Mustaka (Cyperus Rotundus)

Recent Research on Cyperus rotundus

• Manivannan, Rajamanickam & Rajamanickam, Aeganathan. (2016). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts from Cyperus rotundus Linn rhizomes. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 6. 197- 203. 10. 7324/ JAPS. 2016. 60929. The rhizome part of Cyperus rotundus has been shown to contain 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) (1), methyl ferulate (MF) (2), (E)- formaldehyde (FA) (3), and N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (NTF) (4). These known compounds are being reported for the first time from this plant and their structures were determined by physical properties and spectroscopic analyses. The present study was designed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of C. rotundus. All the extracts displayed significant analgesic effects in acetic acid and hot plate pain models in a dose-dependent manner. As compared with the other extracts, the ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) was the most effective in the analgesic test similar to standard drugs. In the writhing test, ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) showed significant, inhibiting pain by 73.44 %, similar to aspirin which showed 76.47 % inhibition at the dose of 100 mg/ kg i.p. In the hot plate test, ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) produced maximum possible analgesia of 12.72 ± 1.15 sec at 90 min, whilst morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg) showed 13.83 ± 1.15 sec. Similarly, carrageenan-induced paw volume was significantly reduced by ethyl acetate extract (500 mg/kg) at 2.20 ± 1.18 4 h after administration similar to that of diclofenac sodium which showed 2.24 ± 1.18 at the dose of 100 mg/ kg. The data justify the traditional use of Cyperus rotundus as a medicinal plant which has a potential source of bioactive molecules to treat inflammatory diseases.
• Raut, Nishikant & Gaikwad, Naresh. (2007). Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Fitoterapia. 77. 585- 8. 10. 1016/ j.  fitote. 2006. 09. 006. In light of the traditional claim of Cyperus rotundus in the treatment of diabetes, investigations were carried out to evaluate its effect on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rats. Oral daily administration of 500 mg/kg of the extract (once a day for seven consecutive days) significantly lowered the blood glucose levels. This antihyperglycemic activity can be attributed to its antioxidant activity as it showed the strong DPPH radical scavenging action in vitro. 
• Majeed, Muhammed & Nagabhushanam, Kalyanam & Bhat, Beena & Ansari, Mohammad & Pandey, Anjali & Bani, Sarang & Mundkur, Lakshmi. (2022). The Anti-Obesity Potential of Cyperus rotundus Extract Containing Piceatannol, Scirpusin A and Scirpusin B Rhizomes: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluations. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. Volume 15. 369- 382. 10. 2147/ DMSO. S348412. Purpose: Obesity is a complex medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), standardized to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5% total Stilbenoids) in overweight individuals. The mechanism of activity was evaluated in a diet-induced mice model of obesity and adipocytes in vitro. Materials and methods: The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CRE were evaluated in 30 obese individuals with a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/ m2 for 90 days in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. In vitro, studies were carried out in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Results:  The pilot clinical study showed a reduction in body weight with a significant decrease in waist circumference and BMI. The serum lipid profile showed a significant improvement in CRE-treated individuals. The extract was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported at the end of the study. CRE showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis reduction in vitro with an IC50 value of 9.39 μg/ mL, while oral administration of CRE reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. The efficacy in mice was associated with reduced levels of leptin, corticosteroids, and serum lipid levels, with no adverse effects. Conclusion: CRE has anti-adipogenic properties, is safe for human consumption, and effectively manages weight and hypercholesterolemia in overweight individuals.
• Athesh, Kumaraswamy & Divakar, Megha & Brindha, Pemaiah. (2014). Anti-obesity potential of Cyperus Rotundus L. aqueous tuber extract in rats fed on high-fat cafeteria diet. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 7. 88- 92. Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-obesity potential of the aqueous tuber extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (ATECR) in high-fat cafeteria diet (HFCD) fed obese rats. Methods: Wistar strain of albino rats were divided into six groups comprising six rats each. Group I served as normal control fed with normal pellet chow, group II served as disease control fed with a high-fat cafeteria diet, and group III, IV, and V animals, received ATECR at a dose level of 100, 200, and 300mg/ kg bw along with HFCD for 40 days, while, group VI served as standard drug control, which received Orlistat at a dosage of 50mg/ kg bw along with HFCD. Results: Administration of HFCD for 40 successive days to experimental rats significantly increased the body weight, organ and fat pad weights, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels; and decreased HDL cholesterol as compared to normal control. While treatment with ATECR showed a significant reduction in body weight gain, organ weight of the liver, kidney, and spleen, weight of fat pads, and the levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, glucose, and an increase in HDL cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the levels of liver markers such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which were found to be elevated in the serum of obese rats, also resumed to normal on treatment with different concentrations of ATECR. Moreover, the consumption of ATECR reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in the hepatic tissue of rats with HFCD-induced obesity. Conclusion: These results demonstrate clearly that repeated oral administration of tubers of Cyperus rotundus L. aqueous extract can evoke a potent anti-obesity activity.
• Sivapalan, Sri Ranjani Sivapalan. (2012). PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF RHIZOME of Cyperus rotundus LINN. International Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology (IJPPT), ISSN: 2277 – 3436, Volume-1, Issue- 2, 2012. 1. 42- 46. 10. 13140/ 2. 1. 2036. 2888. Abstract – Cyperus rotundus L., (Family Cyperaceae), also known as purple nutsedge or nutgrass, is a common perennial plant. This is a multipurpose plant, widely used in traditional medicine around the world to treat various diseases such as indigestion, constipation, dysentery, abdominal distention, neurogenic gastralgia, chest pains, irregular menstruation, painful menstruation, skin diseases, furuncle infections, leprosy, sprains and bruises, and fever. It has the property of therapeutic actions such as analgesic, alternative, astringent, antispasmodic, antibacterial, carminative, contraceptive, demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, immunostimulant, laxative, tonic, vermifuge. Pharmacognostical investigations are the first and foremost step to determining the identity and assessing the quality of plant species. The study aimed to evaluate the parameter to determine the quality of the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus L. These studies comprise to investigate macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, and fluorescence characteristics. The findings may provide useful information concerning its identification and standardization in the future.
