Pashanbhed (Bergenia ligulata)

Pashanbhed is a highly regarded medicinal Ayurvedic herb but is a highly controversial drug. There has been widespread controversy with reference to the exact identity of this plant.

Pashanbhed – A Perennial Herb for Kidney and Urinary Tract Stones

Introduction

Pashanbhed is a highly regarded medicinal Ayurvedic herb but is a highly controversial drug. There has been widespread controversy with reference to the exact identity of this plant. Pashana Bheda of North, South, and East are different plants. It is also known as Pashana Bheda, Pashanabheda, etc. Here we throw some light on the controversy of Pashanabheda. Today the main source of Pashana Bheda is considered Bergenia ligulate which belongs to the Saxifragaceae family. Bergenia has mainly three varieties B. ligulata, B. ciliata, and B. stracheyi. Pashan Bheda is a well-known herb to dissolve kidney stones. Along with these various other benefits have been mentioned in Ayurvedic texts and recent research on the drug also proves the same. In the Ayurvedic text Pashana Bheda i.e. B. ligulata is cooling, bitter, and astringent in taste and removes problems of the urinary bladder. It breaks the hardened faces, removes vata and other dosas, cures hemorrhoids, intestinal growths, dysuria, urinary stones, and gastric/heart problems. It can also cure female genital diseases, urinary diseases, splenic diseases, spasms, and ulcers. A recent study revealed that B. ligulate has various active ingredients like C- glycoside called Bergenin, beta sitosterol, gallic acid, tannic acid, amoino acids, like iso- leucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, etc due to which it exhibits various pharmacological properties like anti- urolithic, hepato- protective, anti- viral, anti-pyretic, cardio-protective, anti-fungal, etc. Here in this article, we also throw light on other drugs and substitutes that are used as Pashana Bheda.

Basonym of Pashana Bheda

पाषाणम अश्मरी भिंतीति |

The plant Pashanbheda (Berginia ligulata) breaks the stone and sprouts. It is the best among drugs that are useful in Calculi (Ashmari).

Synonyms of Pashana Bheda

According to Morphology

अश्म भेदन – अश्मं प्रस्तारम भित्वा जायते इति | अश्मं अश्मरी भिंतीति |

Pashana Bheda breaks open the ground and sprouts.

Bhinnyojni

Regional Names of Pashana Bheda

Winter Begonia (English)
Pashanbheda, Silpharha (Hindi)
Gatikpa, Kandaro- dhokeru (Himachal)
Pashanbhedi, Panharh (Kannada)
Kallurvanchi (Malayalam)
Pashanbheda, Pakhanbhed (Marathi)
Pakhanbhe (Gujrati)

Botanical Name

Bergenia ligulata Wall. Engl.

The Bergenia word is taken from the name of German botanist, K. A. Von Bergen.

Ligulata means strap-like.

Family

Saxifragaceae (Pashanbheda Kula)

Ayurveda Reference for Pashanbhed (Bergenia ligulata Wall.)

Scientific Classification of Pashan Bheda

Kingdom	Plantae
Class	Dicotyledonae
Sub- Class	Polypetalous
Series	Calyciflorae
Order	Saxifragales
Family	Saxifragaceae
Genus	Bergenia
Species	ligulata

Classification of Pashana Bheda – As Per Charaka and Sushruta

Charaka: Mutra Virechaniya Mahakshaya

Sushruta: Virvartadi Gana.

Pashanbhed Description in Brihtrayi

It has been a drug of considerable controversy for a long time but now the Bergenia species is being widely accepted under this name. Many other diuretic plants such as Aerva lanata Juss., Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. and some others were usually recommended to be used in its place, but the habitat (growing among the rocks) and the clinical efficiency of Bergenia in dissolving the stones formed in the urinary tract fully justify the use of various names (aelgazetc.) attributed to it.

Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 4/ 35, C. S. Chi. 26/ 60

Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 42/ 18, S. S. Chi. 7/ 5

Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 11/ 18

Pashana Bheda’s Description in Brihtrayi as Ashma Bheda

Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 23/ 14, C. S. Chi. 26/ 45, 59, 63, 68, C. S. Chi. 29/ 72, C. S. Si. 3/ 63, C. S. Si. 8/ 12, C. S. Si. 9/ 13.

Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 38/ 9, S. S. Su. 39/ 6, S. S. Chi. 7/ 9, S. S. Chi. 38/ 64, S. S. U. 58/ 47, S. S. U. 59/ 17.

Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 15/ 24, A. H. Sa. 1/ 14, A. H. Chi. 8/ 146, A. H. Chi. 11/ 22, A. H. Chi. 14/ 19

Pashanbhed’s Description in Brihtrayi as Shilobheda

Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 4/ 49, C. S. S. 8/ 29, 89

Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. U. 39/ 169

Pashanbhed Description in Brihtrayi as Sailabheda

Sushruta Samhita: S. S. U. 10/ 4

Pashanbhed Description in Brihtrayi as Upal Bhedaka

Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 11/ 2

Pashanbhed Description in Brihtrayi as Pattura

This has been identified by Chakrapapi with Salinccha which is Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br. While, according to Dalhana it is the same as Sitivara or Kuranto of A. H. Pattura, according to Bopadeva, has no other synonym mentioned in A. H. It might be noted that there is a plant called Silavari belonging to the same family, Amaranthaceae and which has been identified with Aerva lanata Juss. This is being used as Pasanabhedo by the Vaidyas of the South. It may have a chance to be the Pattura of the texts. It has been reported to be anthelmintic and diuretic, the two essential properties of Pattura.

Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 27/ 97, C. S. Chi. 3/ 266, C. S. Chi. 26/ 45

Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 39/ 6, S. S. Su. 46/ 274, S. S. Chi. 7/ 10, S. S. Chi. 19/ 35, S. S. U. 9/ 19, S. S. U. 11/ 5, S. S. U. 54/ 26

Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 6/ 100, A. H. Chi. 1/ 139, A. H. Chi. 11/ 2, 23, A. H. Chi. 20/ 26

Controversy Regarding Pashana Bheda

Pashana Bheda is a highly controversial drug. There has been widespread controversy with reference to the exact identity of this plant. Pashana Bheda of North, South, and East are different plants. Here we throw some light on the controversy of Pashanabheda.

(DravyaGuna Vigyana, By P.V Sharma Vol- 5, Chaukambha Bharti Academy, reprit 2014)

पाषाण भेद काप्राचीन संहिता उक्त भेद

प्राचीन संहिताओं में, पाषाण भेद की रचनात्मक विशेषताओं का कोई उल्लेख नहीं है। यदि पाषाणभेद शब्द ही को आधार मानें तो उससे इतना ही संकेत मिलता है कि यह वनस्पति सम्भवतः पार्वत्य देशों में होती थी और पत्थरों को तोड़ कर बाहर निकलती थी अश्मभित, पर्वत भिद्‌ आदि पर्याय इसके द्योतक हैं | इसके गुण–कर्मों में इसका प्रभाव अश्मरी भेदन कहा गया है जिसके लिए ये द्रव्य प्रसिद्ध रहा है और अद्यावधि चिकित्सा–जगत्‌ में व्यवहत हो रहा है। आयुर्वेद में यदि औषधियों के गुण–कर्म के इतिहास को देखें तो पता चलता है कि अनेक औषधियों के गुणकर्मों एवं प्रयोगों का निरूपण आकृति– साधर्म्य के आधार पर हुआ है। रक्ताशोक का प्रदर में, मंजिष्ठा का रक्त– विकार में, मरोड़फली का प्रवाहिका एवं उदर शूल में प्रयोग इसके उदाहरण हैं| पाषण भीत के संबंध में भी ऐसा ही अनुमान होता है । प्राचीन महऋषियों ने उत्पत्ति काल में ही इसके पाषाणभेदन कर्म को देख कर शरीरस्थ विकारभूत पाषाण के लिए, इसका प्रयोग किया गया होगा । आकृति– साधर्म्य के अतिरिक्त द्रव्यों के लौकिक प्रयोग तथा कर्म के आघार पर शरीर के भीतर उसके प्रभाव का अनुमान किया जाता था । इस आधार पर इसका प्रयोग भी प्रचलित हो जाता था | उदाहरण के लिए, कुलत्थ का प्रयोग लोक में पत्थर तोड़ने के लिए किया जाता रहा है । सम्भवत: इसी आधार पर इसका प्रयोग शरीरस्थ अश्मरी के भेदन के लिए किया जाने लगा हो। वराहमिहिरकृत बृहत संहिता (६वीं शती ) में शिला भेदन के लिए कुलथ का प्रयोग मिलता है ।

इसके प्रयोज्य अंग का कोई निर्देश नहीं मिलता । पाषाणभेद के गुणकर्मों का जहाँ तक प्रश्न है, संहिताओं में इसके निम्नांकित तीन प्रमुख कम उपलब्ध होते हैं –

मूत्र विरेचनीय–चरक ने दश मूत्र विरचनीय द्रव्यों में इसका उल्लेख किया है। इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य परवर्त्ती निघण्टुओं में यह मूत्रल एवं बस्तिशोधन कहा गया है ।
वात संशमन– सुश्नुत ने वात संशमन गण में इसका उल्लेख किया है| इसके अतिरिक्त वीरतर्वादि गण में इसका उल्लेख हैं जो वात विकार नुत कहा गया है|
अश्मरी भेदन– चरक ने अश्मरी भेदन तथा अश्मरीपातन जो प्रयोग बतलाए हैं उनमें पाषाण भेद का प्रमुख स्थान है । सुश्नुत ने भी वीरतर्वादिगण को अश्मरी, शर्करा , मूत्रकृच्छ तथा मुत्राघात का नाशक बतलाया है |

पाषाण भेद का परवर्ती वांग्मय मेंस्वरूप

बाण भट्ट कृत कादम्बरी ( ७वीं शती ) में पाषाण खण्डों पर फले हुए मंजरी युक्त पाषाण भेद का उल्लेख है |
माधव–कृत पर्याय रत्नमाला में पाषाण भेद का अत्यंत संक्षित उल्लेख है । इसके पर्यायों में अश्मभेद, अश्मभितु, शिलाभेद, तथा पाषाण भेद पर्याय हैं जो पाषाण का भेदन करने का विशेष रूप से बोध कराते हैं। वटपत्री का भी पृथक वर्णन किया है जिसमें मल्लिकाख्या एक पर्याय है।
अमरकोष में पाषाणभेद का उल्लेख नहीं है | अभिधान चिन्तामणि में भी ऐसा ही है |
धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद, तिक्त, शीत, बस्ति शोधन, शूलहर तथा शर्करा (अश्मरी ) और शिश्न शूल (या अश्मरी शिश्न शूल) में उपयोगी कहा गया है ।
संहिताओं में मध्यकालीन प्रसिद्ध टीकाकार चक्रपाणी (११वीं शती ) और डल्हण (१२वीं शती ) ने भी पाषाणभेद के स्वरूप पर कोई प्रकाश नहीं, डाला ।
विशेषकर डल्हण ने जबकि अनेक औषध द्रव्यों के स्वरूप पर विस्तृत एवं महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रकाश डाला है उनके द्वारा पाषाणभेद के प्रति उदासीनता यह सूचित करती है कि या तो उस काल में इसका कोई विशेष महत्त्व चिकित्सा में न रहा हो या यह संदिग्धता की इस कोटि में पहुँच गया हो कि उसका निर्णय करना ही कठिन हो |
निषण्टुशेष जो हेमचन्द्र (१२वीं शती ) द्वारा रचित एक महत्त्वपूर्ण औषधि कोष है, में पाषाण भेद का जो वर्णन उपलब्ध होता है उसमें एक पर्याय चित्र पर्णक है| इस से ग्रन्थकार का अभिप्राय ऐसी वनस्पति से है जिसके पात्र चित्रित हों ।
सोढलनिघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वट पत्री का स्वतंत्र वर्णन उपलब्ध होता है । इससे भी स्पष्ट होता है कि वट पत्री का प्रयोग पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त स्वतंत्र रूप से चिकित्सा में होने लगा था |
मदन पाल निघण्टु ने भी ने भी पाषाणभेद भेद के अतिरिक्त वट पत्री का पृथक वर्णन किया है । पुरुषोत्तमदेवकृत त्रि काण्ड शेष (१४वीं शती ) जो अमरकोष का एक परिशिष्ट भाग है उसमें भी पाषाणभेद का उल्लेख नहीं है |कैयदेव निघण्टु (१५वीं शती) में पाषाणभेद को तिक्त– कषाय , शीत वीर्य
बस्तिशोधन, (अश्मरी ) भेदन तथा मूत्र कृच्छ , अश्मरी, व्रण आदि में उपयोगबताया है | वटपत्री का भी पृथक वर्णन किया है ।
भावप्रकाश ने पाषाणभेद का इसी प्रकार का वर्णन दिया किन्तु एक अतिरिक्त पर्याय भिनयोजनी दिया है जिससे इस का संधानिया कर्म सूचित होता है । वटपत्री का भी वर्णन पृथक किया है |
राज निघण्टु में सर्वप्रथम पाषाण भेद के प्रकारों में तीन अन्य वनस्पतियों का वर्णन हुआ है. । ये वनस्पतियां हैं–

वट पत्री
श्वेत शिला
चतुष्पत्री

वटपत्री के पर्यायों में ऐरावती, श्यामा इत्यादि दिए गए है | श्वेतशिला को शिला वल्का शिलजा आदि तथा चतुष्पत्री को क्षुद्र पाषाणभेद कहा गया है। वटपत्री तथा क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद को अश्मरी और मूत्रकृच्छ के अतिरिक्त व्रण में भी उपयोगी कहा गया है। पाषाणभेद् और श्वेत शिला में इन गुणों का उल्लेख नहीं है ।
आयुर्वेद विज्ञानम्‌ ( १९वीं शती ) में पाषाणभेद और वटपत्री का पृथक पृथक वर्णन किया है । पाषाणभेद के अन्तर्गत पर्ण यवानी का चित्र दिया है। इससे पता चलता है कि बंगाल में विशेष पर्ण यवानी का ही पाषाणभेद के रूप में प्रचलन था |
सिद्ध भेषज मणिमाला, जो श्रीकृष्णरामभट्ट द्वारा रचित ग्रन्थ है में भी व्रण में पासन भेद का प्रयोग किया गया है किन्तु आश्चर्य की बात है कि अश्मरी– चिकित्सा में पाषाणभेद का कोई योग नहीं दिया गया है। उसमें केवल एकही योग पाषाणभेद के लिए शरमूल का दिया हुआ है । पाषाणभेद का कोई प्रयोग नहीं है । इससे प्रतीत होता है कि संदिग्धता के कारण या अन्य किसी भी कारण से चिकित्सा में इसका प्रयोग कम होने लगा । अश्मरीभेदन कर्म के लिए लोक में कुलत्थ का विशेष व्यवहार देखने में आता है । वीरतर्वादि गण में वीरतरु भी धीरे शीरे संदिग्ध हो गया ।
वृन्द माधव की व्याख्या में श्रीकण्ठदत्त ने वीरतरु से शर का ग्रहण किया है |
भावमिश्र ने वीरतरु के अभाव में शर लेने का उल्लेख किया है । इन प्रतिनिधि द्रव्यों में भी पाषाणभेद का कोई उल्लेख नहीं है। इसके अतिरिक्त, माधव द्रव्य गुण तथा शिवकोष में भी पाषाणभेद अनुपस्थित है । आढमल्ल ने शारङ्गधर की टीका में पाषाणभेद: प्रतीतः वजेति लोके लिखा है ।

पाषाण भेदके नाम से ग्रद्दीत द्रव्य

पाषाण भेद के नाम से निम्नांकित द्रव्य देश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में प्रयुक्त हो रहे हैं –

Aerva lanata Juss.
Northosaerva brachiata Wight.
Ammania baccifera Linn.
Rotula aquatica Lour.
Bergenia ligulata Wall. Engle.
Coleus amboinicus Lour.
Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Kurz.
Iris sp.
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
Bridelia retusa Linn.
Homonia riparia Lour.
Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br.

