee, Anindya & Harun, Md & Harun Al Rashid, Md & Rahman, Abdur & Pal, Tapas. (2014). Screening of Ethanolic Extract of Biophytum sensitivum DC Leaves on Peptic Ulcer Induced by Aspirin in Wistar Albino Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR). 2014. 418- 422. Recently, medicinal plants have been escalating the awareness as natural products all over the World for the treatment of numerous ailments 1. Medicinal plants act as a fundamental division for primary health concerns in different developed and developing countries in the 21st century and nowadays peptic ulcer is an extremely widespread and unsafe ailment not only in India but all over the World. It is comprised of gastric and duodenal ulcers that have overlapping pathophysiological features, but they have momentous distinctions. Duodenal ulcer patients have a younger age of onset and on average have increased parietal cell mass and acid secretion. Gastric ulcer patients have normal or decreased acid secretion, which is often associated with decreased mucosal defense. In the USA, about 10% of adults have peptic ulcer disease. From limited informative sources of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality rates arising from peptic ulcer diseases, these were found to be higher in elderly patients compared to the general adult population. High gastric ulcers tend to be large, tend to heal slowly, and may be more prone to recur. Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers. According to a study in Australia up to 10% of the population will develop peptic ulcer disease at some time in their lives. Before the prevalence of peptic ulcer due to the damage of the liver and mucosal layer of stomach ulcer takes place. An ulcer is an endemic disease in Asian races due to different circumstances i.e. low socio-economic conditions and poor hygiene. Ulcers can be induced in different areas in the abdomen, peptic as well as intestinal. Peptic Ulcer is one of the great causality assessments in Indian people. It can occur due to either being constrained in fasting condition or else due to H. pylori infection. The other forms of ulcer in the abdominal region are duodenal and colonic. For the duodenal ulcer, the signs and symptoms are pain, nausea, and vomiting and if it becomes acute, sometimes dysentery may occur. As a result, the mucosal layer of the stomach gets strained and loosens and elicits out mucus through stool. If the condition is more serious then the subject may die due to dysfunction of liver and liver cirrhosis. Due to excessive secretion of gastric acid in the stomach wall, it shrinks the mucus layer and makes a scar in the wall of the stomach. To prevent ulcers various synthetic drugs Like PPI or H2 blocker may use. The sensitive herb is Biophytum sensitivum DC belonging to the family Oxalidaceae and also known as Lajjaluka in Sanskrit, as its leaves in response to touch stimuli mainly mounting all over tropical Africa and Asia, especially in India and Nepal. This “little tree plant” is so familiar for its fascinating features similar to the touch-me-not plant. Generally, the whole plant is frequently used for medicinal purposes. Traditionally it has been reported for its diverse activities viz., hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, chemoprotective, hypocholesterolemia, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and cell-mediated immune response, antitumor, repetitive action potentials, effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis 32, 33. The biochemical properties 34 of the plant showed the presence of amentoflavone 35, 3′, 8″- biapigenin 36, proanthocyanidins 37, and phenolic compounds 38. Our principal aim of this study is to check the activity of ethanolic extract of Biophytum sensitivum DC leaves on peptic ulcers induced by Aspirin in Wistar albino rats.
• K, Saravanan, & P, Jayabal & S, Elavarasi & M.P, Santhi & K, Palanivel. (2016). ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM IN BREAST CANCER MCF- 7 CELL LINE. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 16. 5387- 5391.
• Br, Abhirama & Is, Neethu & Sundaram, Rajagopal. (2018). Nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of whole plant Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) dc on gentamicin-induced renal damage in rats. 6. 44- 47. The present study was undertaken to investigate the nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of whole plant ethanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Animals were divided into five groups, containing six animals in each. Gentamicin 100 mg/ kg/ day, i.e., was given to all groups except normal control to induce nephrotoxicity for 8 days in rats. Animals in Group I served as control and Group II as GM-treated or nephrotoxic control. Group III received standard quercetin; Group IV received a low dose of extract (250 mg/ kg) and Group V received a high dose of extract (50 mg/ kg). Serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined. This study substantiated and confirmed the ethno-medical usefulness of B. sensitivum as a nephroprotective and antioxidant agent.