• Sundaram, M.S. & Sivakumar, T. & Balamurugan, G. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effect of Cyperus rotundus Linn. leaves on acute and subacute inflammation in experimental rat models. Biomedicine. 28. 302- 304. This study was carried out to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of alcoholic extract of Cyperus rotundus leaves in experimentally induced inflammation in rat models. Rat paw edema was induced by an injection of 0.1 ml of carrageenan 1 % (acute model) and implantation of cotton pellets in the subplantar region (Subacute model). The extract exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect at doses of 100 and 300 mg/ kg. It inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the edema induced by 0.1 ml of carrageenan 1%. The extract also reduced the wet weight of the implanted granuloma (37.5 %) significantly at 300 mg/ kg. The results obtained from the study revealed that the alcohol extracts of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) have anti-inflammatory properties.
• Singh, V. & Gunjan, & Ali, M. (2017). Acyl and Stigmasterol esters from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L.. Indian Drugs. 54. 34- 39. 10. 53879/ id. 54. 12. 11214. Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), is a perennial sedge distributed throughout India and other tropical and temperate regions of the world. Its tubers are used as an appetizer and anti-inflammatory and to treat thirst, pyrexia, cough, vomiting, rheumatoid arthritis, worm infestation, stomach ailments, diarrhea, skin diseases, wounds, and bleeding. Phytochemical investigation of the tubers led to the isolation of new acyl and sterol esters, characterized as n- pentadactyl octadec- 9, 12- dienoate (1), stigmatist- 5, 22- dien- 3β – olyl dodecanoate (2), stigmast- 5, 22- dien- 3β- olyl tetradecanoate (3) and n- pentacos- 13′- enyl octadec- 9- enoate (4) together with β- sitosterol glucoside. The structures of this phytoconstituent, isolated for the first time from the tubers, have been established by spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.
• Zhang, Liang-Liang & Zhang, Li-Fang & Hu, Qing-Ping & Hao, Dong-Lin & Xu, Jian-Guo. (2017). Chemical composition, the anti-bacterial activity of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus via membrane disruption and apoptosis pathway. Food Control. 80. 290- 296. 10.1016/ j.foodcont.2017.05.016. The chemical composition, antibacterial activity, and mechanism of essential oil from Cyperus rotundus rhizomes against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in this study. Results showed that α- cyperone, cyperene, and α-selinene were the major components of the essential oil. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) were 10 and 20 mg/mL respectively, and the antibacterial effects increased with increasing essential oil concentrations and treatment time. The electric conductivity, cell membrane integrity, NPN uptake, and membrane potential assays demonstrated that essential oil disrupted the membrane integrity of S. aureus. Electron microscope observations further confirmed that essential oil destroyed cell membranes. Moreover, we found that essential oil could induce cell death of S. aureus through the apoptosis pathway based on apoptosis analysis. These findings suggested that essential oil mainly exerted antibacterial activity by damaging cell membranes and membrane-mediated apoptosis pathways.
• Dwita, Lusi & Dewanti, Ema & Ladeska, Vera & Sediarso, Sediarso & Muntashir, Adnan & Safni, Ulfa & Sari, Rahma. (2018). Neuropharmacological Activity of Nut Grass (Cyperus Rotundus L.) Rhizome Fraction. Pharmacia. 8. 224. 10. 12928/ pharmaciana. v8i2. 8938. Research in the area of herbal neuropharmacological effects has increased markedly over the past decades. This research aimed to further investigate the neuropharmacological properties of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes fraction by measuring hypnotic-siccative and anticonvulsant activities. The exploratory behavior test was performed using the Hole Board method while motor coordination was assessed using Rotarod Test. The result showed that the 70 % ethanol fraction of Cyperus rotundus rhizome is significant (p 0.05). In conclusion, Teki ladang (Cyperus rotundus) rhizome appeared as a potent neuropharmacological drug candidate with abilities comparable to synthetic drugs.
• Asaduzzaman, Md & Kabir, Imonul & Biswas, Subir & Molla, Md & Rafe, Md. Rajdoula. (2019). Neurobehavioral activity study of methanolic whole plants extract of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results. 10. 36- 40. 10. 4103/ jpnr. JPNR_ 11_ 19. Background: Cyperus rotundus commonly known as “nutgrass” is extensively used in traditional Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine. It is traditionally used to treat fevers, digestive disorders, wounds, and bruises. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the sedative‑hypnotic and antidepressant effect of the methanolic extract of C. rotundus (MECR). To perform this study, the whole plants of C. rotundus were taken for extraction with methanol following the soaking process and tested for acute toxicity in mice first. The sedative and hypnotic activity were then studied performing hole board and open field tests in the albino mice model at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg body weight of MECR. Diazepam at the dose of 1 mg/ kg was utilized as a standard drug in both experiments. Similarly, an antidepressant activity test was also performed using a forced swimming test and tail suspension test. Nortriptyline was used as a standard to assess antidepressant activity. Results: We found that MECR produced an insignificant dose-dependent effect against the locomotor activity of mice both in hole cross and open field tests. Besides, it was also noticed after analyzing forced swimming and tail suspension test that it has no significant antidepressant activity.  Conclusion: Taken together, our study suggests that MECR does not possess notable sedative‑hypnotic and antidepressant or neurobehavioral properties.
• Chandratre, R & Chandarana, Shubham & Mengi, S. (2011). The lipid-lowering activity of alcoholic extract of Cyperus rotundus. IJRPC. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over 50 % of CHD is developed due to excess blood cholesterol levels. There is a closer association between CHD and hyperlipidemia 1. Hyperlipidaemia is a term used to describe elevated plasma levels of lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol) and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol are highly correlated with the prevalence of coronary heart disease while a high plasma HDL cholesterol concentration is a powerful protective factor against coronary heart disease. The allopathic drugs available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia are fibrate derivatives, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, bile acid binding agents, and nicotinic acid but they show side effects like kidney and liver impairment, gallstone formation, rhabdomyolysis (destruction of skeletal muscles) and gastrointestinal disturbances. India has got a rich flora of herbs due to its unique climatic and geographical conditions. The Indian system of medicine has been regarded as a rich mine of ethnopharmacological knowledge. One such plant is called Cyperus rotundus Family: Cyperaceae. It is mentioned in Charaka Samhita has been claimed to be effective in medoroga (lipid disorder). The Cyperus rotundus is also known as musta or nagarmotha. The rhizomes of plants have been reported to possess various medicinal properties like anthelmintic, antipyretic, antidepressant, anti-rheumatic, anti-spasmodic, and anti-fungal. Since there is no report on the hypolipidemic activity of the drug, it was decided to screen for hypolipidemic activity. In the present study, the effect of the alcoholic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome on the serum lipid profile of hyperlipidaemic rats of the Wistar strain was done. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding them on a high-fat diet. The extract was also screened for its mode of action.