विमर्श

प्राचीन संहिताओं में पाषाणभेद का कोई भेद नहीं कहा गया, इस से स्पष्ट है कि उस काल में असंदिग्ध रूप से एक द्रव्य लिया जाता था | पाषाण भेद शब्द का अर्थ पत्थर को विदीर्ण करने वाला है । यह वनस्पति के उद्भव का बोधक तथा कर्म का भी घोतक हो सकता है | सम्भवतः यह पत्थरों ( चट्टानों ) को फोड़ कर निकलने वाली वनस्पति हैं ( धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में नग भीद पर्याय आया है ) जो रूपसाधर्म्य के अनुसार अश्मरीरोग में प्रयुक्त होने लगी | निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वटपत्रा या वटपत्री का वर्णन भी किया गया।
पृथक किया गया है। पर्याय रत्न माला में वट पत्रा हैं जिसे मल्लिकाखय पर्याय दिया गया है । इससे यह मल्लिका (बेला ) की कोई जाति प्रतीत होती है | धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में भी यह मल्लिका का पर्याय है । वटपत्री सर्व प्रथम सोढलनिधण्टु में दृष्टि गत होती है । यह कषाय, शीत और स्तम्भन कही गई है तथा रक्तस्राव एवं अतिसार आदि में प्रयुक्त है । पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वटपत्री का पृथक वर्णन मदनपाल, कैयदेव तथा भावमिश्र ने भी किया है । मदन पाल ने इसे कषाय, उष्ण वीर्य तथा योनिरोगनाशक कहा है । कयदेव निघण्टु में इसी के अनुसार कषाय , उष्ण एवं योनि– रोग तथा मूत्र रोगों का नाशक कहा गया है। साथ ही पाषाणभेद के आमयिक प्रयोगों में भी योनिरोग, मूत्र रोग तथा व्रण का समावेश किया गया।
भावप्रकाश निघण्टु में इसी का अनुसरण किया गया है केवल पाषाण भेद में भिन्न योजिनी पर्याय विशिष्ट दिया हैं जिससे व्रण आदि में इसका विशेष प्रयोग सूचित होता है । राज निघण्टु ने वट पत्री को पाषाण भेद का ही एक भेद मान लिया है | इस प्रकार सोढल निघण्टु से राज निघण्टु तक के विकासक्रम को देखने से पता चलता है कि वट पत्री के कषाय, शीत, स्तम्भन आदि गुण कर्म क्रमशः पाषाणभेद में आरोपित होते चले गये और अंतत: यह वनस्पति पाषाणभेद के एक भेद के रूप में परिणित हो गई । का ध्यान देने की बात है कि प्राचीन ग्रंथों एवं पूर्व मध्यकाल तक के निघण्टुओं में पाषाणभेद के आमयिक प्रयोगों में व्रण का उल्लेख नहीं है | यह कयदेव निघण्टु से प्रारम्भ हुआ |
ब्रजख्मे हयातनेटम नामक वनस्पति कहीं– कहीं पथरचूर कही जाती है तथा वह विशेषतः रक्त स्त्राव, व्रण आदि में सन्धानीय के रूप में उपयोगी है जिस कारण वह जख्मे हयात कही जाती है | सोढल निघण्टु के वर्णन (कषाय, शीत, रक्त स्तम्भन) के अनुसार यह वट पत्री रूप में स्वीकृत हुई ओर आगे चल कर जब यह पाषाणभेद के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में व्यवहृत होने लगी तो वटपत्री के मौलिक गुणकर्म पाषाणभेद में आरोपित हो गये यद्यपि बटपत्री का अस्तित्व पृथक बना रहा जिसे राज निघण्टु ने स्पष्टतः एक प्रकार का पाषाणभेद मान लिया । वट पत्रा तथा वटपत्री के अतिरिक्त वटपत्र पर्याय कुठेरक या अर्जक भेद के लिए आता है। सम्भवतः वटपत्री से भ्र्म होने के कारण बर्बरी को भी कुछ लोग पाषाणभेद मानने लगे । राज निघण्टु कार पण्डित नरहरिं कश्मीर निवासी थे। उन्होंने पाषाण भेद को चट्टानों के भीतर से निकलते देखा था अतः शिल गर्भजा पर्याय दिया । अबविचारणीय है कि इस निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अन्तर्गत जिन चार वनस्पतियों (पाषाण भेद, वटपत्री, श्वेत शिला या शिलावल्का और चतुष्पत्री या क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद ) का वर्णन किया वे क्‍या हैं? उद्धवस्थान की दृष्टि से पर्यायों के आधार पर यह स्पष्ट है कि इनमें तीन ( पाषाणभेद, श्वेतशिला तथा चतुष्पत्री ) चट्टानों पर होने वाली वनस्पतियाँ हैं । वटपत्री में नगभित्तु या पाषाण भेद आदि विशेषण किसी ग्रन्थ में नहीं दिया गया है जिससे यह भी स्पष्ट होता है कि वटपत्री पाषाणभेद से भिन्न वनस्पति है । इसके गुणकर्म भी भिन्न बतलाये गये हैं । वटपत्री को कतिपय आचार्य पाषाणभेद की ही प्रजाति मानते, हैं जिसके पत्र बड़े, वटपत्रवततु होते हैं किन्तु पाषाणमिद आदि पर्याय न होने से इसकी सम्भावना अत्यल्प है । वटपत्री (पर्ण बीज ) है, जो पाषाणभेद से भिन्न होते हुए भी उसके प्रतिनिधि रूप में कई प्रदेशों में व्यवहत होता रहा फलतः कालान्तर में उसके गुणकर्म पाषाणभेद में आरोपित होते चले गये और स्वयं वट पत्री पाषाण भेद का एक भेद बन गयी |
राज निघण्टु में वर्णित अन्य तीन वनस्पतियों पर विचार करने से यह पता चलता है कि ये ऊंचाई पर पहाड़ों पर होनेवाली वनस्पत्तियाँ. हैं । पाषाण भेद Bergenia ligulata है। श्वेता या शिलावल्का Didymocarpus की प्रजाति Didymocarpus pedicellata जिसमें काण्ड शून्य प्राय होने के कारण यह चट्टानों पर वल्कलवत फैली रहती है। इसमें पत्तियाँ चार या छ: होती है | इसी की चार पत्ती वाली प्रजाति प्रतीत होती है जिसे क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद गया है |
चतुष्पत्री प्रजातियों में D. oblonga, D. aromatica, D. podocarpa, D. villosa प्रमुख है जो नेपाल तथा सिक्किम में ७–११००० फीट की ऊँचाइयों पर होती है |
जहाँ तक सम्प्रति पाषाणभेद से गृहीत द्रव्यों का प्रश्न है, गुणकर्मात्मक अनुसन्धान द्वारा गोरखगाँजा ( एवं लेनाटा ) में (अश्मरी भेदन) तथा बर्जीनिया लेगुलाटा में मूत्रल कर्म अधिक पाया गया है । किन्तु उपर्युक्त सभी तथ्यों पर समष्टि रूप से विचार करने पर बर्जीनिया लिगुलाटा के पक्ष में ही निर्णय जाता है।
भारत भौगोलिक दृष्टि से विविध जलवायु सम्पन्न एक विशाल देश है । अतः बर्जीनिया लिगुलाटा (Bergenia ligulata) को मूलतः पाषाणभेद स्वीकृत करना चाहिए एवं गोरक्ष गांजा (Aerva alanata) का प्रतिनिधि रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है | क्योंकि अश्मरीघन कर्म इसमें विशिष्ट पाया गया है और दक्षिण भारत में इसका प्रचार भी है। भारत सरकार द्वारों नियुक्त सन्दिग्ध द्रव्य निर्णय समिति ने भी इस आधार पर ऐसा ही निर्णय दिया है |

Historical Background of Pashana Bheda

It is a small perennial herb with a red-coloured flow. ers. It is found mainly in the Himalayan regions. Pashanabeda has been a drug of considerable controversy for a long time but now Bergenia ligulata is being widely accepted under this name. Other diuretic herbs such as Aerva lanata Juss., and Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb are also used under the same name. Some scholars recommended that the plant which grows by breaking through the rocks or growing among the rocks may be Pasanabheda.

The Following are the Possible Sources of Pashanbhed:

Aerva lanata Juss (AMARANTHACEAE) – Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.
Aerva javanica Juss (AMARANTHACEAE)- Gujarat
Ammania baccifera Lin (LYTHRACEAE)- Kerala
Rotula aquatica Lour (BORAGINACEAE)- Karnataka & kerala
Coleus aromaticus (LAMIACEAE)- West Bengal
Bryophyllum calicynum Salisb (CRASSULACEAE)- West Bengal
Ocimum basillicum (LAMIACEAE)- Gujarat
Homonoia riparia Lour (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Bergenia ligulata (SAXIFRAGACEAE)- A.F.I.
Bridelia montana (EUPHORBIACEAE)- Goa

Also Read:- Parnayavani (Plectranthus amboinicus – Coleus amboinicus) – Uses, Benefits and More

External Morphology of Tulsi Variety Barbari / Sweet Basil / Ocimum basillicum

Habit: Tulsi is an erect diffusely branched, glandular pubescent herb, up to 60 cm. tall.
Leaves: Leaves of Tulsi are elliptic- lanceolate, entire, or shallowly toothed.
Inflorescence: Racemes 10- 15 cm. long pedicels, 1- 2 cm. long. Calyx villous throughout accrescent. deflexed, 2-lipped, upper lip entirely larger, lower unequally 4-toothed, mucronate. Corolla white, 2- lipped. Other cells are confluent. Nutlets are ellipsoid, black mucilaginous when wetted. Plants occur in the paleo-tropics. It is frequently growing in gardens, lawns, agricultural fields, waste places, and on ridges.
Flowering and fruiting time of Barbari / Ocimum basilicum – Sometime in early summer or mid-summer or in late summer

Also Read:- Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) – Uses, Benefits and More

External Morphology of Jalabent / Kshudra Pashana Bheda / Homonoia riparia

Habit: H. riparia is willow-leaved water croton. It is a mangrove species that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. It is a stout branching shrub.
Leaves: Leaves of the H. riparia are obtuse, sessile, oblong- oblanceolate, alternate, 1-2 * 0.5 cm.
Inflorescence: Flowers of H. Riparia are mainly solitary but sometimes flowers may be cymes axillary. Corolla is pink in color campanulate, 5- lobed, and anthers are sagittate.
Fruit: Fruit is a drupe with 1- seeded pyrenees. The fruit is smooth and yellow.
Flowering and fruiting time of Kshudra Pashanabheda / Jalabent / H. Riparia: November to March

External Morphology of Phatarphod / Kaji / Kassi / Khaja / Bridelia retusa

Habit: B. retusa is a straight trunk, 4- 8 meter high, deciduous tree.
Bark: Bark of B. retusa is grey and smooth. It has cone-shaped thorns that are straight and hard.
Leaves: Dull to dark green. Leaves are tomentose in the lower surface, elliptic, elliptic- lanceolate, elliptic- oblong, and pubescent.
Inflorescence: Flowers are terminal spicate panicles, cream-white or pink in color. B. retusa has more male flowers than female flowers.
Fruit: Drupe, 2 seeded but sometimes maybe 4 seeded. Seeds are grayish green in color, wrinkled, and small.
Flowering and fruiting time of Pathar Phod / Kassi / Khaja / B. retusa: July to September

External Morphology of Dhaula Phindawri / Moduranga / Northosaerva brachiata

Habit: N. brachiata is many spreading branches, an annual herb.
Leaves: Leaves of the N. brachiata are entire, glabrous, thinly hairy, narrow to broadly elliptic, and obtuse to subacute at the tip. Leaves are abruptly narrowed to the petiole.
Inflorescence: Flowers of N. brachiata are clustered in the leaf axil of the stem. Stamens are longer than ovaries. Flowers are dense spikes.
Seeds: Seeds are chestnut brown, shining smooth, 0.4 mm.
Flowering and fruiting time of Dhaula Phindawri/ N. brachiata: July to September

External Morphology of Pathar Phori / Shilla Pushpa / Shant Pushpa Didymocarpus pedicellatus

Habit: It is a small herb with a root stem.
Leaves: Leaves are simple, ovate, have serrate margins, and unequal base. The lower surface is rough and whitish or the upper surface is glabrous and green.
Inflorescence: Flowers are pedicellate, short connate, funnel-shaped calyx. It has a purple corolla.
Root: Horizontal creeping rhizome, short. The upper surface of the rhizome has aerial stems and is encircled by a leaf scar.
Fruit: Filiform capsule with persistent calyx.
Flowering and fruiting time of Pathar Phori/ Shilla Pushpa/ D. pedicellatus: pedicellatus blooms during the peak rainy season.

External Morphology of Irsa / Iris ensata

Habit: It is a rhizomatous perennial plant that grows in expanding clumps.
Rhizomes: Rhizomes of I. ensata are stout, prostrate, and creeping.
Leaves: Leaves are tough with prominent midrib, apex acuminate, and the base is dark purple.
Inflorescence: Flowers are reddish purple. The perianth tube is very short or absent. anthers are purple in color with stamens 3.5 cm long.
Seeds: Seeds are flat, semi-orbicular, reddish brown in color.
Flowering and fruiting time of Irsa / I. ensata: May to July

Distribution of Bergenia ligulata

The plant occurs in temperate regions from Kashmir region to Bhutan; It is found in the Himalayas between the altitudes of 2,000 and 2,500 meters, commonly on the rocks in forests of hilly regions. Generally, it grows wild at 8,000- fields, also 10,000 ft. elevation in the Himalayan regions and is also found in the Khasi hills and other areas in North- East Himalaya at about 4000 feet altitude.

The Useful Part of Pashana Bheda

Roots (Mula)

Transversely cut pieces of dried rhizome will be up to 6 cm long and 1 to 2 cm in diameter. The external surface is reddish brown in color, wrinkled or irregularly shrivelled, bearing leaf scales in the upper part and root scars below. A transversely cut portion shows 2 to 3-mm thick bark, followed by a light-coloured cambium ring and a woody portion that surrounds a central pith. Breaking is difficult and breaking exposes a light brick red surface. Has a characteristic faint odour, and tastes bitter and astringent.

Substitute of Pashana Bheda

Aerva lanata Juss.
Northosaerva brachiata Wight.
Ammania baccifera Linn.
Rotula aquatica Lour.
Coleus amboinicus Lour.
Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam.
Iris sp. like Iris ensata
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
Bridelia retusa Spreng.
Homonoia riparia Lour.
Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br.

Important Phytoconstituent of Bergenia ligulata

Roots contain tannic acid (14.2 %), gallic acid, starch 19 %, mineral salt, metarvin, albumin, glucose, mucilaginous matter, wax, and aromatic substances. Ash 12.87 % which contains oxalates predominantly. Roots and Rhizomes also contain C- glycoside called Bergenin, beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, tannic acid, and amino acids, like iso-leucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine.

Recent Research on Different Sources of Pashana Bheda

Recent Research on Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engle.