• Nagulendran, Kr & Ramalingam, Mahesh & Vava Mohideen, Hazeena. (2007). Preventive role of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes extracts on age-associated changes in glucose and lipids. Pharmacologyonline. 2. Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been used traditionally as a home remedy for various ailments. In the present study, the preventive role of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRRE) was investigated on age-associated changes in glucose and lipids in young and aged rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strains were divided into four groups: Group I – control young rats; Group II – young rats treated with CRRE (500 mg/ kg body weight) orally for 30 days; Group III – aged control rats and Group IV – aged rats treated with CRRE (500 mg/ kg body weight) orally for 30 days. Age-associated increase in serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol was observed in aged rats when compared to young rats. Administration of CRRE to aged rats prevented the age-associated changes in glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol level was found to be increased significantly in both young and aged rats after treatment with CRRE. These findings demonstrated that CRRE normalized the age-associated altered levels of glucose and improved lipid profile status in aged rats thereby decreasing the risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases associated with advancing age.
• Khalid, Karzan & Shnawa, Bushra & Abdullah, Shorish. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Extracts and Phytochemical Screening. Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering. 3. 10. 23918/ eajse. v3i2p82. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of C. rotundus rhizomes and tuber together, leaves, and oil against several bacteria and three species of fungi. The plant was collected from Degala, Erbil, Kurdistan, and Iraq. The anti-microbial activity of Crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts was examined by inoculating bacteria and fungi on media containing plant extract, and agar well diffusion method. The study revealed the effect of the plant by evaluating microbial growth and inhibition zone measurement. Aqueous extract of leaves could suppress the growth of E. coli, and both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of rhizome-tuber figured out antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, positively. Moreover, all selected bacteria and fungi were susceptible to ethanolic extract of the rhizome-tuber, with different inhibition zones. Cyperus oil had no potential inhibitory effect against bacteria and fungi, excluding C. albicans. By performing phytochemical screening for rhizome-tuber extracts eleven secondary metabolites were detected.
• Puratchikody, Ayarivan & Albert, Jaswanth. (2001). Antibacterial activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 63. 326- 327. Extracts of Cyperus rotundus Linn were investigated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2065), Bacillus Subtilis (NCIM 2063), Pseudomonas aeruginosna (NCIM 2036), and Proteus vulgaris (NCIM 2027) at 50 μg/ disc using disc diffusion method. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed significant broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Our findings confirm the traditional therapeutic claims for this herb that it is useful against bacterial infection.
• Sharma, Sk & Singh, Ajay. (2011). Antimicrobial investigations on rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus Linn. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 3. 427- 431. Cyperus rotundus Linn. rhizomes extracts were evaluated against six important pathogenic microbes viz. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The powdered rhizome extracts were successively extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water using the Soxhlet apparatus. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed by both agars well diffusion and serial dilution methods. The ethanolic extract was found to exhibit the highest activity against tested bacteria. However, all extracts were ineffective against fungal strains. The inhibitory effect is very similar and comparable with that of standard drugs.
• Masfria, & Permata, Yade. (2018). Total Phenolic Content and Antibacterial Activity of Nut Grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) Extract. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 1. 28- 36. 10. 32734/ idjpcr. v1i1. 202. The objectives of this research were to study the macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemicals characterization of raw materials, total polyphenol content, and the antibacterial activity of nut grass extracts (Cyperus rotundus L.) against Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The macroscopic and microscopic characterization of raw materials was done with the determination of the water contents, the water-soluble contents, the ethanol-soluble contents, total ash, and acid-soluble ash. The extract was prepared by percolation using n-hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate as solvents. Phytochemical screening was done on the raw materials as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts. Total phenol contents were tested with the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent method. The antibacterial activity test was done by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones using the diffusion agar method. The results showed that raw material retrieved 7.33 % water content, 21.85 % water soluble contents, 7.9 % ethanol soluble contents, 1.53 % total ash, and 0.67  % total insoluble-acid ash. The phytochemical study showed that the nut grass contains various secondary metabolites including flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, and steroid/triterpenoids. The total polyphenol contents of ethanol extracts were expressed as catechin equivalents 1.1616 mg/ g extract. All of the nut grass extracts showed antibacterial activity. Ethyl acetate extract of nut grass indicated the highest antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The ethanol extract was only effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Bacteria, Cyperus Rotundus L Extracts, Phenolic.
• Kabbashi, Ahmed & Eldeen, Seif & Mohammed, A & Almagboul, Asha & Ahmed, Ibrahim. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and Cytotoxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Cyperus rotundus L. Am. J. Pharma. Phaceut. Sc. 2. 1- 13. The purpose of the paper was to investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus L (whole plant). The ethanol extract of C. rotundus was tested against four standard bacteria i.e.: two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two standard fungi species i.e. Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using the agar plate diffusion method. The cytotoxicity was tested against the Vero cell line using 3- (4, 5- dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The ethanol extract of C.rotundus (whole plant) exhibited inhibitory effects against most of the tested organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 19 to 31 mm in length. The largest inhibition zone in the case of bacteria was obtained for the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus (31 mm) and B. subtilis (30 mm) while in the case of fungi highest inhibition was observed against C. albicans (26 mm). MTT assay verified the safety of the examined extract. In conclusion: This study conducted for C. rotundus (whole plant) proved to have potent activities against antibacterial as well as antifungal activity in vitro.