Pasupula, Rajeshwari & Rajeswari, G. & Jabbirulla, S. & Vardhan, I. (2013). Evaluation of in vitro anti-urolithiasis activity of Convolvulus arvensis. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5. 599- 601. Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anti-urolithiasis activity of leaves and flower infusions of Convolvulus arvensis. Materials and methods: The inhibition of in-vitro calcium-oxalate crystal (a major component of most urinary stones) formation by various extracts was investigated by different methods. Synthetic urine supersaturated with calcium oxide was prepared and urolithiasis was investigated by inhibition assay, aggregation assay, and sedimentary crystal formation. Crystal formation in synthetic urine was studied at different time intervals using leaf and flower infusions at different concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 75,100 mg/ ml each respectively. Results: Among the two extracts when compared to the control group, the inhibitory potency of leaf extract was found to be more significant (P< 0.05), than the flower extract.
Singh, Neelesh & Juyal, V. & Gupta, A.K. & Gahlot, M. & Prasant, U. (2009). Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the root of Bergenia ligulata in alloxan diabetic rats. 46. 247- 249. The ethanolic extract of the root of Bergenia ligulata F-Saxifragaceae was evaluated for antidiabetic activity against alloxan- induced diabetes in Wistar albino rats. The duration of the experiment was 10 days. The activity was evaluated by measuring different biochemical parameters such as Blood Glucose Level and Lipid profile (Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Low- Density Lipoprotein). The ethanolic extract of the root exhibited significant antidiabetic activity.
Singh, Atul & Juyal, Vijay. (2009). Evaluation of ethanolic extract of the root of Bergenia ligulata for hepatoprotective, diuretic, and antipyretic activities. Journal of Pharmacy Research. The Ethanolic extract of the roots of Bergenia ligulata was assessed for Hepatoprotective, Diuretic, and Antipyretic activities in albino rats that were compared with standard drugs. Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective activity was done by measuring the levels of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Total Bilirubin levels. Evaluation of the Diuretic activity was done by measuring the volume of urine collected at the end of 5 hrs and Na+, K+, and Cl- concentrations in the urine. Rectal temperature was recorded at a time interval of 0, 30 min, 1h, 2h, 3h after drug administration for evaluation of Antipyretic activity. The Ethanolic extract of the roots of Bergenia ligulata was found to produce significant activities.
Bashir, Samra & Gilani, Anwar-ul. (2009). Antiurolithic effect of Bergenia ligulata rhizome: An explanation of the underlying mechanisms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122. 106- 116. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2008. 12. 004. Ethnopharmacological relevance: Bergenia ligulata is a widely used plant in South Asia, mainly India and Pakistan, as a traditional medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis. Aim of the study: To rationalize the Bergenia ligulata use in kidney stones and to explain the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods: The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizome (BLR) was studied using in vitro and in vivo methods. Results: BLR inhibited calcium oxalate (CaC(2)O(4)) crystal aggregation as well as crystal formation in the metastable solutions and exhibited antioxidant effect against 1, 1- diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and lipid peroxidation in the in vitro. BLR caused diuresis in rats accompanied by a saluretic effect. In an animal model of urolithiasis, developed in male Wistar rats by adding 0.75 % ethylene glycol (EG) in drinking water, BLR (5- 10 mg/ kg) prevented CaC(2)O(4) crystal deposition in the renal tubules. The lithogenic treatment caused polyuria, weight loss, impairment of renal function, and oxidative stress, manifested as increased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, depleted reduced glutathione, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities of the kidneys, which were prevented by BLR. Unlike the untreated animals, EG intake did not cause excessive hyperoxaluria and hypocalciuria in BLR-treated groups and there was a significant increase in the urinary Mg (2+), instead of a slight decrease. Conclusions: These data indicate the anti-urolithic activity in Bergenia ligulata mediated possibly through CaC(2)O(4) crystal inhibition, diuretic, hypermagneseuric, and antioxidant effects, and this study rationalize its medicinal use in urolithiasis.
Sharma, Ikshit & Khan, Washim & Parveen, Rabea & Alam, Md & Ahmad, Iftekhar & Ansari, Mohd & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2017). Antiurolithiasis Activity of Bioactivity Guided Fraction of Bergenia ligulata against Ethylene Glycol Induced Renal Calculi in Rat. BioMed Research International. 2017. 1- 11. 10. 1155/ 2017/ 1969525. The dried rhizome of Bergenia ligulata (pashanbhed) is commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine with a wide range of therapeutic applications including urolithiasis. Aqueous extract of B. ligulata was prepared through maceration followed by decoction (mother extract, 35.9% w/w). Further, polarity-based fractions were prepared successively from the mother extract which yielded 3.4, 2.9, 5.4, 7.5, and 11.3 % w/ w of hexane, toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), n -butanol, and water fractions, respectively. The in vitro, ex vivo, and real-time anti-urolithiasis activity of mother extract and fractions were carried out using aggregation assay in synthetic urine and in rat plasma. The study revealed that the DCM fraction has significantly (p< 0.05) greater inhibitory potential than other fractions. Ethylene glycol in drinking water (0.75 %, v/ v) for 28 days was used for induction of urolithiasis, and the curative effects of mother extract and DCM fraction was checked for the level of oxalate, calcium, creatinine, uric acid, and urea of both urine and serum. Treatment with mother extract and DCM fraction at a dose of 185 mg/ kg and 7 mg/ kg, respectively, in ethylene glycol-induced rats, resulted in a significant ( p< 0.05 ) decrease in serum and urine markers. Histological study revealed a lower number of calcium oxalate deposits with minimum damage in the kidneys of mother extract and DCM fraction treated rats. This result provides a scientific basis for its traditional claims.
Sajad, Tehseen & Zargar, Mohammad & Ahmad, Tasleem & Bader, Ghulam & Naime, Mohammad & Ali, Shakir. (2010). Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potential Bergenia ligulata. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences [ISSN: 1937-9080; nwpii.com/ajbms]. 2. 10. 5099/ aj/ 100400313. Bergenia ligulata Wall., family Saxifragaceae, is an Indian folk medicine used for a variety of pharmacological effects. In this study, evidence is provided in animal models to demonstrate the role of aqueous as well as 50 % ethanolic extract of B. ligulata in inflammation and as an antibacterial agent. Oral administration of the extract at a dose level of 1 gm/ kg by weight showed anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activity as evaluated using pharmacological and biochemical parameters. The effect was studied on biochemical parameters reportedly perturbed in inflammation. While the extract treatment could alleviate the level of succinate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase, which increase inflammation, the level of superoxide dismutase increased following the treatment with the extract as well as the diclofenac. The role of oxygen free radicals/peroxides was evaluated by measuring lipid peroxidation and glutathione. Treatment with the extract could significantly decrease the enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in inflammation and increase the level of glutathione. Further, the antibacterial activity of various fractions was tested in vitro using cultures of Escherichia coli, Baccillus subtilis, and S. aureus, and the fractions were found to be antibacterial. The antifungal activity was also tested using the culture of Saccharomyces. However, the drug was ineffective in inhibiting fungal growth. Results provide evidence suggesting the anti-inflammatory as well as the antibacterial role of B. ligulata, thus implicating the plant extract in the treatment against bacterial infection and inflammation.
Kumar, V. & Shah, Gaurang & Baheti, J.R. & Deshpande, Shrikalp & Parmar, N. S. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Bergenia ciliata rhizomes. 2. 189-190. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Bergenia ciliata rhizomes. Materials and method: Aqueous extract was prepared, and anti-inflammatory activity was studied on carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. Results: Aqueous extract of Bergenia ciliata (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) showed a potent and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect, comparable to diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg i.p.). Conclusion: The present results indicate the potential of aqueous extract of Bergenia ciliata in the treatment of pain and inflammation.
Rajbhandari, Moni & Wegner, U & Schöpke, T & Lindequist, Ulrike & Mentel, R. (2003). Inhibitory effect of Bergenia ligulata on influenza virus A. Die Pharmazie. 58. 268-71. Methanol water extracted from rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata, a plant used in Nepalese ethnomedicine, inhibited in vitro the replication of the influenza virus in a dose-dependent manner and did not show virucidal activity at an effective concentration. Pretreatment of cells with B. ligulata extract was shown to be most effective to prevent cell destruction. The extract inhibited viral RNA synthesis and reduced viral peptide synthesis at 10 microg/ ml. The virus inhibitory effect is related to the presence of condensed tannins in the extract.
Venkatadri, Rajkumar & Guha, Gunjan & Kumar, R. & Mathew, Lazar. (2010). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Bergenia ciliata Rhizome. Records of Natural Products. 4. 38- 48. The study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. rhizome. Total phenolic content was determined in both extracts. Free radical (DPPH · and ·OH) scavenging potential of the extracts revealed that both extracts were active radical scavengers. Reducing (Fe +3- Fe +2) power and lipid peroxidation inhibition efficiency (TBARS assay) of both extracts were also evaluated and both extracts showed promising activity in preventing lipid peroxidation and might prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules. Furthermore, the ability of the extracts to protect DNA (pBR322) against UV-induced photolysed H2O2 – oxidative damage was analyzed. Both extracts were able to protect DNA from oxidative damage. The results obtained suggest that extracts of B. ciliata have promising therapeutic potential and could be considered as a potential source for drug development by pharmaceutical industries.
Agnihotri, Vasudha & Sati, Priyanka & Jantwal, Arvind & Pandey, Anita. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidant phytochemicals in leaf extracts of Bergenia ligulata: A Himalayan herb of medicinal value. Natural product research. 29. 1- 4. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2014. 980244. Phenolic and flavonoid contents in leaf extracts of Bergenia ligulata have been analyzed for their contribution to antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The extracts were prepared in three solvents (separately) following maceration and soxhelt methods. The antimicrobial activity was tested using a disc diffusion assay against a range of microorganisms along with the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while the antioxidant activity was tested following DPPH assay. Leaf extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the three groups of microorganisms; results coincided with respective MIC. In general, the methanol extracts prepared through maceration favoured the determination of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Maximum values for phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained in macerated methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. The statistical correlations exhibited the extent of the contribution of phenolic and flavonoid contents in antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and also indicated the involvement of other plant metabolites.
Sinha, S & Pal, Medha & Saha, B. (2001). Evaluation of the antitussive activity of Bergenia ciliata Sternb. rhizome extract in mice. Phyto- medicine: international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 8. 298- 301. 10. 1078/ 0944-7113- 00039. The methanol extract of the rhizome of Bergenia ciliata Sternb. (Saxifragaceae) has been evaluated for its potential in a cough model induced by sulphur dioxide gas in mice. The extract exhibited significant antitussive activity in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with control. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate (10 mg/ kg body wt.), a standard antitussive agent. The extract is at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/ kg body wt. (p.o.) showed significant inhibition of cough reflex by 28.7, 33.9, and 44.2 %, respectively, within 90 min of the experiment.
Rajbhandari, Moni & Khatri, H. & Lalk, Michael & Gewali, Mohan & Lindequist, Ulrike. (2013). Phytochemical Investigation and Antibacterial Activity of Bergenia ligulata. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society. 28. 10. 3126/ jncs. v28i0. 8118. In the course of screening plant extracts for antimicrobial activity, the methanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata (Saxifragaceae) exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Fractionation of the ethyl acetate soluble phase of the methanol extract led to the isolation of bergenin (1), 11- O- p- hydroxy- benzoyl- bergenin (2), 6- O- galloylarbutin (3) and epiafzelechin (4). Except for bergenin, other compounds were isolated for the first time from B. ligulata. DOI: http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 3126/ jncs. v28i0. 8118 Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 28, 2011 Page: 110- 114 Uploaded Date: May 24, 2013
Saha, Sarmistha & Verma, Ramtej. (2011). Bergenia ciliata extract prevents ethylene glycol-induced histopathological changes in the kidney. Acta poloniae pharmaceutical. 68. 711- 5. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the effect of Bergenia ciliata extract on the kidney of ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in adult female Wistar rats. The hydro-alcoholic extract of Bergenia ciliata/ standard drug cystone was administered simultaneously at a dose of 150 and 300 mg/ kg body weight/day, p.o. along with ethylene glycol (0.75 % v/ v) for 28 days. Significant changes were observed in the body weight and absolute organ weight of ethylene glycol-treated rats. Also, histopathological results showed disrupted renal parenchyma, degenerative changes in glomeruli, and focal calcification in glomeruli-tubular structures in ethylene glycol-treated animals. Administration of Bergenia ciliata extract/ cystone along with ethylene glycol showed a significant protective effect on body weight and organ weight with few stray areas of calcifications in glomeruli. Moreover, Bergenia ciliata extract shows a higher renoprotective index than cystone at the same dose level.
Sinha, Sanghamitra & Maiti, Kuntal & Gayen, Jiaur & Pal, Basudeb & Pal, Medha & Saha, B. (2001). Antibacterial activity of Bergenia ciliata rhizome. Fitoterapia. 72. 550- 2. 10. 1016/ S0367- 326- X (00)- 00322-1. The methanol extract of Bergenia ciliata (tested at 200- 1000 microgram/ disc) showed a wide spectrum of concentration-dependent antibacterial activity.
Kakub, G & Gulfraz, Muhammad. (2007). Cytoprotective effects of Bergenia ciliata Sternb, extracted on gastric ulcer in rats. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 21. 1217- 20. 10. 1002/ ptr. 2242. Bergenia ciliata is used for the treatment of stomach disorders in the folk medicine of some Southeast East Asia. This study was designed to evaluate its gastroprotective effects on ethanol/HCl, indomethacin and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/ kg b/ w of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the rhizome were administered 1 h after ulcerogenic treatment. The animals were killed 3 h later, their stomachs were removed, and the mean area of ulcer lesion was determined. The weight of mucus and gastric acidity was also measured. The aqueous extract decreased the ulcer lesion (p < 0.05) in all models to a greater extent than the methanol extract, but at the higher doses, the effect was reduced. In addition, the antiulcer activity appears to be mediated via cytoprotective effects conferred by enhancement of the mucosal barrier, rather than by prevention of gastric acid secretion or the lowering of pH and acidity.
De Abreu, Heitor & Lago, Izandina & Souza, Gilmar & Pilo-Veloso, Dorila & Duarte, Helio & Alcantara, Antonio. (2008). Antioxidant activity of (+)-bergenin – a phytoconstituent isolated from the bark of Sacoglottis uchi Huber (Humireaceae). Organic & biomolecular chemistry. 6. 2713- 8. 10. 1039/ b804385j. (+)- Bergenin (1) was isolated from Sacoglottis uchi, a species of vegetable found in the Amazon region and popularly used for the treatment of several hepatic problems. The structure of 1 was fully characterized using IR, GC- MS, and NMR (1D and 2D) analyses. This phytoconstituent has been used as an oriental folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases and shows antihepatotoxic properties. Tests with beta-carotene, DPPH, and a heterogeneous Fenton system were carried out, confirming the antioxidant activity of 1. Theoretical calculations were performed to investigate the formation of the radical derivatives of 1 using *H, *OH, *CH (3), and *CCl (3) as initiator radicals. DFT thermodynamic calculations showed that the methoxyl group (O-6- CH (3)) is the most favorable site for radical attack. Frontier molecular orbital analysis showed that nucleophilic radical attack is favored on the aromatic ring of 1 where the LUMO is localized, with antibonding character with respect to the O- 6- CH(3) bond. The possibilities of attack at other sites on 1 were investigated in detail to understand the regiospecificity of this reaction.
Ali, Ejaz & Arshad, Najma & Bukhari, Nadeem & Tahir, M. & Zafar, Shamail & Hussain, Amjad & Qamar, Dr & Shehzadi, Naureen & Hussain, Khadim. (2018). Linking traditional anti-ulcer use of rhizomes of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) to its anti-Helicobacter pylori constituents. Natural Product Research. 34. 1-4. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2018. 1488711. The rhizomes of Bergenia ciliata (B. ciliata, Family: Saxifragaceae) are widely used for treating gastric ulcers in folk medicine in Asia. It was hypothesized that the anti-ulcer activity of B. ciliata is due to its anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) activity. The anti-H. pylori activity was investigated on six clinical bacterial isolates using agar well-diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The anti-H. pylori activity of amoxicillin (standard) was the highest (Zone of inhibition; ZI = 25 mm, minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC= 0.125 µg/µL) whereas among all the extracts of the rhizomes, methanol extract showed the highest activity (ZI = 16 mm, MIC = 12.50 µg/ µL). Bioassay-guided isolation of methanol extract using chromatographic and crystallization techniques isolated bergenin (ZI = 21mm, MIC = 0.391µg/ µL) as a constituent responsible for anti- H. pylori activity. The present study describes the first-time anti-H. pylori activity and possible mechanism of anti-ulcer properties of rhizomes of B. ciliata.
Zbikowska, Beata & Franiczek, Roman & Sowa, Alina & Połukord, Grażyna & Krzyżanowska, Barbara & Sroka, Zbigniew. (2017). Antimicrobial and Antiradical Activity of Extracts Obtained from Leaves of Five Species of the Genus Bergenia: Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds. Microbial Drug Resistance. 23. 10. 1089/ mdr. 2016. 0251. An important focus of modern medicine is the search for new substances and strategies to combat infectious diseases, which present an increasing threat due to the growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Another problem concerns free radicals, which in excess can cause several serious diseases. An alternative to the chemical synthesis of antimicrobial and antiradical compounds is to find active substances in plant raw materials. We prepared extracts from the leaves of five species of the genus Bergenia: B. purpurascens, B. cordifolia, B. ligulata, B. crassifolia, and B. ciliata. Antimicrobial and antiradical features of extracts and raw materials were assessed, and the quantities of phenolic compounds were determined. We also evaluated, using high-performance liquid chromatography, the amounts of arbutin and hydroquinone, compounds related to the antimicrobial activity of these raw materials. The strongest antiradical properties were shown by leaves of B. crassifolia and B. cordifolia and the lowest by leaves of B. ciliata. The antiradical activity of extracts showed a strong positive correlation with the number of phenols. All raw materials have significant antimicrobial properties. Among them, the ethyl acetate extracts were the most active. Antimicrobial activity very weakly correlated with the amount of arbutin, but correlated very strongly with the contents of both hydroquinone and phenolic compounds. Additional experiments using artificially prepared mixtures of phenolic compounds and hydroquinone allowed us to conclude that the most active antimicrobial substance is hydroquinone.
Shrestha, Umesh & Pant, Bijaya. (2012). Production of bergenin, an active chemical constituent in the callus of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science. 8. 10. 3126/ botor. v8i0. 5557. In vitro culture of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. was carried out for the examination of bergenin content. Leaf explants were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal media supplemented with or without phytohormones. The hormonal series maintained were in the range of 0- 2 mg l- 1 for BAP (6- benzyl amino purine) and 0- 1.5 mg l- 1 for NAA (-naphthalene acetic acid). Bergenin content of in vitro grown tissues of B. ciliata was compared with that of wild plants collected from three different localities of Nepal. The best growth of callus and plantlets occurred in the media containing BAP 1.0 mg l- 1 + NAA 1.0 mg l-1 and BAP 1.5 mg l- 1 + NAA 1.0 mg l-1. Production of bergenin was high in the media supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 BAP + 1.5 mg l-1 NAA (3.40 microg -1) and 2.0 mg l-1 BAP + 1.5 mg l-1 NAA (3.05 micro g-1) under experimental conditions. The bergenin content in the wild plants collected from Langtang, Jumla, and Godawari was found to be 4.28 micro g-1, 4.53 micro g-1, and 3.64 micro g-1 respectively. This study shows that the in vitro cultured callus of B. ciliata is capable of synthesizing bergenin in quantity comparable to that of the wild plant.
Rashid, Saddaf & Azeem, Muhammad & Mehmood, Arshad & Shah, Muhammad & Ahmad, Rafiq. (2017). Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bergenia ciliata. Plants have been used as a valuable source of natural drugs for a long period such as Bergenia ciliata is well known for its traditional medicinal practices all over the world. The present study was designed to evaluate the antibiotic activity of B. ciliata roots and leaves through the good diffusion method and broth dilution method. The results showed that a 14.5 – 23.5 mm zone of inhibition was observed against staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hemolytic, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, 56- 77 CFU bacteria were observed after applying root and leaf extract to different bacterial strains. This research work has revealed that B. ciliata possesses great antibacterial potential and can be used for the treatment of different diseases caused by selected bacterial strains after phytotoxicity analysis.
Islam, Mazharul & Azhar, Iqbal & Usmanghani, Khan & Gill, Muhammad & Ahmad, Afzal & Shahabuddin, (2002). Bioactivity evaluation of Bergenia ciliata. Pakistan Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 15. 15-33. Bergenia ciliata was subjected to bioactivity analysis. The records of these investigations are described in this communication. A study was made on the bioactivity analysis of the medicinal herb Bergenia ciliata, which in folkloric medicine is used to cure hypoglycemic activity. A battery of assays was performed on different extracts of Bergenia ciliata which include hypoglycemic activities, toxic evaluations such as acute systemic and intracutaneous toxicity as well hemolysis test. Bergenia ciliata has been employed in folklore medicine to treat symptoms of diabetes mellitus. All the extracts except chloroform extract of root and leaves of Bergenia ciliata were found to possess hypoglycemic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats. Therefore, the plant can be classified as hypoglycemic, with hypoglycemic activity in experimental diabetes ranging from 40-70 % of its onset to reduce blood glucose levels. The toxicological investigations of Bergenia ciliata with particular reference to acute systemic toxicity and intracutaneous toxicity in experimental animals displayed that it elicited severe toxicity. The symptoms of toxicity in the intra- cutaneous test showed erythema and edema whereas assessment of acute systemic toxicity frequently observed breathing problems and initiations of diarrhea with blood in the stool of the experimental model and caused the gastro-intestinal syndrome. Bergenia ciliata can produce toxicity suggesting a role in certain diseases. It is, therefore, premature to speculate about the mechanism of effect until toxin(s) is unequivocally identified. The hemolysis test on the extract of Bergenia ciliata was almost devoid of activity.

Recent Research on Aerva lanata Juss.

Vivek, D. & Nair, N.G. & Anju, M.P. & Vatakkeel, B. & Siju, E.N. & Lakshmi, A. G. (2015). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Aerva lanata. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 7. 57- 59. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Avera lanata by HRBC lysis and protein denaturation. Method: The extract at different concentrations was incubated with HRBC and egg albumin in controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance to assess the anti-inflammatory property. Diclofenac sodium was used as the reference drug. Results: The present findings exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of lysis of HRBC and protein (albumin) denaturation by the A. lanata extract. The effect of diclofenac sodium was found to be less when compared with the ethanol extract. Conclusions: The present study concluded that A.lanata possessed a marked in vitro anti-inflammatory effect against the HRBC lysis and denaturation of protein. The effect was possibly due to the polyphenols and flavonoid contents of A. lanata.
Vetrichelvan, T. & Jegadeesan, M. & Palaniappan, M. & Murali, N.P. & Sasikumar, K. (2000). Diuretic and Anti Inflammatory Activities of Aerva Ianata in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 62. 300- 302. The alcoholic extract of Aerva lanata was tested for diuretic activity, while the effect of benzene and alcoholic extracts of A. lanata were investigated in the rat to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. Carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema method was employed to test anti-inflammatory activity. Alcoholic extract (800 mg/ kg) produced inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (P≤ 0.05). The parameters measured for diuretic activity were total urine volume, sodium, potassium, and chloride content. The results clearly indicate that the alcoholic extract at a dose of 800 mg/ kg act as a diuretic, with respect to control.
Kumar, Deepak & Prasad, Deo & Parkash, Jyoti & Bhatnagar, S & Kumar, Dinesh. (2009). The antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata Linn. Pharmacology. 2. 1075 – 1081. Nowadays, herbal drugs have become a subject of world importance, with both medicinal and economic implications. The regular and widespread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety, and efficacy. Thus, a proper scientific assessment has become the criteria for acceptance of traditional health claims. Aerva lanata (Amaranthaceae), commonly known as Kapurijadi (Hin.), Buikallan (Pb.) is used in the traditional system of medicine as an antiasthmatic activity. We examined the effect of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Aerva lanata at 100 μg/ ml in-vitro in the isolated goat tracheal chain preparation model and 30 & 60mg/kg doses orally in-vivo model using clonidine-induced catalepsy, mast cell degranulation in mice. The extract showed significant dose-dependent anti-asthmatic activity.
Krishnan, G. & Rai, V.K. & Nandy, B.C. & Meena, K.C. & Dey, Subhrajyoti & Pk, Tyagi. (2009). Hypoglycemic and Antihyperlipidaemic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn. in Normal and Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats. IJPSDR. 1. 191- 194. The present study was designed to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical investigation of Aerva lanata Linn. (Family, Amaranthaceae), and the anti-diabetic effect of Arial parts of plant Aerva lanata Linn. in normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract of the Arial part of Aerva lanata Linn. was evaluated for four weeks of treatment for hypoglycemic activity in diabetic albino rats; at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg kg -1 body weight, its effects on the blood glucose and other biochemical parameters like cholesterol, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and SGPT in Alloxan induced diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetes was introduced by a single tail-vein injection of Alloxan (60 mg kg -1). Oral administrations of Aerva lanata Linn. extract to diabetic animals for up to four weeks; dose-dependently reduced the blood glucose level, which is comparable to a standard dose of Metformin. A significant decrease in body weight was observed with diabetic control, which was partially restored upon administration of Aerva lanata Linn. extract (50, 100, 200 mg kg -l). Alcoholic extract of the Arial part of A. lanata Linn. also altered other biochemical parameter levels. It was concluded from the results that the alcoholic extract of A. lanata Linn. possesses an anti-diabetic effect in experimental animals.
Govindan, Nevin & Vijayammal, P. L. (2003). Effect of Aerva lanata on solid tumors induced by DLA cells in mice. Fitoterapia. 74. 578- 82. 10. 1016/ S0367-326 X- (03) 00148- 5. Aerva lanata whole plant was extracted with petroleum ether, methanol, and acetone. The partially TLC-purified fraction (PEF) of petroleum ether extract was proved to be cytotoxic to Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA), Ehrlich ascites (EA), and B16- F10 cell lines in vitro. Since PEF was found to be more cytotoxic to DLA cell lines, it was used to study the pharmacological effect and its potential to reduce solid tumors induced by DLA cell lines in mice. The result indicated that PEF significantly reduced the development of solid tumors in mice.
Sharif, Mariam & Anjum, Irfan & Shabbir, Arham & Naveed Mushtaq, Muhammad. (2022). Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Aerva lanata in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthmatic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 289. 115087. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2022. 115087. Ethnopharmacological relevance Aerva lanata Linn. (A. lanata) is traditionally used for cough, sore throat, and asthma. Aim of the study: The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potentials of A. lanata in allergic asthmatic mice. Materials and methods: BALB/ c mice were administered with three different (methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate) extracts of A. lanata two weeks after immunization with ovalbumin and continued for 7 days. Inflammatory cell count was estimated in blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RT- PCR was used to find out the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators. GC- MS analysis was also carried out. Results: Among three extracts of A. lanata, ethyl acetate extract ameliorated (p < 0.001) the count of inflammatory cells in both blood and BALF remarkably. This study indicated that ethyl acetate extract of A. lanata lowered (p < 0.001) the level of inflammatory modulator TNF- α and IgE antibodies. A. lanata reduced (p < 0.001) interleukin 4, 5, 13 and enhanced (p < 0.001) expression levels of AQP1 and AQP5 in asthmatic mice. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate fraction indicated the presence of various antioxidant phyto-constituents. The groups treated with A. lanata improved inflammatory, goblet cell hyperplasia scoring, and alveolar thickening. Conclusions: The anti-asthmatic effect of A. lanata might be contributed by the suppression of edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and IgE antibodies, and elevation of aquaporin expression levels, suggesting future study and clinical trials to propose it as a candidate to treat allergic asthma. The antioxidant phytochemicals present in A. lanata might be responsible for such potential.
Uwejigho, Raphael & Iteire, Kingsley & Udawnojo, Felix & Abbas, Aflatoonian. (2023). Anti-fertility effect of Aerva lanata crude extract in male Dams offspring: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM). 21. 10. 18502/ ijrm. v21i3. 13199. Background: Aerva lanata, is a herb used as food and also consumed as a tonic by pregnant women to relieve stomach pains and prevent miscarriage. In addition to other characterized properties, it possesses antifertility and anti-implantation activities. Objective: This study investigates the testicular toxicity of the testes of offspring of Dams treated with crude aqueous extract of Aerva lanata. Materials and methods: 25 pregnant Wistar rats (Dams) weighing 180-240 gr were randomly earmarked into 5 groups (n = 5/ each). Group A served as control; groups B, C, D, and E received 200, 400, 800, and 1000 mg/ kg body weight of Aerva lanata extract, respectively, beginning from the 12th to the 19th day of gestation. The pups (delivered of Dams) were weighed, observed, and sacrificed 6 weeks post-parturition. The testes of the male pups were obtained for histological procedures the testis histology was examined. Results: No gross malformation was observed in the treatment groups, the number of pups/litter was significantly reduced in group E (p= 0.01), and pups weight analysis showed a significant reduction in groups C and E (p= 0.04, and 0.02 respectively), and the mean pup testes weight was significantly reduced in groups B, C, D, and E (p= 0.03, 0.03, 0.01, and < 0.001 respectively) when compared with control. Histologically, the treated pup testes tissues showed varying degrees of disruption and distortion of the cellular arrangements of the germinal epithelium in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control. Conclusion: The study revealed testicular toxicity and possibly the antifertility role of Aerva lanata in dams’ pups.
Ravindran, Rajesh & Chitra, Krishnan & Padmaa, M. P. (2010). In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2. 269- 271. Methanol and aqueous extracts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss were taken for anthelmintic activity against the Indian earthworm Pheritima postuma. Various concentrations of both extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time taken for death of worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ ml) was used as the reference standard and normal saline as a control group. Dose-dependent activity was observed in both extracts and the result shows that the methanol extract possesses more activity than the aqueous extract and thus may be useful as an anthelmintic.
Soundararajan, P. & Ramalingam, Mahesh & Ramesh, Thiyagarajan & Vava Mohideen, Hazeena. (2007). Hypolipidemic activity of Aerva lanata on ethylene glycol induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats. Pharmacology. 1. 557- 563. The hypolipidemic activity of Aerva lanata was assessed on ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithic rats. Total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly increased in the serum, liver, and kidney of calcium oxalate urolithic rats. Besides, phospholipids (PL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) levels were altered in calcium oxalate urolithic rats. On supplementation of A. lanata aqueous suspension, the above changes were reverted to near normal. These results indicate that A. lanata aqueous suspension acts as a hypolipidemic agent in calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
Ravindran, Rajesh & Chitra, Krishnan & Paarakh, Padmaa. (2012). Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of aerial parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2. S924– S929. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60338- 4. Objective To evaluate the effect of methanol extract (MEAL) and aqueous extract (AEAL) of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss (A. lanata) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally treated with vehicle (Normal saline), glibenclamide (0.5 mg/ kg), MEAL (200 and 400 mg/ kg), and AEAL (200 and 400 mg/ kg) to the respective treatment groups. The blood glucose level, lipid profile, body weight on 0 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks and biochemical parameters on 2 weeks of treatment were measured and compared to the diabetic control rats. Results- MEAL, AEAL, and glibenclamide were found to significantly (P< 0.01 and P< 0.05) reduce the blood glucose level, and lipid profile, increase body weight and reduce serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin to significant level. The antidiabetic effect was sustained from 1 week onwards till the end of the study. Conclusions It has been concluded that MEAL and AEAL in addition to the antidiabetic activity, also possess antihyperlipidemic and the normal value of the hepatic biochemical parameters reveals the safety profile of the extract on liver function in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model.

Recent Research on Bryophyllum pinnatum Saliv. Syn.