• Mannarreddy, Prabu & Denis, Maghil & Munireddy, Durgadevi & Ranjani, Pandurangan & Kalaichelvan, Puthupalayam & Thangavelu, & Kaviyarasan, Venkatesan & Devi, Durga. (2017). Cytotoxic effect of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract on human cancer cell lines. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 95. 10. 1016/ j. biopha. 2017. 09. 051. The wild weed Cyperus rotundus is commonly used as traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Sequential extraction of C. rotundus rhizome with solvents of different polarity namely hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were prepared, and the free radical scavenging activity was determined by 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Based on high antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of C. rotundus rhizome (MRCr) was further investigated for its cytotoxic effect on different human cancer cell lines-breast (MCF- 7), cervical (HeLa), liver (Hep G2), prostate (PC-  3), colorectal (HT- 29) and normal cell line (MCF- 12A) by 3- (4, 5- Dimethylthiazol-2- yl)- 2, 5- Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay evaluated as 50 % inhibition of growth (IC50). Apoptosis cells were analyzed by flow cytometry staining with annexin V- Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate (AF) and propidium iodide (PI). The cellular and nuclear changes were examined under light and fluorescent microscope using 4′, 6′ diamino- 2- phenylindole (DAPI) stain, dual stains of AF/ PI and acridine orange/ ethidium bromide (AO/ EB). The cytotoxic effects on the tested cancer cell lines ranged from 4.52± 0.57 to 9.85± 0.68 μgml (-1). The migration assay showed the inhibitory effect with MRCr. The MRCr showed significant anticancer activity against all the tested cancer cell lines and also protected the non-cancer cells. The anticancer activity suggests further elucidation for the formulation of natural pharmaceutical products in the treatment of cancer.
• Alqaesi, Sulaiman & Latef, Safaa & Al-Shammari, Ahmed. (2019). The cytotoxic activity of local Cyperus rotundus phenolic extract on human breast cancer cell lines. 12. 21 – 30. Background: Cyperus rotundus L. is a herbal plant used worldwide to treat different diseases in traditional medicine, including malignancy. Methods: Purified phenolic compounds of C. rotundus rhizomes had been extracted, and GC-MS analysis of phenolic extract was performed and conducted according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The cytotoxic activity of C. rotundus phenolic extract was investigated on various cell lines of human breast cancer (MCF-7, AMJ13, CAL-51) and normal cell line HBL-100 using MTT assay to evaluate IC50. Acridine orange-propidium iodide (AO-PI) stains have been used to investigate the apoptosis effects. Results: Results of GC-MS analysis revealed that the extraction of C. rotundus rhizomes contained six phenolic compounds. C. rotundus phenolic extract displayed a significant cytotoxic efficacy against cancer cells MCF-7, CAL-51, and AMJ-13 with (IC50) of (135.3± 2.887, 218.6± 6.009, and 148.4± 4.619) μg /ml, respectively, but it has a negligible effect on HBL-100 at these concentrations with IC50 of 329.6± 5.196 μg/ml. Conclusion: The presence of anticancer activity in Cyperus rotundus phenolic extract suggested further research in screening these phytochemicals and investigating their cytotoxic activity against various types of cancer cell lines.
• Ramachandran, Kavitha & Sushma, A & Mary, L & Belciya, Maria. (2021). Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of tuber extracts of Cyperus rotundus L. 6. 460- 465. The plant selected for the present investigation was Cyperus rotundus L. The extraction of C. rotundus tubers was made through a sequential extraction method using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water. The extracts were tested for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols, and terpenoids. Alkaloids, phenols, Tannins, and terpenoids were present in all four extracts of tuber, but the flavonoids were available with petroleum ether alone. Steroids showed their presence only with the water extract. Saponins are found in all the extracts except aqueous tuber extract. While glycosides were identified in the petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts. UV- VIS and FTIR spectra of petroleum ether extract confirmed the presence of many phytochemical compounds. The petroleum ether extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and the spectrum showed the presence of more than 50 compounds. Antioxidant activity was estimated in terms of the free radical scavenging ability of these extracts by DPPH. While the ethanolic extracts of tubers show significant activity and petroleum ether extract showed moderate activity.
• Simorangkir, Delisma & Masfria, Masfria & Harahap, Urip & Satria, Denny. (2019). Activity Anticancer n-hexane Fraction of Cyperus Rotundus l. Rhizome to Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Line. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 7. 3904-3906. 10.3889/oamjms.2019.530. BACKGROUND: Cancer is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Indonesia. Failures that often occur in the treatment of cancer primarily through chemotherapy, and synthetic drugs that have side effects include anemia, alopecia, cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic due to low anti-cancer selectivity and unclear carcinogenesis process. Cyperus rotundus L. rhizome is one of the medicinal plants that has potential enough to be developed as an anticancer agent. AIM: The aim of this study was to anticancer activity n-hexane fraction Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes to breast cancer MCF-7 cell line in vitro.METHODS: Cyperus rotundas L. rhizomes powder was extracted from ethanol by percolation and then fractionated with n-hexane. Phytochemical screening was then carried out. The cytotoxic activity of the n-hexane fraction was determined by observing this extract on MCF-7 cells using the (3- (4, 5- dimethylimidazole- 2- il) -2, 5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT). Selectivity index (IS) of normal cells (Vero cells). Cell cycle and apoptosis induction were analyzed by flow cytometry.RESULTS: The result showed that the fraction n-hexane Cyperus rotundas L. rhizome has anticancer activity against breast cancer MCF- 7 cells with the accumulation cell cycle in the G0- G1 phase and through induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: The n-hexane fraction Cyperus rotundus L. rhizome has potent anticancer activity.