Gupta, R. & Lohani, M. & Arora, Satish. (2010). Anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts/fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum Saliv. Syn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 3. 16- 18. The various extracts/fractions of leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum were investigated in a chemically induced inflammation rodents model. The extracts/fractions inhibited formaldehyde-induced paw edema in rats. These inhibitions were statistically significant (p< 0.05- 0.01, 0.001) as compared to control. Methanolic extract showed the highest activity.
Onwubuya, Emmanuel & Ogbunugafor, Henrietta & Okafor, Chike & Oladejo, Afees Adebayo. (2021). Acute and Chronic Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract on Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6- 14. 10. 9734/ ejmp/ 2021/ v32i630395. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae) is used traditionally to treat many ailments. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hydro-ethanol leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on Wistar rats using acute and chronic models and also evaluated the bioactive compounds of the leaf extract. The phytochemical constituents of the plant extract were quantitatively determined by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC- FID) and acute anti-inflammatory activity was carried out with the aid of a plethysmometer while chronic anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using a cotton pellet. Results showed that the leaf extract of B. pinnatum was rich in kaempferol (7.006 ± 0.02 μg/g), sapogenin (3.372 ± 0.02 μg/ g), rutin (1.837 ± 0.01 μg/ g) and lunamarine (1.359 ±0.01 μg/ g). The findings showed that the plant had considerable anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner, returning edema in carrageenan-induced and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats to normal within 120 minutes and 7 days respectively. The findings of this work have shown that the leaf of B. pinnatum was rich in bioactive compounds which could be synthesized to produce new plant-based products to fight inflammatory disorders with fewer side effects.
Ojewole, John. (2005). Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. Journal of ethno- pharmacology. 99. 13- 9. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2005. 01. 025. In order to scientifically appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the plant’s leaf aqueous extract in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive effect of the herb’s leaf extract was evaluated by the ‘hot- plate’ and ‘acetic acid’ test models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant’s extract were investigated in rats, using fresh egg albumin-induced pedal (paw) edema, and streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes mellitus. Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/ kg) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/ kg) were used respectively as reference drugs for comparison. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract (BPE, 25- 800 mg/ kg i.p.) produced significant (P< 0.05- 0.001) antinociceptive effects against thermally- and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. The plant extract (BPE, 25- 800 mg/ kg p. o. or i. p.) also significantly (P< 0.05-0.001) inhibited fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation and caused significant (P< 0.05- 0.001) hypo- glycaemia in rats. The results of this experimental animal study suggest that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycaemic properties. The different flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and other chemical constituents of the herb are speculated to account for the observed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the plant.
Mohan, Pritom & Nagar, R & Kanti Pal, Saumen & Lahon, L. (2020). The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and local anesthetic activity of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 7- 11. In order to scientifically evaluate some of the ethnomedical uses of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, the present study was undertaken to explore the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and local anesthetic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves methanol extract (BPME) in experimental animal models. The analgesic effect of the herb’s methanol leaf extract was evaluated by the ‘hot-plate’ and ‘acetic acid’ test models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extract were investigated using Carageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and local anesthetic activity was studied using foot withdrawal reflex in frogs. Methanol extract of the plant showed significant dose depended on analgesic activity up to 83.79 % against chemically induced pain in mice compared to 97.93 % produced by piroxicam and showed mild anti-inflammatory activity up to 43.10 % against Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats compared to 75.66% produced by piroxicam but failed to reveal any analgesic activity against thermal stimuli using hot plate method and did not show any local anesthetic activity. The antihistaminic activity and different chemical constituents (flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids) of the herb might have been attributed to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Introduction Herbal medicine is an integral component of traditional medicine. About 80 % of the world population is dependent wholly or partially on plant-based drugs.
Pandhare, R.B. & Shende, R.R. & Avhad, M.S. & Deshmukh, V.K. & Mohite, P.B. & Sangameswaran, B. & Daude, R. B. (2021). Anti-urolithiasis activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. hydroalcoholic extract in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 11. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2021. 06. 002. Background and Aim: Despite advances in modern medicine, the development and growth of calculi continue to be a source of concern for mankind, as there is no effective treatment for kidney stones. In the present study, we investigated the antiurolithiatic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam against sodium oxalate (NaOx) induced urolithiasis in rats. Experimental procedure: In rats with renal calculi caused by sodium oxalate (NaOx, 70 mg/ kg, i.p.); the anti- urolithiatic action of Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BPHE) was studied. BPHE was given every day orally at doses of 50, 200 mg/kg for 14 days to rats to examine activity against sodium oxalate (NaOx) mediated urolithiasis, with Cystone (500 mg/ kg, p.o.) as a reference standard. The effect of the extract on urine oxalate, creatinine, and phosphate retention and excretion in the kidney, as well as serum and biochemical analysis of kidney homogenate and histopathological examinations, were studied. Results and conclusion: Oral administration of BPHE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg to rats with sodium oxalate-mediated renal calculi showed dose-dependent substantial (P< 0.05) anti- urolithiatic potential, with notable reversal of NaOx-induced ion excretion and urinary CaOx concentration. These findings justify the traditional use of Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BPHE) in the treatment of renal calculi.
Nagarajan, Yogananth & Boopathi, Rajesh & Ali, M. & Yahoob, Mohamed & Venkatraman, Anuradha. (2019). In Vitro Evaluation of Anti Urolithiatic Activity of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Lam. Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb, widely used in the treatment of several conditions in folklore medicine, including Urolithiasis. The ethanol extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum stem, leaf, and root were evaluated on preliminary phytochemical analysis by using a standard protocol and the analysis of antiuroliathiasis potency of the plant extracts on in vitro crystallization of calcium oxalate through analyzing nucleation, aggregation assays and extracted kidney stone weight reduction assay. Bioactive ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, and proteins were detected in most of the plant parts tested. In urolithiasis activity, the maximum inhibition of CaOx crystal formation and its aggregation was detected in the following sequential order; leaf > stem > root. Also, the leaf extract of B. pinnatum significantly reduced the weight of extracted CaOx kidney stones (% reduction) when compared with stem and root extracts. This study has given primary evidence for B. pinnatum as the plant which possesses anti-urolithiasis properties.
Dhurairaj, Satheesh & M, Andrew & Megharethnam, Kaviraj. (2022). In-vitro investigation on anti- urolithiatic activity and phytochemical examination of Aerva lanata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: A comparative study. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 10. 1016/ j. jics. 2022. 100487. Using the titrimetry method, the researchers hope to discover the kidney stone-dissolving properties of the ethyl acetate extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Aerva lanata. The ethyl acetate extract of B. pinnatum can dissolve calcium oxalate crystals and exhibit strong anti- urolithiatic properties, according to the findings. Both extracts outperformed the conventional medication Neeri in terms of anti- urolithiatic activity. The phytochemicals included in both plant extracts were studied using HPLC analysis. As a result, ethyl acetate extract of B. pinnatum can be used as an alternative for the treatment of kidney stones in this investigation.
Shukla, Apexa & Mandavia, Divyesh & Barvaliya, Manish & Baxi, Seema & Tripathi, Chandrabhanu. (2014). Evaluation of the anti-urolithiasis effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 4. 151- 9. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six Wistar male rats were randomly divided into six equal groups. Group A animals received distilled water for 28 days. Group B to group F animals received 1% v/v ethylene glycol in distilled water for 28 days and group B served as ethylene glycol control. Groups C and D (preventive groups) received aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum 50 and 100 mg/ kg intraperitoneally, respectively for 28 days. Groups E and F (treatment groups) received aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum 50 and 100 mg/ kg intraperitoneally, respectively from the 15th to 28th day. On days 0 and 28, 24 hrs urine samples were collected for urinary volume and urinary oxalate measurement. On day 28, blood was collected for serum creatinine and blood urea level monitoring. All animals were sacrificed, and kidneys were removed, weighed, and histopathologically evaluated for calcium oxalate crystals deposition. Results: Administration of aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum reduced urine oxalate level ‎significantly, as compared with Group B (p< 0.001). Serum creatinine and blood urea level were ‎improved significantly in all aqueous extracts of leaves of B. pinnatum-treated groups. Relative ‎kidney weight and calcium oxalate depositions were found significantly reduced in animals ‎that received ABP as compared with Group B (p< 0.001). ‎Conclusions: B. pinnatum is effective in the prevention and treatment of ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis.
Lahon, L & Kanti Pal, Saumen. (2020). Effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in adult male albino rats. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 782- 786. Methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was used to evaluate its antilithic property in adult male albino rats. Experimental urolithiasis was induced by oral administration of ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride with drinking water for 7 days. The treatment with methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum and cystone by oral administration continued for 14 days. Fresh urine samples were collected daily for urine crystal counts. On the 14th day, fresh urine and serum samples were collected for creatinine estimation and rats were sacrificed for kidney histopathology. Increased serum creatinine and decreased urine creatinine level were observed in the urolith group, whereas the findings did not differ significantly in the Bryophyllum pinnatum extract and cystone-treated groups with the control group. Urine crystal counts were significantly reduced and histopathology of the kidney showed apparently normal architecture with very less crystal deposition in kidneys of the Bryophyllum pinnatum extract and cystone-treated groups.
Okpoho, Jacinta & Lucky, Evbuomwan & Ebiala, Fortune. (2018). Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ AJI/ 2018/ v1i130092. This study was carried out to investigate the antifungal and immunomodulatory activities of Bryophylum pinnatum. Both aqueous and ethanol solvents were used for extraction. Five fungal species including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarium, Candida albicans, and Penicillium italicum were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and they were preliminarily identified using standard microbiological methods. Wistar rat models for the study were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks. The rats were divided into five groups and orally administered with the ethanol extract of the plant while one group served as control. Antimicrobial and hematological parameters including packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin, white blood cell counts, platelets, and CD 4 count were assayed using standard methods. The only fungus sensitive to aqueous extract was Aspergillus niger, with a zone of inhibition ranging from 6.00± 0.58- 11.33± 0.33 mm at the concentration range of 50-100 mg/ml. Mean zones of inhibition of ethanolic extract ranged from 11.67± 0.67- 20.33± 0.33 mm against Original Research Article Okpoho et al.; AJI, 1 (1): 1- 8, 2018; Article no.AJI.46581 2 Cladosporium herbarium at a concentration range of 6.25-100 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanol extract ranged from 6.25- 50 mg/ ml against fungal isolates. While MIC of aqueous extract was 50 mg/ ml against susceptible fungal isolates. Minimum fungicidal concentrations of ethanol and aqueous were 25-100 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. A significant difference was observed between the treatment and control groups in platelet counts (range: 95.40± 1.86- 126.20± 5.40 % and control: 108.60± 4.19 %), PCV (range: 39.00± 0.71- 44.20± 0.58 %, control: 39.00± 0.71 %) and hemoglobin (range: 12.94± 0.21- 14.62± 0.24 g/ dl; control: 12.94± 0.21 g/ dl). There was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in CD 4 counts (75.40± 19.32- 99.00± 6.33 cells/ ml and control 75.4± 19.32 cells/ ml). Bryophylum pinnatum has been shown in this work to possess both antimicrobial and hematological properties.

Recent Research on Ocimum basilicum Linn.

El-Beshbishy, Hesham & Bahashwan, Saleh. (2011). Hypoglycemic effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum) aqueous extract is mediated through inhibition of -glucosidase and -amylase activities: An in vitro study. Toxicology and industrial health. 28. 42-50. 10. 1177/ 07482337- 11403193. The present study investigated the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) aqueous extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids. The total polyphenols content (TPC), flavonoids content (FC), percentage diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition, and total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated. The FC was 41 ± 2.2 rutin/ g dry extract, the TPC was 146 ± 5.26 mg catechin/g dry extract and the TAS was 5.12 ± 0.7 mmol/L. The % DPPH free radical inhibition was 60 %, 54 %, 49 %, and 43 %, respectively, for different extract concentrations; 20, 18.2, 16.3, and 14.5 mg/ ml, respectively. The extract elicited a significant dose-dependent pattern against rat intestinal sucrase (RIS; IC (50) = 36.72 mg/ ml), rat intestinal maltase (RIM; IC (50) = 21.31 mg/ ml), and porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA; IC (50) = 42.50 mg/ ml) inhibitory activities. The inhibition was greater against maltase compared with sucrase. These effects may be attributed to the high TPC and FC levels. The linear regression analysis revealed strong significant positive correlations between % DPPH radical inhibition and each of % RIS, % RIM, and % PPA inhibiting activity. Also, strong significant positive correlations between % RIS and either % RIM or % PPA inhibition activity were observed. We concluded therefore that basil aqueous extract via antioxidant and possibly α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibiting activities, offered positive benefits to control diabetes.
Meera, R & Devi, Payal & Kameswari, B & Madhumitha, B & Merlin, N. J. (2009). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn. against H2O2 and CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity in goat liver. Indian journal of experimental biology. 47. 584- 90. Significant hepatoprotective effects were obtained by ethanolic extract of leaves of O. basilicum and T. foenum- graecum against liver damage induced by H2O2 and CCl4 as evidenced by decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes (enzymatic and nonenzymatic). The extract also showed significant anti-lipid peroxidation effects in vitro, besides exhibiting significant activity in superoxide radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging, indicating their potent antioxidant effects.
K, PATEL & B, PATEL. (2020). INHIBITION OF CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALLIZATION BY AN EXTRACT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM SEEDS: AN IN-VITRO STUDY. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 166- 169. 10. 22159/ ajpcr. 2020. v13i9. 37926. Objective: Ocimum basilicum (OB) has been used to treat diverse illnesses which include urinary stone disorder for a reason that is historical in India. We investigated OB seeds for anti-urolithic activity. Methods: Calcium oxalate crystallization becomes triggered by the addition of 0.01 M sodium oxalate answers in normal human urine and nucleation was done. Results: OB seeds were discovered to be robust and promising anti- urolithiatic agents which are in accordance with their use in traditional medication. Conclusion: An extract of the traditional herb OB has super inhibitory activity on crystalluria and therefore might be useful in dissolving urinary stones; however, in addition, a study in animal fashions of urolithiasis is needed to assess its capability anti- urolithiatic interest.
Zarin, M & Tan, J & Ahmad, R & Jin, N & Aziz, N. (2020). Determination of nucleation assay for anti-urolithiasis activity from bagasse Musa acuminate x balbisiana Colla cv. Pisang Awak Legor methanolic extracts using uv-spectrometer and size measurement. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 716. 012018. 10. 1088/ 1757 -899X/ 716/ 1/ 012018. Determination of inhibition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization in vitro by nucleation assay is based on the rates of nucleation by comparing the slope of the turbidity of a control system with that of one exposed to the extract, which was found to be inaccurate when the CaOx crystals were formed and precipitated. A need exists for improved methods to determine the inhibition activity in nucleation assay for the study of anti-urolithiasis activity. In this study, the size reduction of CaOx crystals after being treated with methanolic extract of Musa acuminate x balbisiana Colla cv. Pisang Awak Legor bagasse was measured under light microscopy and correlated to the turbidity and percentage of inhibition. Different concentrations of bagasse extract (2, 10, 30, 50, and 100 mg/ ml) were investigated and the result shows that a high concentration of extract would promote the reduction in CaOx’s stone size, but it increased the amount of sediment crystals, resulting in high turbidity. The stone size was reduced up to 93.76± 0.19 % in the presence of 100 mg/mL extract while the inhibition percentage was negative (-102.17± 0.04 %) as the optical density (OD) of the extract was higher than the control in the turbidity calculation. The results of this study are expected to provide an understanding of the way of calculating the activity in nucleation assay.
Zeggwagh, N. & Sulpice, Thierry & Eddouks, Mohamed. (2007). Anti-hyperglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Ocimum basilicum Aqueous Extract in Diabetic Rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2. 123- 129. 10. 3844/ ajptsp. 2007. 123. 129. The hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum (OB) whole plant were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. After a single oral administration, OB significantly reduced blood glucose levels in normal (p< 0.01) and diabetic rats (p< 0.001). After 15 days of repeated oral administration, OB produced a potent reduction in blood glucose levels (p< 0.001) in diabetic rats and a less reduction in normal rats (p< 0.05). Total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly reduced after repeated oral administration in diabetic rats (p< 0.001) and (p< 0.05) respectively. However, no change was observed in total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in normal rats after both single and repeated oral administration. In addition, plasma insulin levels and body weight remained unchanged over 15 days of oral administration in normal and diabetic rats. We conclude that the aqueous extract of OB exhibits potent anti-hyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic activities in diabetic rats without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations.
Islam, Muhammad. (2022). The anti-diabetic potential of Ocimum sanctum Linn. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research. 6. 38- 41. 10. 33545/ 26174693. 2022. v6. i2a. 132. Ocimum sanctum L., also known as Tulsi or the Holy Basil in Bangladesh and India. It is a vastly underutilized potential traditional medicinal plant. Its leaves and seed oil are used for treating many diseases, including coughs and colds. According to scientific evidence, it has a variety of traditional uses and can be used in oxidative stress, hypertension, cancers, neurological diseases and disorders, inflammation and inflammatory syndromes, and so on. This medicinal plant and its derivatives can be used in diabetes and metabolic syndromes. In this literature-based study, it has been seen that O. sanctum has promising anti-diabetic effects in various experimental models using mice, rats, rabbits, etc. For its significant anti-diabetic effect, a tetracyclic triterpenoid known as 16- hydroxy- 4, 4, 10, 13- tetramethyl- 17- (4-methyl- pentyl)- hexa- decahydro- cyclopenta [a] phenanthren- 3- one has been introduced. More research is needed on its anti-diabetic effects.
Ezeani, Chinelo & Ezenyi, Ifeoma & Akunne (formerly Okoye), Theophine & Okoli, Charles & Obidike Ezenyi, Ifeoma. (2017). Ocimum basilicum extract exhibits antidiabetic effects via inhibition of hepatic glucose mobilization and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 6. 22. 10. 5455/ jice. 20161- 229054825. Aim Ocimum basilicum L (Lamiaceae) is used as a traditional remedy for different ailments, including diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the antidiabetic effects of an extract of aerial parts of O. basilicum. Methods- Antihyperglycemic effect of the extract was determined by its effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro, while antidiabetic properties were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated for 28 days with extract and compared to those treated with oral metformin (150 mg/ kg). The study and analysis were conducted between 2014 and 2015. Results- The treatment with 100 and 200 mg/ kg extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced fasting blood glucose concentration and slightly increased mean body weight in treated groups. Oral glucose tolerance was also significantly (P < 0.05, 0.001) improved in 100 and 400 mg/kg extract-treated groups. The extract caused a dose-dependent increase in liver glycogen content, while it decreased alanine transferase (18.9- 30.56 %) and aspartate transferase (6.48-34.3 %) levels in a non-dose-dependent manner. A dose of 100 mg/ kg also reduced serum cholesterol and triglycerides by 19.3 and 39.54 %, compared to a 2.6 % reduction of cholesterol seen in the metformin-treated group. The extract was observed to produce significant (P < 0.001) concentration-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase (35.71- 100 %) and also α-amylase (23.55-81.52%), with estimated inhibitory concentration values of 1.62 and 3.86 mg/ mL, respectively. Conclusions: The anti-diabetic properties of the extract may be due to its ability to suppress endogenous glucose release, inhibit glycogenolysis, and/or stimulate glycogenesis.

Recent Research on Bridella retusa Spreng.

Kilaru, A. & Pal, B. & Antony, A. (2011). Isolation of chitosan from Bridelia retusa for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2. 349- 357. The present study was designed to isolate the flavonoid Chitosan from the ethanol extract of leaves of Bridelia retusa. Phytochemical screening was carried out according to standard procedures from the leaves of Bridelia retusa. The isolated flavonoid was characterized by spectral studies and screened for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in experimental animal models. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by formalin-induced paw edema and carrageenan-induced paw-edema method, and the analgesic activity was determined by tail flick method and hot plate latency method by using external standard indomethacin and Chitosan isolated from ethanol extract of Bridelia retusa. Chitosan significantly (P< 0.05) showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in experimental animals. Therefore, the present study justifies that the isolated flavonoid exhibits significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 250 mg/ kg.
Tatiya, Anil & Saluja, Ajay Kumar & Kalaskar, Mohan & Surana, Sanjay & Patil, Prakash. (2017). Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bridelia retusa (Spreng) bark. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2016. 12. 009. Several species of Bridelia have been used in the condition of pain & arthritis in Indian folk medicine. The present study revealed the preliminary phytochemical investigation and evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activity as well as the underlying mechanism of the bark of Bridelia retusa Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae). The bark was subjected to extraction using a pet. ether, ethyl acetate, and acetone. All the extracts significantly inhibit abdominal writhing response and licking time in the late phase of the formalin test. Extracts could also significantly inhibit mean paw edema of rats induced by carrageenan & histamine at doses of 200 & 400 mg/ kg, i.p. Test materials also showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in cotton pellet granuloma & acetic acid-induced vascular permeability at 400 mg/ kg. Oral administration of B. retusa fractions in CFA induced arthritic rats, physical, biochemical, and hematological parameters observed in arthritic animals were altered significantly to near normal conditions. The maximum paw edema inhibition at day 21 was observed at 400 mg/ kg. It also proved significant protection against protein denaturation & RBC membrane damage. The GC- MS analysis of EA extract revealed the presence of β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, lupeol, and friedelin (Pentacyclic triterpenoid). Therefore the present study has demonstrated the analgesic; anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of B. retusa bark and suggested that the molecular membrane might be associated with the inhibition of biochemical and hematological parameters. Overall bioactive profile of B. retusa used phytomedicine in the future for inflammatory conditions.
Kurdekar, Ranjita & Hegde, Ganesh & Hebbar, Satyanarayana. (2013). Antimicrobial efficacy of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng and Asclepias curassavica L.. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 3. 589- 593. The in vitro bioassay of the bark extracts of Bridelia retusa Spreng. and root extracts of Asclepias curassavica Linn. were done by cold percolation and Soxhlet method against four bacterial species, viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris, and two fungal species Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The MIC and MBC values for the extracts obtained by both methods were tested separately. The acetone extract of B. retusa showed MIC values ranging from 25, 42.5 to 85 mg/ mL against the tested strains whereas the bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations were found to be ≥170 mg/ mL. The MIC value for the root extract of A. curassavica was 3.06 mg/ mL and the bactericidal concentration was found to be 100 mg/ mL. The present work is an attempt to justify that the method of extraction influences the efficacy of the plant extracts.
Banerjee, Saurabh & Bonde, C. (2011). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts of Bridelia Retusa Spreng Bark: Impact of dielectric constant and geographical location. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5. 817- 822. The present investigation aimed to determine the influence of solvents (possessing different dielectric constant values) and geographical location on the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extracts of Bridelia retusa bark. The bark was collected from two different geographical locations in India [Maharashtra (MAH) and Andhra Pradesh (AP)]. The highest extractive values were found to be as 20.70± 0.56 % w/ w and 18.43 ± 0.97 % w/ w in the case of methanolic extracts of Bridelia retusa bark collected from MAH and AP regions respectively while the total polyphenolic contents in the methanolic extract of Bridelia retusa bark were 32.52 ± 0.24 mg/100 gm and 28.04± 0.67 mg/100 gm in MAH and AP regions respectively. The methanolic extract of the species from MAH exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity while that from AP showed less scavenging activity. The extracts showed a positive correlation between the polyphenol contents and the solvent’s dielectric constant (R= 0.728, P< 0.05). This suggests that dielectric constant value significantly influences the choice of solvent for extraction as well as the total phenolic contents and subsequently the antioxidant activity of the plant extract.
Makwana, Himanshu & Devkar, Raviraj & Manganahalli, Manjunath. (2017). Evaluation of In Vitro Antiurolithiatic Potential of Bridelia retusa Spreng. Bark. Advanced Science Letters. 23. 1789- 1791. 10. 1166/ asl. 2017. 8530. Urolithiasis is a very complex disease that is characterized by the formation of renal calculi in the urinary tract/ kidney. Several physio-chemical events like supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of dietary minerals of urine in the kidney lead to the formation of kidney stone; for this, an essential need to develop a formulation that is made up of medicinal plant belongs to the class of Pasanabheda plant according to ancient literature available in Ayurveda, which facilitates the repair mechanism in a natural way towards the organ. Bridelia retusa is a well-known plant of the Western Ghats. The Present study deals with the inhibitory effect of different fractions of methanol extract of Bridelia retusa. Nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals was estimated by the spectrophotometric assay and whereas crystal dissolution was determined by titrimetry/eggshell permeation method, hence the extract fractions exhibited inhibitory action in both nucleation and aggregation assays to a significant level.
Mohit, S. & Kataru, B.A.S. & Vigneshwari, T. & Sravani, N. & Shanmugam, Vinodhini & Rajeswari, Devi. (2018). Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by an extract of Kigelia africana. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 13. 87- 91. To investigate the effectiveness of Kigelia africana methanolic extract on the inhibition of crystallization in synthetic urine, calcium oxalate (COM) and sodium oxalate solutions were induced together to form crystallization as synthetic urine. Methanolic extract of Kigelia africana was prepared in four different concentrations (25, 50, 75, 100 μg/ ml). An analysis was done to verify the turbidity changes during the crystal nucleation and the aggregation in the solution of synthetic urine was observed at 620 nm by spectrophotometer and standard was used as a cystone. The methanolic extract was tested against the artificial stone of calcium oxalate crystals by homogeneous precipitation method. This study was assessed for crystal dissolution using the semi-permeable membrane of the egg which is used as a dissolution bag and the estimation was done using a spectrophotometric method. The result shows that the extract of Kigelia africana has greater capability to dissolve the calcium oxalate compared to the standard of cystone that shows better activity in the dissolution model. Kigelia Africana extract and cystone exhibited strong inhibitory activity in the nucleation and aggregation assays. We concluded that Kigelia africana leaf extract remarkably inhibits crystal formation and it has good potential for anti- urolithiatic activity. Hence, further investigation and formation of new drugs from this medicinal plant can be used for urolithiasis.

Recent Research on Homonoia riparia Lour.

Bapat, U.C. & Mhapsekar, D. R. (2015). Evaluation of anti- oxidant activity of Homonoia riparia Lour., Kirganelia reticulata (Poir) baill., Phyllanthus fraternus webster and Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linn.) Poit. and its correlation with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. P723- P732. Plants of Euphorbiaceae are used to cure various diseases in traditional systems of medicine. For the present study, Homonoia riparia, Kirganelia reticulata, Phyllanthus fraternus, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were selected based on their availability and antimicrobial activity. Plant phenolics and flavonoids are known to possess antioxidant activity. Hence, it was decided to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts and correlate it with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the same. The antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined by standard methods. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the DMSO extract of P. fraternus. There was a positive correlation between the total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents in all the extracts. The IC50 values obtained indicated maximum antioxidant potential in the extract of male flowers of H. riparia.
Xavier, Seena & Haneefa, Shoja & Devkar, Raviraj & polo, Picheswara & Maheshwari, Rajalekshmi & Shreedhara, Chandrashekara & Manganahalli, Manjunath. (2017). Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Activities of the Extract and Fractions of Homonoia riparia Lour. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 13. 25- 30. 10. 4103/ 0973- 1296. 197647. Background: Homonoia riparia is a plant, which is widely used in the indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis, renal disorders, and inflammatory conditions. This is the first report on the antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of the whole plant of H. riparia. Objective: The present study aims at investigating the in vitro antioxidant and nephroprotective activity of the methanol extract and its different fractions of H. riparia. Methods: Petroleum ether (HRPE), Ethyl acetate (HREA), Butanol (HRBU), and aqueous fractions (HRAQ) were prepared from the crude methanol extract of H. riparia (HRM) using liquid partitioning. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity assay were performed according to suitable methods. Nephroprotective activities were evaluated by MTT assay using Human Embryonic Kidney cells against cisplatin induced toxicity. Quantification of gallic acid was performed using the validated HPTLC method. Results: The studies showed that extract and fractions possess significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced renal toxicity. All the extracts/fractions of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia were found to be significantly reducing cisplatin induced toxicity (< 0.05). The highest activity was observed with HRBU and HRAQ with a percentage viability of 293.09 ± 4.3 and 345.07 ± 3.2 at a concentration of 200 µg/ ml. Gallic acid was detected in the HRM/fractions using HPTLC. Summary: Cisplatin (8 μg/ ml) exhibited 50 % inhibition in cell viability in HEK 293 cells. Butanol and aqueous fractions of Homonoia riparia showed significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced cell damage in HEK cells. Gallic acid was detected and quantified in the extract and fractions of the whole plant of Homonoia ripariaAbbreviations used: HPTLC: High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, DPPH: 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl- hydrazyl, ABTS: 2, 2′- azino- bis (3- ethyl- benzothiazoline- 6- sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, MTT: 3- (4, 5- dimethyl thiazolyl- 2- yl)- 2, 5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, GAE: Gallic acid equivalents, QE: Quercetin equivalents, HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney, HRM: Methanol extract of H. riparia, HRPE: Petroleum ether fraction of H. riparia, HREA: ethyl acetate fraction of H. riparia, HRBU: Butanol fraction of H. riparia, HRAQ: Aqueous fraction of H. riparia, DMEM: Dulbecco’s minimum essential medium, FBS: Foetal bovine serum, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, ANOVA: One way analysis of variance.
Kumar, B.N. & Madhavan, V. & Yoganarshiman, S.N. & Swamy, A. & Joy, J. M. (2010). Study of diuretic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of the root of Homonoia riparia Lour. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3. 149- 153. In the Indian system of medicine, Homonoia riparia Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) root part is claimed to possess powerful diuretic activity. However, the diuretic potential of the root is not yet investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the diuretic potential of aqueous extract (AEHR) and 95 % of ethanol extract of the root of Homonoia riparia Lour (EEHR) in rats. Different concentrations of AEHR and EEHR (250 and 500 mg/ kg b.w) were per orally administered (n = 6 per each treatment group) to hydrated rats and their urine output was monitored over a period of 5 h after drug administration. Different parameters viz. total urine volume, and urine concentration of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride have been evaluated. The rats treated with AEHR and EEHR (250 and 500 mg/ kg; p.o.) showed higher urine volume when compared to the respective control. The excretion of cations (sodium and potassium ions) and anions (chloride ions) in both AEHR and EEHR also increased significantly with respect to the control group. The elevated diuretic potential of AEHR and EEHR was statistically significant (P< 0.001) and comparable to that of standard furosemide (10 mg/ kg; p.o.). The present study shows that the drug has significant diuretic activity. This study suggests that the active component(s) in AEHR and EEHR had a similar diuretic effect to that of furosemide. These results validate the traditional use of H. riparia as a diuretic agent.

Recent Research on Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br.