• Agustini, Sulistyo & Widjajanto, Edi & Rifai, Muhaimin & Haryana, Sofia & Nurdiana, & Lyrawati, Diana & Sukorini, Usi & Lestari, Noviana. (2023). The anti-leukemic activity of Cyperus rotundus L. on human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research. 11. 191- 197. 10. 56499/ jppres22. 1502_ 11. 1. 191. Context: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of acute leukemia. Currently, many people use medicinal herbs for the treatment of cancers. Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in conventional medicine due to its role as an anti-cancer. Aims: To evaluate the effect of Cyperus rotundus tuber (CRT) ethanolic extract on cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptotic of HL-60 cells. Methods: HL-60 cells line as a model for AML was cultured under the influence of CRT extract concentrations (35.4, 354, and 3540 µg/ mL) for 48 h. Furthermore, the cell was subjected to carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester staining for proliferation, using a CD117 marker for differentiation. Annexin V-FITC and PI for cell cycle and apoptosis. The effect of this herb was studied by flow cytometry. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA (p≤ 0.05) and the Tukey test using SPSS version 16 for Windows. Results: The results showed that the CRT inhibited proliferation activity, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Conclusions: The data clearly showed the potential anti-cancer activity of CRT on HL-60 cells and suggested that it could help develop promising therapeutic agents for AML treatments.
• Kamala, Arunagiri & Middha, SushilKumar & Gopinath, Chitra & Sindhura, HS & Karigar, Chandrakant. (2018). In vitro Antioxidant Potentials of Cyperus rotundus L. Rhizome Extracts and Their Phytochemical Analysis. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 14. 261. 10. 4103/ pm. pm_ 228_ 17. Background Cyperus rotundus L. (family Cyperaceae), native to India, is a multivalent medicinal plant widely used in conventional medicine. The research reports on bioactive components from C. rotundus L. are scanty. Objective: The objective of the study was to optimize the best solvent system and bioprospect the possible phytochemicals in C. rotundus L. rhizome (CRR). Materials and Methods: The phytochemicals were extracted from the rhizomes of C. rotundus L. by successive Soxhlet technique with solvents of increasing polarity. The resultant extracts were analyzed for their total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC), in vitro antioxidant potential, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The 70 % acetone extract of CRR was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for probable phytochemicals.  Results and Discussion: The TPC, TFC, and TPAC estimates ranged from 0.036 ±  0.002 to 118.924 ± 5.946 μg/ mg extract, 7.196 ± 0.359 to 200.654 ± 10.032 μg/ mg extract, and 13.115 ± 0.656 to 45.901 ± 2.295 μg/ mg extract, respectively. The quantities of TPC, TFC, and TPAC were found to be the highest in 70% acetone extract. The 70% acetone and 70% methanol extracts revealed the best radical scavenging effect. GC-MS analysis of CRR extract revealed the presence of a novel compound 1 (2)- acetyl- 3 (5)- styryl- 5 (3)- methylthiopyrazole. Conclusion: The study indicated that 70% acetone and 70% methanol extracts of CRRs can be a potential source of antioxidants.
• Ibrahim, Sabrin & A. Mohamed, Gamal & Khayat, Maan & Zayed, Mohamed & El- Kholy, Amal. (2018). Anti-inflammatory terpenoids from Cyperus rotundus rhizomes. Pakistan Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 31. 1449- 1456. Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) rhizomes afforded a new nor terpenoid with an unprecedented carbon skeleton, namely cyperalin A (1) and sugetriol triacetate (2). Their structures were identified by using advanced spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, 1D (1H and 13C), 2D (1H- 1HCOSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR, and HRESIMS as well as comparison with literature data. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 displayed the highest inhibitory activity of PGE2, COX-2, and LOX-5 with IC50s 0.22, 1.03, and 1.37 µM, respectively compared to indomethacin (IC50s 0.15, 0.69, and 0.81 μM, respectively). Moreover, 2 demonstrated significant activity with IC50s 0.57 (PGE2), 1.74 (COX-2), and 2.03 (LOX-5) μM.
• Khamees, Amjed & Abdulhussein, Ali & Sahib, Hayder & Fawzi, Hayder. (2018). Anti-angiogenic and Antioxidant Activity of Iraqi Cyperus rotundus Ethanol Extract. International Journal of Pharmacology. 14. 546- 552. 10. 3923/ ijp. 2018. 546. 552. Background and Objective: Cyperus rotundus (C. rotundus) has been used in medicine for years ago. The study aimed to investigate the possible anti-angiogenic and antioxidant activity and to find the different phytochemicals present in Cyperus rotundus ethanol extract that may have anti-angiogenic activity. Methodology: Qualitative analysis of various secondary metabolites by specific chemical tests was carried out on the ethanol extract. The ex vivo rat aorta ring assay was used to screen the extract for possible anti-angiogenic activity, this assay was also used to determine the dose-response effect of the active extract. Six concentrations of crude extract were tested (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 3.125 µg mL-¹) on rat aortic rings to determine the dose-response curve. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined by 1, 1- Diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: Cyperus rotundus ethanol extract showed significant dose-dependent blood vessel inhibition in comparison to the negative control (p< 0.05). Ethanol extract showed significant free radical scavenging activity. Phytochemical investigation of alcoholic extract indicated the presence of various chemical constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, and flavonoids. Conclusion: The anti-angiogenic activity shown by the ethanol extract may be due to the presence of antioxidant compounds.

Recent Research on Cyperus scariosus

• Alam, Md. Asraful & Jahan, Rownak & Rahman, Shiblur & Das, Asish & Rahmatullah, Mohammed. (2011). The antinociceptive and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol leaf extract of Cyperus scariosus. Pakistan Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 24. 53- 6. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cyperus scariosus. Antinociceptive activity was determined using a model of acetic acid-induced gastric pain in mice and anti-hyperglycemic activity through a glucose tolerance test using glucose-loaded mice. In writhing assays induced by acetic acid, the methanolic leaf extract showed dose-dependent significant pain inhibition compared to the control. The maximum writhing inhibition (46.62 %) was found at a dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight which was less than that of the positive control, aspirin (56.74%) when used at the same dose. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extract was also found to be significant in mice loaded with glucose at doses of 200 and 400 mg/ kg body weight. Maximum tolerance (42.86 %) was shown at 400 mg extract/ kg body weight, which compared favorably with that of glibenclamide at 10 mg/kg body weight (57.62 %). In summary, the methanol extract of C. scariosus leaves has had beneficial effects as a pain reliever and also in reducing the elevated blood glucose level of hyperglycemic mice.