Ahmad, Wasim & Parveen, Rabea & Yusuf, Mohammad & Amir, Mohd & Wahab, Shadma & Ansari, Mohammad & Mujeeb, Mohd & Zaidi, Arif & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2021). Antiurolithiatic activity of Didymocarpous pedicellata R. Br. South African Journal of Botany. 150. 10. 1016/ j. sajb. 2021. 10. 028. Didymocarpous pedicellata R.Br. (Gesneriaceae), also known as a stone flower, is a valuable medicinal plant growing in the subtropical Himalayas (India). It is traditionally used for treating kidney and bladder stones and is the main ingredient of herbal formulations used to treat kidney stones, such as Cystone and Safoof-e-Pathr Phori (SPP). The present study explored the antiurolithiatic effect of Didymocarpous pedicellata leaves (DPL) in urolithiasis caused by ethylene glycol in Wistar male rats. The EG-induced urolithiasis group exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.001) serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, tissue lipid peroxidation, and urinary calcium levels, and significantly lower (P < 0.001) urinary potassium and sodium levels than the standard control group. DPL treatment (200 and 300 mg/ kg) exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) lower urine and serum markers than toxicant rats. The histological investigation demonstrated refractile crystals and extensive damage to proximal tubules causing dilation in EG-induced urolithiasis rats. However, Didymocarpous pedicellata treatment of 300 mg/ kg exhibited the absence of crystals and reduced kidney tissue damage, thus protecting against urolithiasis and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, DPL (300 mg/ kg) is useful in the management of urolithiasis.
Kaur, Gurpreet & Lone, Irshad & Athar, Mohammad & Alam, Sarwar. (2007). Protective effect of Didymocarpus pedicellata on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced renal oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response. Chemico-biological interactions. 165. 33- 44. 10. 1016/ j. cbi. 2006. 10. 012. Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br. (Gesneriaceae) is widely used in traditional Indian medicines against renal afflictions. In the present study, we have revealed ethanolic extract of aerial parts of D. pedicellata to possess significant antioxidant activity and protect against ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe- NTA) mediated renal oxidative stress, nephrotoxicity, and tumor promotion response. D. pedicellata extract was found to possess a high content of total polyphenolics, exhibit potent reducing power, and significantly scavenge free radicals including several reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The extract is also significantly and dose-dependently protected against Fe- NTA plus H(2)O(2)-mediated damage to lipids and DNA. The protective efficacy of the extract was also tested in vivo against Fe- NTA mediated nephrotoxicity and tumor promotion response. Administration of Fe- NTA (9 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) to Swiss albino mice depleted renal glutathione content and activities of antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes with concomitant induction of oxidative damage. Fe- NTA also incited hyperproliferation response elevating ornithine decarboxylase activity and [(3) H]- thymidine incorporation into DNA. Elevation in serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and histopathological changes were also evident and suggested Fe-NTA to afflict damage to the kidney. Pretreatment of mice with D. pedicellata extract (100- 200 mg/ kg body weight) for 7 days not only restored antioxidant armory near normal values but also significantly protected against renal oxidative stress and damage restoring normal renal architecture and levels of renal damage markers, viz., BUN and SCr. The results of the present study indicate D. pedicellata possess potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities and preclude oxidative damage and hyperproliferation in renal tissues.
Ahmad, Wasim & Zaidi, Arif & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2014). Quality control analysis of Didymocarpous pedicellata R. Br. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 13. 175- 180. Standardization and quality control of the herbal drugs used in the Unani system of medicine is essential for their acceptance in the international as well as local markets. Here, an attempt has been made for pharmacognostical standardization of dried leaves of Didymocarpous pedicellata R. Br. (Gesneriaceae) an Unani drug for the first time. The study includes macroscopic and microscopic evaluation along with the estimation of its physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening as well as fingerprint profile by HPTLC and HPLC. It also includes quantification of some of the constituents like phenolics and flavonoids. The quality control parameters in the present study reveal the standardization profile of Didymocarpous pedicellata which would be of immense value in botanical identification and authentication of plant drugs as well as may be helpful in preventing adulteration.
Prameela, J. & Ramakrishnaiah, H. & V, Krishna & Deepalakshmi, A. P. (2015). GC- MS analyses of leaf and root extracts of Didymocarpus tomentosa. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7. 423- 425. Objective: Didymocarpus tomentosa Wight., is a traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of fever and skin allergy and the present study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents in leaf and root extracts using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC- MS). Methods: The methanolic leaf and root extracts were analyzed using Shimadzu GCMS- QP 2010 gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum of GC- MS was interpreted using the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Results: The GC-MS analyses of leaf and root extracts revealed the presence of twenty-six and twenty-three phytochemical constituents respectively. 5- Hydrxoy- methyl- furfural (15.1 %), cis, cis, cis-7, 10, 13- Hexadecatrienal (12.5 %), Hexadecanoic acid (11.8 %), Lupenone (29.1 %), γ- Sitosterol (21.3 %) and Lupeol (12.0 %) were the major constituents. Conclusion: The leaf and root extracts of D. tomentosa possess various phytochemical constituents, which are of high therapeutic value.
Priyakumari C., Joyce & Karthikeyan, Aparna & Jansi, Sagaya & Kezia, G. (2014). Phytochemical analysis of Didymocarpus pedicellatus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 25. 307- 309. Phytochemical analysis of the extract of Didymocarpus pedicellatus was conducted to detect the presence of various secondary metabolites. These plants are widely used in South Indian Cuisine. It is commonly known as a Black stone flower. Didymocarpus pedicellatus has a strong ethano-pharamaceutical background. D. pedicellatus revealed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannis, phenols, etc.
Gowda, Prameela & Ramakrishnaiah, Hanumanthaiah & V, Krishna & Narra, Sivakrishna & Jagannath, Nataraj. (2012). Caryophyllene-Rich Essential Oil of Didymocarpus Tomentosa : Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity. Natural product communications. 7. 1535- 8. 10. 1177/ 1934578- X- 1200701131. The essential oil from the leaves of Didymocarpus tomentosa was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/ FID and GC/ MS. Twenty-five constituents amounting to 81.6 % of the oil were identified. The leaf oil contained 78.7% sesquiterpenes and 2.9 % monoterpenes. The leaf essential oil of D. tomentosa is a unique caryophyllene-rich natural source containing beta-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, a-humulene, and humulene oxide. The cytotoxic activity of the oil was determined by the BSLT using shrimp larva and the MTT assay using HeLa tumor cell line. The oil showed significant cytotoxic activity with LC50 and IC50 values of 12.26 and 11.4 microg/ mL, respectively. This is the first report on the chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of D. tomentosa.

Recent Research on Iris ensata

Ganaie, Aijaz & Mishra, Ravi & Hussain, Aashaq. (2018). Antioxidant activity of some extracts of Iris ensata. 230- 235. Introduction: Iris ensata is a rare medicinal plant found in Kashmir valley. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts was carried out against various bacterial and fungal strains like E. coli (MTCC 407), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 139), S. aureus (MTCC 96), B. subtilis (MTCC 441), K. pneumoniae (MTCC 49); A. niger (MTCC- 1344), P. crysogenum (MTCC- 947), C. albicans (MTCC), T. rubrum (MTCC 8469), E. floccosum (MTCC 613), M. canis (MTCC 296). Various antioxidant methods were used for the evaluation of the free radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts, and IC50 values were found to be lowering with increased polarity. Results: The plant under study was found to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacterial and fungal strains The plant also shows a significant radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 98.94, 124.63, 98.63, 191.88, 100.79 µg/ ml in methanolic extract. Conclusion: The plant can also serve as a potential alternative to treat various diseases, as the plant was found to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential.
Wagay, Javeed & Jain, Kirti. (2018). Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata Extracts against Selected Microorganisms. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 8. 28- 34. 10. 22270/ jddt. v8i6. 1975. Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of worldwide death. Treatment of infections continues to be difficult in modern times because of the severe side effects of some drugs and the growing resistance to antibacterial agents. Over the past few decades, the use of antibiotics is under threat as many commonly used antibiotics have become less effective against certain illnesses due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, the effects of 3 types of solvents, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of various phytochemical constituent, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and in vitro antimicrobial activity from rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana (Kashmir Iris) and Iris ensata (Japanese Iris), belong to family Iridaceae. The reason for selecting the in vitro method was to minimize the usage of experimental animals. The antimicrobial activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were evaluated on bacterial strains of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas auregenosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Eschirichia coli and fungal strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical studies and quantitative analysis of alkaloids, phenol, and flavonoids were performed by a well-reported method. These extracts were further subjected to TLC (Thin layer chromatography analysis). The chemical contents of the Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were presented as total phenolic content and total flavonoids content. Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of some common compounds like phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, etc. The antimicrobial potential of the plant extract was evaluated against different bacterial species which shows significant inhibitory action against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains. The methanolic extract was found to be more active than chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. It reveals that the methanol-soluble components of the plant are highly active against the above-mentioned microorganism.
Rigano, Daniela & Formisano, Carmen & Grassia, Armando & Grassia, Gianluca & Perrone, Angela & Piacente, Sonia & Vuotto, Maria & Senatore, Felice. (2007). Antioxidant Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids from Rhizomes of Iris pseudopumila. Planta medica. 73. 93- 6. 10. 1055/ s- 2006- 957071. Chromatographic separation of a methanolic extract from Iris pseudopumila rhizomes led to the isolation of two new natural compounds, irilone 4′-O-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl- (1 >6)- beta- D- glucopyranoside] and isoscutellarein 6- C-beta- D- glucopyranoside, along with 9 isoflavonoids and 4 flavonoids. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay, with quercetin as a positive control. Irilone 4′- O- beta- D- glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3- O- [alpha- L-rhamno- pyranosyl- (1- >6)- beta- D- glucopyranoside] showed significant antioxidant activity.
Wani, Sajad & Bilal, India & Padder, A & Mokhdomi, Taseem & Kashmir, Jammu & Javid, India & Mir, I & Hilal, India & Bhat, A & Qazi, India & Hassan, Parvaiz & Raies, India & Qadri, A & Kashmir, Jammu & Padder, Bilal & Mir, Javid & Bhat, Hilal & Qazi, Parvaiz & Qadri, Raies. (2017). Antiproliferative activity of methanolic extracts of different Iris plant species against A549 and caco- 2 cell lines. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 30148. 17282. For a long time, plants were known to possess anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines. We aimed to use the crude methanolic extracts of Iris plant species selected as per their ethno- pharmacological use and contain multiple molecules with anticancer potential that could be very effective in limiting the growth of cancer cell lines. The rhizome of plant material was collected from different ecogeographical regions of Kashmir Valley, shade-dried, and extracted with methanol using a cold extraction procedure. Anticancer activities were assayed with standard MTT colorimetric procedure against A549 and Caco-2 cell lines. The effect on cell proliferation was evaluated on successive population doubling times viz. 24hr and 48 hrs time points. The extracts showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation of both A- 549 and Caco- 2 cell lines. The effect against A549 cells for Iris spuria and Iris kashmiriana was lowest followed by Iris germanica and the highest was observed in the case of Iris ensata and Iris crocea respectively. However, this inhibitory effect became less pronounced against Caco2 cell lines treated with respective extracts. Our results revealed that methanolic extracts of different Iris plant species are promising anticancer reagents.
Wollenweber, Eckhard & Stevens, Jan & Klimo, Karin & Knauft, Jutta & Frank, Norbert & Gerhauser, Clarissa. (2003). Cancer Chemopreventive in vitro Activities of Isoflavones Isolated from Iris germanica. Planta medica. 69. 15- 20. 10. 1055/ s- 2003- 37030. Six known isoflavones were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris germanica, and were established by UV, MS, and NMR techniques as irisolidone (1), irisolidone 7- O- α- D- glucoside (1a), irigenin (2), irilone (3), iriflogenin (4), and iriskashmirianin (5). These compounds were examined for their cancer chemopreventive potential. They were shown to be potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC50 values in the range of 0.25 – 4.9 μM. The isoflavones 2, 3, and 5 displayed moderate activity as inducers of NAD (P) H: quinone reductase (QR) in cultured mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells, with CD values (concentration required to double the specific activity of QR) of 3.5 – 16.7 μM, whereas weak activity was observed with compounds 4 and 5 in the radical (DPPH) scavenging bioassay (IC50 values 89.6 and 120.3 μM, respectively). With respect to anti-tumor promoting potential based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, none of the compounds demonstrated significant activity in the concentration range tested. Boltenkov, E. & Rybin, Viacheslav & Zarembo, E. (2005). Flavones from Callus Tissue of Iris ensata. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 41. 539- 541. 10. 1007/ s10600- 005- 0200- 1. Flavonoids are uncharacteristic of intact plants were isolated from the callus tissue of Iris ensata and were identified as 5- hydroxy- 4′- methoxyflavone, 5- hydroxy- 3′-methoxyflavone, and 5- hydroxy- 2′- methoxyflavone using PMR and mass spectrometry. It was proposed that the lack of growth of callus tissue after changing cultivation conditions was related to the inhibiting effect of these flavones on cell proliferation.
Fang, Rui & Houghton, Peter & Hylands, Peter. (2008). Cytotoxic effects of compounds from Iris tectorum on human cancer cell lines. Journal of ethno- pharmacology. 118. 257- 63. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2008. 04. 006. In the course of searching for novel cytotoxic compounds which can be used in chemotherapy, several Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been screened by bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation. An extract of rhizomes of Iris tectorum Maxim., a TCM used to treat cancer, exhibited the highest potency and led to the isolation of two flavonoids, 7- O- methylaromadendrin and tectorigenin, and four iridal-type triterpenes, iritectols A and B, iso- iridogermanal and iridobelamal A. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against four human cancer cell lines were evaluated by the SRB assay. Iritectol B, isoiridogermanal and iridobelamal A showed similar cytotoxicity with IG (50) around 11 microM and 23 microM against MCF- 7 and C32 cell lines, respectively. Cell cycle-specific inhibition and apoptosis induced by the isolated compounds were determined using flow cytometry with two sets of co-labeling systems: annexin V- FITC/ propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide. Iritectol B demonstrated dose- a dependent apoptotic effect against COR- L23 cells with an apoptotic rate of 33 % at 100 micro M. Tectorigenin (an analogue of genistein) showed cell cycle specific inhibition and arrested cells at G (2)/ M phase-up to 400 micro M but did not demonstrate apoptotic effect against COR- L23 cells up to 1 mM. The overall activities of isolated compounds observed in the present study support the traditional use of Iris tectorum Maxim. in the treatment of cancer.
Mughees, Mohd & Jha, Rani & Ahmad, Javed & Ahmad, Altaf. (2017). SCAR MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CORRECT IDENTIFICATION OF IRIS ENSATA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 9. 201- 205. 10. 22159/ ijpps. 2017- v9i12. 21677. Objective: The objective of this research was to develop the RAPD-based SCAR marker for the correct identification of the Iris ensata Thunb. (I. ensata) plant from its adulterants. Methods: Five samples of I. ensata. from the different geographical areas were used in this study. The plant genomic DNA was isolated with the CTAB method with some modification (as dried samples were also used). After that, polymorphism was checked with the help of the 10-mer random primers of the OPAA and BG series. Then, the bands of interest were eluted and cloned into pGEMT easy vectors for sequencing. Finally, the sequence is used to develop the SCAR primers (Ir- f and Ir-R) specific for I. ensata, and the developed primers are also validated with respect to the market samples. Results: A putative 580 bp sequence specific for Iris ensata was identified from the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. To overcome the main limitation of RAPD it has been converted into SCAR markers. So, this specific band was then eluted, cloned, and sequenced. After that, SCAR primers (Ir- F and Ir- R) were synthesized by using this sequence. For the validation of the synthesized SCAR primers, they were tested with respect to the market samples. The amplicon of 260 bp was produced by the SCAR primers in the authentic I. ensata but market samples did not produce any bands with the synthesized SCAR primers. Conclusion: The results of this study show a high level of polymorphism in the RAPD pattern of the different accessions of the plant. Furthermore, this study results in the successful development of the RAPD based SCAR marker for the identification of the I. ensata.
Wagay, Javeed & Jain, Kirti. (2018). Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata Extracts against Selected Microorganisms. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 8. 28- 34. 10. 22270/ jddt. v8i6. 1975. Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of worldwide death. Treatment of infections continues to be difficult in modern times because of the severe side effects of some drugs and the growing resistance to antibacterial agents. Over the past few decades, the use of antibiotics is under threat as many commonly used antibiotics have become less effective against certain illnesses due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, the effects of 3 types of solvents, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were investigated to determine the presence of various phytochemical constituent, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and in vitro antimicrobial activity from rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana (Kashmir Iris) and Iris ensata (Japanese Iris), belong to family Iridaceae. The reason for selecting the in vitro method was to minimize the usage of experimental animals. The antimicrobial activity of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract of rhizomes of Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were evaluated on bacterial strains of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas auregenosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Eschirichia coli and fungal strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by agar well diffusion method. The preliminary phytochemical studies and quantitative analysis of alkaloids, phenol, and flavonoids were performed by a well-reported method. These extracts were further subjected to TLC (Thin layer chromatography analysis). The chemical contents of the Iris kashmiriana and Iris ensata were presented as total phenolic content and total flavonoids content. Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of some common compounds like phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, etc. The antimicrobial potential of the plant extract was evaluated against different bacterial species which shows significant inhibitory action against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains. The methanolic extract was found to be more active than chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. It reveals that the methanol soluble components of the plant are highly active against the above-mentioned microorganism.
Tantry, Mudasir & Ghazanfar, Khalid & Zargar, Ummer. (2013). New alkylated benzoquinone from Iris nepalensis. Natural product research. 27. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2012. 763124. Chemical investigation of chloroform extract of rhizomes of Iris nepalensis yielded a new alkylated 1, 4- benzoquinone derivative (1). The structure of Compound 1 was established by analysis of spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was evaluated for cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines A- 549, HL- 60, HCT- 116, and ZR- 75. Compound 1 showed the least cytotoxicity against HL- 60, HCT- 116, and ZR- 75- 30.
Dinnimath, Basavaraj & Jalalpure, Sunil & Patil, Umesh. (2017). Antiurolithiatic activity of natural constituents isolated from Aerva lanata. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 8. 10. 1016/ j. jaim. 2016. 11. 006. Background: Pashanabheda is used as anti- urolithiatic in Ayurveda. In the present study, Aerva lanata (L) Juss. ex. Schult (Amaranthaceae) from the Western Ghats of India was selected for the isolation of active constituents and screening for anti- urolithiatic potentials. Objective: Screening of compounds isolated from A. lanata for anti- urolithiatic potentials. Materials and methods: Ethylene glycol (0.75 % v/v) induced urolithiasis model was used to study the antiurolithiatic activity in male Wistar albino rats. The animals were divided into five groups containing six each. Based on the LD50 of the plant extract (2000 mg/ kg b.w) equivalent dose was calculated from their yield. Two isolated compounds (quercetin and betulin) of A. lanata were screened for anti- urolithiatic potentials in calculi-induced (ethylene glycol 0.75 % v/v) male Wistar albino rats by administering 2 mg/ kg b.w/ day orally as test dose for 28 days. Results: The urine volume was found to be significantly increased from 12.76 ± 0.10 ml to 21.35 ± 0.20 ml in the rats treated with quercetin and 21.50 ± 0.21 ml in rats treated with betulin. Urine microscopy revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the size of calculi and significantly enhanced (p < 0.001) excretion of calcium, oxalate, and phosphate, whereas the level of magnesium was increased. SEM of kidney sections has revealed a reduction in the calculi in treated animals. Serum analysis has revealed a significant reduction in the level of BUN and creatinine in treated rats. Conclusion: The isolated quercetin and betulin from A. lanata have shown mild diuretic effect as well as antiurolithiatic effect by significantly reducing the size of calculi in the kidneys and enhancing the excretion of calcium, phosphate, and oxalate while maintaining the level of magnesium, which is reported to be one of the calculi inhibiting factors.
Vyas, Bhavin & Vyas, R.B. & Joshi, Shrikant & Santani, Devdas. (2011). Antiurolithiatic Activity of Whole-Plant Hydroalcoholic Extract of Pergularia daemia in Rats. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 3. 36- 40. 10. 4103/ 0975-1483. 76417. The whole-plant, Pergularia daemia (Family: Asclepediaceae) extract (50 % alcohol) was investigated for its anti- urolithiatic and diuretic activity. Ethylene glycol (0.75 % in water) feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Alcoholic extract (400 mg/ kg) of P. daemia was given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Supplementation with extract significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate, calcium, and phosphate. Furthermore, high serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by the extract. The results were comparable with the standard drug, cystone (750 mg/ kg). The reduction of stone-forming constituents in urine and their decreased kidney retention reduces the solubility product of crystallizing salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, which could contribute to the antiurolithiatic property of the extract. The extract exhibited significant diuretic activity at a dose of 400 mg/ kg body weight as evidenced by increased total urine volume and the urine concentration of Na+, and K+. These findings affirm assertions made regarding the effectiveness of the extract of this plant against urinary pathologies in Indian folk medicine.
Olha, Mykhailenko & Lesyk, Roman & Finiuk, Nataliya & Rostyslav, Stoika & Tetyana, Yushchenko & Anna, Ocheretniuk & Valentina, Vaschuk & Volodymyr, Mishchenko & Georgiyants, Victoriya. (2020). In vitro anticancer activity screening of Iridaceae plant extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 10. 10. 7324/ JAPS. 2020. 10708. The different effects on human tumor cells (MCF- 7, Hep- G2, HCT- 116, HeLa, HL- 60, and Ha- CaT) for Ukrainian plant extracts have been examined for the first time. The extracts were from Crocus sativus (stigma, flowers, leaves, and corms), Juno bucharica (leaves), Gladiolus hybrid Zefir (leaves), and Iris hungarica (rhizomes) from the Iridaceae family. All the studied extracts exhibited in vitro dose-and time-dependent killing capabilities on applied tumor cell lines. Their killing activity was tissue-specific toward tumor cells. The HL-60 acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line and HCT116 colon adenocarcinoma cell line were found as the most sensitive toward treatment with studied plant extracts. It was found that the extracts were not active against normal human epidermal keratinocytes of the HaCaT line. Gladiolus leaf extract showed particularly strong anticancer properties in vitro. The current results for the first time suggest that Iridaceae plant water dry extracts are promising anticancer reagents. Subsequently, the results can be used to develop a prevention agent for the treatment of human cancers.
Verma, Shashi & Tripathi, Devika & Verma, Shashi. (2016). Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Passiflora Nepalensis in Rats. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 28262. 04165. This study was conducted to investigate the diuretic potential of aqueous methanolic extract of Passiflora nepalensis in rats. The extract at doses of 10, 30, 50, and 100 mg/ kg was administered intraperitoneally in the acute diuretic model. Furosemide (10 mg/ kg i.p) was used as the standard drug. Total urine volume and urinary excretion of electrolytes were measured. Preliminary phytochemical tests were also performed using standard procedures. The extract exhibited a significant dose dependent diuretic effect at all the doses when compared to the control group. Urinary excretion of sodium was significantly increased by the extract while a significant increase in potassium excretion was only observed at higher doses. Phyto- chemical analysis illustrated that the extract contained compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and reducing sugars. It is conceivable therefore that the aqueous methanolic extract of P. nepalensis contains certain biologically active compounds that might be responsible for the diuretic activity.
Liu, Rong & Gao, Yike & Fan, Zhuping & Wang, Xinzi & Xiao, Jianhua & Zhang, Qixiang. (2020). Within-day temporal isolation of two species of Iris (Iridaceae) sharing the same pollinator. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 130. 447- 457. 10. 1093/ biolinnean/ blaa032. Knowledge of factors driving reproductive isolation is essential to understand the process of speciation. To study the reproductive isolation of two closely related species with overlapping flowering seasons, Iris domestica and Iris dichotoma, we compared their reproductive system, floral biology, and pollination biology. The results indicated that I. domestica was facultatively xenogamous, whereas I. dichotoma was facultatively autogamous. Although the two species differed significantly in floral colour, floral diameter, floral structure, nectar volume, and flower opening, and closing times, they shared the same diurnal pollinator, the honeybee Apis cerana. The frequency of pollination by A. cerana did not differ significantly between the two species, but honeybee pollination of I. domestica was more efficient compared with that of I. dichotoma. Despite the difference in floral structure between the two species, both species deposited pollen on the same parts of the body of honeybees. The temporal partitioning of within-day flowering times between I. domestica (from 07.15 to 08.15 h to 18.00 to 19.00 h) and I. dichotoma (from 15.45 to 16.15 h to 22.00 to 23.00 h), together with the time memory of honeybees, meant that the two species did not overlap in the time of their pollination, thus leading to temporal isolation as a major driver of reproductive isolation between the two species.
Mohammad, Afroze & Jaiswal, Varun & Akhtar, Sohail & Jayashree, Bs & Dhar, K. L. (2017). Isolation of isoflavones from Iris kashmiriana Baker as potential anti proliferative agents targeting NF- kappa B. Phytochemistry. 136. 10. 1016/ j. phytochem. 2017. 01. 002. Cancer is possibly one of the most devastating and complex diseases and therefore involves chemotherapy as one of the frontline strategies in its therapy. However, expected toxicity and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents encourage us to use plant-derived natural chemotherapeutic sources at the clinical stage of cancer therapy. In view of this strategy, new glycosides and isoflavonoids were isolated from Iris kashmiriana Baker and subjected to structure elucidation followed by their biological evaluation. Isolated compounds and their derivatives were purified by column chromatography and structural identification was made by a combination of various spectroscopic techniques. UV, IR, H NMR, ¹C NMR, DEPT, 2-D NMR, and mass spectrometry coupled with chemical analysis. Furthermore, an in silico library of isolated isoflavones and their analogues were designed. NF-kappaB (a transcription factor that facilitates angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion, and metastasis) was selected as a target to evaluate the anticancer and antioxidant activity of isoflavones and their analogues. The designed library of isoflavones and analogues was docked into the active site of NF-kappa B and the most active 15 analogues were selected for synthesis. Finally, all compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against various cell lines and antioxidant activity with different methods that demonstrate their anti-cancer and antioxidant potential. The cell cycle specificity of the cytotoxicity was further analyzed by corresponding analysis, using a flow cytometer. Most of the compounds exhibit moderate activity, whereas the 5, 7, 8- trihydroxy- 3- (4-methoxyphenyl)- 4H- chromen- 4- one, 5, 7, 8- trihydroxy- 3- (4-hydroxyphenyl)- 4H- chromen- 4- one, 5, 7, 8- triacetoxyoxy- 3- (4-methoxyphenyl)- 4H- chromen- 4- one and 6, 7- diacetoxyoxy- 3- (4-methoxyphenyl)- 4H- chromen- 4- one showed distinct broad- spectrum anticancer activity with IC50 values ranges between 3.8 and 5.6 μg/ mL. Cell cycle analysis indicates that these compounds induce cell cycle arrest at G2/ M phase.