• Kakarla, Lavanya & Katragadda, SureshBabu & Tiwari, AshokK & Kotamraju, KSrigiridhar & Madhusudana, K & Kumar, DAnand & Botlagunta, Mahendran. (2016). Free radical scavenging, α- glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory constituents from Indian sedges, Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 12. 488. 10. 4103/ 0973- 1296. 191467. Background:  Cyperus scariosus R. Br and Cyperus rotundus L are widely used in ayurvedic preparation for the treatment of diabetes and other diseases. The early literature, so far, does not indicate the presence of any bioactive principle isolated from these plants. Objective:  To identify free radical scavenging, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory principles from these two species.Materials and methods:  The bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation of active constituents were done by chromatographic techniques. They also evaluated their antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS. The anti-diabetic activity was screened by α- glucosidase and α- amylase assays. Also, the further evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity using THP- 1 monocytic cell and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, was confirmed by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as a model. Results: The activity-guided isolation led to the isolation of twelve compounds Which are: Stigmasterol ([1]), β- sitosterol ([2]), Lupeol ([3]), Gallic acid ([4]), Quercetin ([5]), β- amyrin ([6]), Oleanolic acid  ([7]), β- amyrin acetate ([8]), 4- hydroxyl butyl cinnamate ([9]), 4- hydroxyl cinnamic acid ([10]), Caffeic acid, ([11]) and Kaempferol ([12]) respectively. Among the isolates, compounds 4 and 5 displayed potent radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 0.43 and 0.067 g/ ml. Compounds 4, 5, and 10 showed significant anti-diabetic activities. while lupeol  ([3]) showed potent IL- 1 β activity inhibition in THP- 1 monocytic cell and also displayed significant (p< 0.0025) in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion:  In brief, we isolated twelve compounds from both species. Collectively, our results suggested that aromatic compounds showed good anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activities. Summary:  The study investigates the free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory effects of constituents isolated from Indian sedges viz. C. scariosus and C. rotundus. The results indicated that phenolic compounds displayed potent free radical scavenging activity and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity. While terpene constituent, Lupeol [3] showed good IL-1(β) activity inhibition in THP-1 monocytic cells and also displayed significant (p< 0.0025) in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. However, further studies are required to know the exact molecular mechanism. Abbreviations used: DPPH: 2, 2- Diphenyl- 1- 1- picryl hydroxyl, ABTS:  2, 2- Azinobis- 3- ethyl benzo thiazoline- 6- sulfonic acid, THP- 1: Human leukemia monocytic cell line, IL-1β: Interleukin-1β, IC50- Inhibitory concentration 50%.
• Gilani, Anwar-ul & Janbaz, Khalid & Zaman, M. & Lateef, A. & Tariq, S. & Ahmad, H. R. (1994). Hypotensive and spasmolytic activities of crude extract of Cyperus scariosus. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 17. 145- 149. 10. 1007/ BF02974249. Intravenous administration of hydro-methanolic extract of Cyperus scarious (3– 10 mg/ kg) produced hypotensive and bradycardiac effects. These effects remained unaltered in atropine animals indicating that the cardiovascular effects of the plant extract are not mediated through the activation of muscarinic receptors. In the in vitro studies, it suppressed the spontaneous contractions of guinea-pig paired atria, rat uterus, and rabbit jejunum in a concentration-dependent (0.1–1 mg/ ml) manner. It also inhibited histamine or acetylcholine-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum indicating non-specific spasmolytic action. In rabbit aorta, it inhibited norepinephrine (10 μM) as well as K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions at similar concentrations (0.1–1mg/ml). These data indicate that Cyperus scariosus contains Ca2+ channel blocker-like constituent(s) which may explain the hypotensive effect observed in vivo and the general spasmolytic activity of the plant may explain its folkloric use in diarrhea.
• Rocha, Fernanda & Brandenburg, Margareth & Pawloski, Priscila & Soley, Bruna & Costa, Simone & Meinerz, Cristiane & Baretta, Irineia & Otuki, Michel & Cabrini, Daniela. (2020). Preclinical study of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of Cyperus rotundus L. extract (Cyperaceae) in models of skin inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 254. 112709. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2020. 112709. Ethnopharmacological relevance: 
• Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is considered one of the most widely distributed plant species in the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. In addition, it is commonly used in India, China, and Japan in traditional medicine to treat different diseases, including dermatitis and other skin disorders. Aim of the study:  To investigate the topical anti-inflammatory activity of C. rotundus rhizome ethanolic extract in models of acute and chronic dermatitis. Materials and methods:  Phytochemical analysis was carried out using High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC/ UV) to determine the presence of quercetin and chlorogenic acid in C. rotundus extract. Topical anti-inflammatory effects of C. rotundus extract were evaluated on arachidonic acid (AA) and 12- O- tetra- decanoylphorbol- 13- acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mice. Skin biopsies were collected and submitted to histological and enzymatic analysis to evaluate the C. rotundus effect in leukocyte migration into inflamed tissue. The antiproliferative activity of C. rotundus was confirmed by PCNA immunostained cell analysis. Systemic and possible adverse effects of topical treatment with C. rotundus were evaluated by the skin atrophy and same organ weights. In addition, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone was used to investigate possible GR-mediated mechanisms of action. Results:  The phytochemical analysis shows that C. rotundus ethanol extract contains 45 μg/ g of chlorogenic acid. Topical treatment with C. rotundus extracts reduced ear edema and cellular infiltrate in acute and chronic skin inflammation models. Moreover, mice topically treated with C. rotundus exhibited a decrease in TPA-induced keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Relevantly, topical treatment with C. rotundus did not cause skin atrophy or changes in lymphoid organ weight. The anti-inflammatory effect of C. rotundus was not influenced by the GR antagonist. Conclusion:  The results here demonstrate for the first time the topical anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative efficacy of C. rotundus extract, suggesting that the extract could be a potential new therapeutic tool for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
• Farrag, Abdel Razik & Abdallah, Heba & Khattab, Amira & Elshamy, Abdelsamed & El Gendy, Abd El Nasser & Mohamed, Tarik & Farag, Mohamed & Efferth, Thomas & Hegazy, Mohamed Elamir. (2019). Antiulcer activity of Cyperus alternifolius about its UPLC- MS metabolite fingerprint: A mechanistic study. Phytomedicine. 62. 10. 1016/ j. phy- med. 2019. 152970. Background: Gastric ulcer is one of the main prevalent gastrointestinal multi-etiological disorders with many associated complications and adverse effects. We aimed to develop safer antiulcer therapies based on methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of tubers and aerial parts from Cyperus alternifolius. Methods: Gastric ulceration was experimentally generated by the administration of single oral doses of indomethacin (30 mg/kg) to fasted rats. The animals received methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of C. alternifolius tuber and methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of aerial parts at two dose levels (50 or 100 mg/ kg). Ranitidine (50 mg/kg) was used as a standard anti-ulcer drug. After 4 h, the ulcer number and the total ulcer score were determined and TNF-α was assessed. Also, pathological and histochemical examinations for gastric mucosa were performed. The metabolome heterogeneity of the different extracts was explored using (UPLC- MS) aided by supervised pattern recognition, i.e. orthogonal partial least squares discriminate analysis (OPLS- DA). A second OPLS-DA model was employed to link the UPLC- MS derived metabolome of the different extracts to their antiulcer activity to identify activity-mediating metabolites. Results- The extracts significantly reduced ulcer number, total ulcer score, and TNF-α content in the stomach. Methanol or ethyl acetate extracts of tubers were most effective even more than ranitidine. In parallel, the histopathological examination showed an improvement in damaged mucosa. A high PAS reaction was observed in the treated groups indicating relief of the mucosal layer. A mechanistic clue of the C. alternifolius antiulcer potential was provided by the identification of its bioactive compounds using OPLS-DA. Both methanol extracts of tubers and aerial parts were enriched in phenolic acids. The ethyl acetate extract of the aerial part was more abundant in two aldehydes. A mechanism of action was postulated based on their reported actions viz. α-carbonic anhydrase inhibition, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity by its antioxidant activity, and downregulation of several inflammatory mediators. Conclusion This is the first study to report on the antiulcer activity of C. alternifolius tubers with the identification of the key bioactive compounds and the mode of action. Future phytochemical and biological evaluations of the identified bioactive compounds are needed to confirm the plant tubers as a safer alternative or adjunct therapy compared to conventional antiulcer drugs.

Recent Research on Cyperus esculentus

• Prakash, N & Ragavan, B. (2009). Phytochemical observation and antibacterial activity of Cyperus esculentus L. Ancient science of life. 28. 16-20. In the present study, various extracts of Cyperus esculentus L. such as acetone, 50% ethanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against several human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii, by using disc diffusion method. The activity of the samples was compared with that of standard antibiotics. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was also carried out with all the extracts of the sample. Of all the extracts 50 % ethanol and acetone extract were found to be rich in phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Acetone extract showed the highest inhibitory activity against S. aureus,pneumoniae, and P.vulgaris. 50 % ethanolic extract showed maximum activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella sp. Chloroform extract maximally inhibited the growth of S.aureus whereas petroleum ether extract showed positive results against Salmonella sp. respectively. All extracts were sensitive to C. freundii.
• Saeed, Marwa & Fernández Ochoa, Álvaro & Saber, Fatema & Sayed, Rabab & Cádiz-Gurrea, María & Elmotayam, Amira & Leyva-Jiménez, Francisco & Segura Carretero, Antonio & Nadeem, Rania. (2022). The Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Cyperus esculentus L. Extract in Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats: Extensive Biological and Metabolomics Approaches. Molecules. 27. 7118. 10. 3390/ molecules. 27207118. The present study aims to investigate the phytochemical composition of tiger nut (TN) (Cyperus esculentus L.) and its neuroprotective potential in scopolamine (Scop)-induced cognitive impairment in rats. The UHPLC- ESI- QTOF-  MS analysis enabled the putative annotation of 88 metabolites, such as saccharides, amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Treatment with TN extract restored Scop-induced learning and memory impairments. In parallel, TN extract succeeded in lowering amyloid beta, β-secretase protein expression, and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampus of rats. TN extract decreased malondialdehyde levels, restored antioxidant levels, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines as well as the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Histopathological analysis demonstrated marked neuroprotection in TN-treated groups. In conclusion, the present study reveals that TN extract attenuates Scop-induced memory impairments by diminishing amyloid beta aggregates, as well as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-AChE activities.
• Jing, Siqun & Ouyang, Weiqi & Ren, Zhiyan & Xiang, Hengxu & Ma, Zexin. (2013). The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of Cyperus esculentus oil from Xinjiang, China. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 93. 10. 1002/js. 5927. Cyperus esculentus oil is also known as the new healthcare oil. This study aimed to analyze the fatty acid profile and content of C. esculentus oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and to assess the antioxidant activity of C. esculentus oil. These properties were evaluated based on the reducing power, hydroxyl radical and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging, and a combination of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant experiments.
• Composition analyses showed that C. esculentus oil contained more than 800 g kg−1 unsaturated fatty acid, of which oleic acid accounted for 691.4 g kg−1, linoleic acid accounted for 107.0 g kg−1 and palmitic acid accounted for 158.0 g kg−1. In vitro, results showed that the total antioxidant activity and the scavenging capacity of hydroxyl radicals and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radicals increased with increasing concentration. The in vitro antioxidant ability increased as the concentration of C. esculentus oil, with 15 mL kg−1 BW Day−1 being established as the optimal dose. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that C. esculentus oil has good antioxidant properties.
• Adewuyi, Adewale & Otuechere, Chiagoziem & Oteglolade, Zaynab & Bankole, Oluwabukola & Unuabonah, Emmanuel. (2015). Evaluation of the safety profile and antioxidant activity of fatty hydroxamic acid from the underutilized seed oil of Cyperus esculentus. Journal of Acute Disease. 4. 10. 1016/ j. joad. 2015. 04. 010. Objective: To evaluate the safety profile and antioxidant activity of fatty hydroxamic acid (FHA) from the seed oil of Cyperus esculentus (C. esculentus). Methods: FHA was synthesized from the seed oil of C. esculentus via a two-step reaction system. The FHA was later subjected to an antioxidant activity test using 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picyrl hydrazyl assay. Additionally, adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of five rats each and were orally administered with FHA at 0, 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg for seven days. Clinical observations and serum biochemical parameters were assessed to monitor treatment–related adverse effects in the rats. Results: Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that FHA was synthesized from the seed oil of C. esculentus. The antioxidant property of FHA increased as the concentration reduced below 0.05 μg/ mL. The result of oral administration of FHA revealed no adverse effect levels at the dose of 5 mg/ kg/ day. However, the adverse effects seen in rats receiving 15 mg/kg/day (the least observed adverse effect level) were a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, triglycerides, and creatinine levels. Moderate hyperalbuminemia and hypoalbuminemia resulted in an increased albumin/globulin ratio. These effects might be the result of a physiological response to exposure to a very high level of FHA which is not part of the normal diet and are most likely not toxicologically relevant. Conclusions: C. esculentus has been presented as a potential source of feedstock for the synthesis of a relatively cheap and nontoxic FHA which has antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity.
• Odumosu, Patricia & Raymond, Dashe & Ali, Alice. (2019). TLC PROFILE AND EFFECTS OF TIGER NUT METHANOL EXTRACT ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. 8. 1268-1278. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 201910- 14886. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) also known as chufa sedge, nut grass, yellow nutsedge, edible galingale, water grass, or earth almond is an edible tuber belonging to the Family Cyperaceae. It can be consumed raw, roasted, dried, baked, or as tiger nut milk or oil. Tiger nuts are reported to be rich in nutrients, especially vitamin C, E, and many other phenolic compounds that are antioxidant in nature in addition to having several health benefits. Because of these, the methanol extract was profiled using thin layer chromatography (TLC) for in vitro antioxidant assay and investigations of behavioral studies and enzymatic studies involving catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and total thiol content in Drosophila.
• Biradar, Sandeep & Kangralkar, V.A. & Mandavkar, Y. & Thakur, Megha & Chougule, N. (2010). Antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant activity of cyperus essential oils. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2. 112- 115. The present study aimed to evaluate the Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant activity of Cyperus esculentus Linn. and Cyperus rotundus Linn. Essential oils. The oils were subjected to phytochemical tests and the flavonoids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins were found. In India, it has been popularly used for the treatment of wound healing, as an antimicrobial, antidote, antimutagenic, and antidiarrhoeal. In this study, we evaluate the effects of oils in anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced), antiarthritic (formaldehyde-induced), analgesic (formalin-induced writhing), and anticonvulsant (MES-produced convulsion). The results showed dose-dependent activity, indicated by the reduction in paw edema in anti inflammatory and antiarthritic activity, and a significant reduction (p< 0.01) in the MES-induced convulsion in comparison to the control. From the literature survey as well as the experimental performed, it can be said that essential oil possesses good Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant activities.
• Jing, Si-Qun & Wang, Sai-Sai & Zhong, Rui-Min & Zhang, Jun-Yan & Wu, Jin-Zi & Tu, Yi-Xian & Pu, Yan & Yan, Liang-Jun. (2020). Neuroprotection of Cyperus esculentus L. orientin against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury. Neural Regeneration Research. 15. 548. 10. 4103/ 1673- 5374. 266063. Orientin is a flavonoid monomer. In recent years, its importance as a source of pharmacologically active substance is growing rapidly due to its properties such as anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-apoptosis, anti-radiation, anti-tumor, and anti-aging. However, the neuroprotective effects of Orientin on stroke injury have not been comprehensively evaluated. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the neuroprotective capacity and the potential mechanisms of Cyperus esculentus L. orientin (CLO) from Cyperus esculentus L. leaves against ischemia/reperfusion (I/ R) injury using standard orientin as control. For in vitro studies, we treated HT22 cells with CoCl2 as an in vitro ischemic injury model. HT22 cells in the control group were treated with CoCl2. For in vivo studies, we used rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and animals that received sham surgery were used as controls. We found that CLO protected CoCl2-induced HT22 cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by lowering lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species formation as well as decreasing protein oxidation. However, CLO did not reduce the release of lactate dehydrogenase nor increase the activity of superoxide dismutase. Results showed that CLO could decrease neurological deficit score, attenuate brain water content, and reduce cerebral infarct volume, leading to neuroprotection during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our studies indicate that CLO flavonoids can be taken as a natural antioxidant and bacteriostatic substance in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The molecular mechanisms of CLO could be at least partially attributed to the antioxidant properties and subsequently inhibiting activation of casepase.
• Olukanni, Olumide & Abiola, Temitope & Olukanni, Adedayo & Ojo, Abosede. (2022). Chemical Composition, In Silico and In Vitro Antimutagenic Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus). Preventive Nutrition and Food Science. 27. 198- 211. 10. 3746/ pnf. 2022. 27. 2. 198. Tigernut, also known as Cyperus esculentus, is considered high in nutritional and medicinal value. The purpose of this study was to determine C. esculentus’s antimutagenic activity. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the nut were analyzed for chemical constituents, antioxidants, ultraviolet-visible, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using standard procedures. The extracts contained a total of 17 major compounds that were docked against human RecQ-like protein 5 (RECQL5) helicase protein. The antimutagenic property of the ethanolic extract in vitro was assessed using the Allium cepa chromosome assay. Onion bulbs were pre-treated with 200 mg/ kg of ethanolic extract of C. esculentus for 24 h and then grown in NaN3 (250 μg/ L) for 24 h; onion bulbs were also first exposed to NaN3 (250 μg/ L) for 24 h before treatment with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract respectively. Standard methods were used to determine the mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations. Results revealed that C. esculentus ethanolic extract contained flavonoids (22.47 mg/ g), tannins (0.08 mg/ g), alkaloids (19.71 mg/ g), glycosides, phenol, and tannin and showed high scavenging activity against 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyland H2O2. Docking with RECQL5 showed good binding energies (ΔG> −7) of five compounds in C. esculentus ethanolic extract. The A. cepa assay results revealed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in chromosomal aberrations and a higher mitotic index in groups treated with the C. esculentus ethanolic extract. The antimutagenic activity of C. esculentus ethanolic extract was attributed to its high levels of phytosterols and phenolic compounds.