Recent Research on Northosaerva brachiata Wight.

Mammen, Denni & Daniel, Mammen & Sane, R. T. (2012). Identification of pharmacognostic and phytochemical biomarkers to distinguish between Aerva lanata Juss ex Schultes and its substitute, Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) W. & A. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 4. 116- 119. Aerva lanata, equated with Bhadra, is a well-known medicinal herb often confused with Nothosaerva brachiata, which possesses similar morphological characteristics. Studies on micromorphology, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and HPTLC fingerprints were conducted for the correct identification of biomarkers. Different parameters were studied for the plant materials in fresh form, powder form, and extract form. The stomata in both plants were found to be anomocytic, with curved walls of subsidiary cells in A. lanata and wavy walls for the same in N. brachiata. Microscopic studies of the powders of both plants showed multicellular, uniseriate, and warty trichomes in A. lanata and multicellular uniseriate smooth trichomes in N. brachiata. Epidermal cells in N. brachiata showed striations, which were absent in those of A. lanata. Rhombiodal calcium oxalate crystals found in A. lanata were found absent in N. brachiata. Flavonols identified in Aerva lanata were Quercetin, Kaempferol, and its two methoxy derivatives, while Nothosaerva showed only one methoxy derivative of kaempferol. The betacyanin, Betanin, was identified in A. lanata, while N. brachiata showed the presence of another betacyanin different from betanin. Phenolic acid content did not vary in both plants. Tannins and coumarins were found to be present only in N. brachiata, while quinones were found present in A. lanata. The HPTLC chromatograms of both plants showed enough variation for the identification of adulteration.

Recent Research on Lepidagathis prostrata Dalz.

Devkar, Raviraj & Chaudhary, Shilpee & Adepu, Sahithi & Xavier, Seena & Chandrashekar, Kodangala & Manganahalli, Manjunath. (2015). Evaluation of antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis prostrata: A Pashanbhed plant. Pharmaceutical Biology. 54. 10.3109/13880209.2015.1066397. Oxidative stress acts as an essential mediator in the pathophysiology of urolithiasis. Lepidagathis prostrata Dalz. (Acanthaceae) is a Pashanbhed plant recommended for managing urolithiasis; however, no scientific validation has been reported. To evaluate the anti- urolithiatic and antioxidant potential of L. prostrata.Methanol extract (LPM) and fractions; petroleum ether (LPPE), ethyl acetate (LPEA), n-butanol (LPBU), and aqueous (LPAQ) were prepared. In vitro, antiurolithiatic activity was evaluated by the capacity to inhibit calcium oxalate (CaOx) nucleation and aggregation at different concentrations of extract/fractions (0.04-3 mg/ mL) for 30 min. Total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant potential were determined. A validated HPTLC method was performed to quantify lupeol and β-sitosterol. LPEA exhibited the highest dose-dependent inhibition of CaOx nucleation (IC50: 336.23 ± 30.79 µg/ mL) and aggregation (IC50: 149.63 ± 10.31 µg/mL), which was significantly (p < 0.05) better than standard Cystone. The polar LPBU fraction was enriched with phenols (47.34 ± 0.19 mg GAE/ g) and flavonoids (20.38 ± 0.05 mg QE/ g), which correlates with its highest antioxidant potential in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide scavenging and iron chelating activities (IC50: 1.18- 87.34 µg/ mL). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of lupeol and β-sitosterol in L. prostrata. the antiurolithiatic activity of L. prostrata is probably mediated through the inhibition of CaOx crystallization. In addition to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities, it would act as an excellent agent for the prevention of urolithiasis.

Recent Research on Ammania baccifera

Swilam, Noha & Nawwar, Mahmoud & Radwan, Rasha & Mostafa, Eman. (2022). Antidiabetic Activity and In Silico Molecular Docking of Polyphenols from Ammannia baccifera L. subsp. Aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne Waste: Structure Elucidation of Undescribed Acylated Flavonol Diglucoside. Plants. 11. 452. 10. 3390/ plants- 11030452. Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Ammania aegyptiaca ethanol extract (AEEE) showed high concentrations of polyphenol and flavonoid content, with notable antioxidant activity. Undescribed acylated diglucoside flavonol myricetin 3- O- β- 4C1- (6″- O-galloyl glucopyranoside) 7- O- β- 4C1-glucopyranoside (MGGG) was isolated from the aerial parts of AEEE, along with four known polyphenols that had not been characterized previously from AEEE. The inhibitory effects of MGGG, AEEE, and all compounds against α-amylase, pancreatic lipase, and β-glucosidase were assessed. In addition, molecular docking was used to determine the inhibition of digestive enzymes, and this confirmed that the MGGG interacted strongly with the active site residues of these enzymes, with the highest binding free energy against α-amylase (−8.99 kcal/ mol), as compared to the commercial drug acarbose (−5.04 kcal/ mol), thus justifying its use in the potential management of diabetes. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, AEEE significantly decreased high serum glucose, α- amylase activity, and serum liver and kidney function markers, as well as increasing insulin blood level. Moreover, AEEE improved the lipid profile of diabetic animals, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and inhibited lipid peroxidation. Histopathological studies proved the decrease in pancreas damage and supported the biochemical findings. These results provide evidence that AEEE and MGGG possess potent antidiabetic activity, which warrants additional investigation.
Dhanapal, Ramaiyan & Vrushabendraswamy, BM & Murugesan, T & Chandramohan, K & Sridharchandanam, K & Kavimani, S. (2005). Evaluation of analgesic effect of Ammania baccifera Linn. in mice. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research. 20. 10.4314/wajpdr.v20i1.14742. The analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of Ammania baccifera Linn whole plant (EEAB) was investigated in chemical models of nociception in mice. EEAB at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/ kg i.p produced an inhibition of 20.7 %, 43.4 %, and 72.9 %, respectively, of the abdominal writhes induced by acetic acid in mice. In the formalin test, the administration of 200,400 and 600 mg/kg i.p had no effects in the first phase (05 min) but produced a dose-dependent analgesic effect in the second phase (1540 min) with inhibitions of the licking time of 27.3%, 47.7%, and 57.4%, respectively. These observations suggest that Ammania baccifera possesses some analgesic activity.
Chitme, Havagiray R & Rathod, Niranjan & Chandra, Ramesh. (2014). In vivo and In vitro Models for Evaluating Anti-urolithiasis Activity of Herbal Drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIO-SCIENCE 2277- 8713. 3. 309- 329. Today the large number of the population suffering from kidney stone disease has increased due to changes in living conditions. Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that results from a succession of several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidney. The treatments used are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Exposure to shock waves in therapeutic doses may cause acute renal injury, in addition to increases in stone recurrence, and the possibility of infection after exposure to shock. Further, progress in the study of the biological and physical manifestations of kidney stones, there are no satisfactory drugs to use in clinical therapy. The data from in vivo and in vitro reveal that phytotherapeutic agents may be useful as alternative or an adjunctive therapy in the management of urolithiasis. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries for the treatment of kidney stones, due to their safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability, and lesser side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This systematic review reveals the use of single herbs, in treatments of urolithiasis animal models. We conducted electronic and by-hand search treatment studies focusing on animal models and the anti urolithiasis activity of plants in urolithiasis. The proven anti- lithiasis activity of plants in animal models and also traditional, ethno veterinary claimed medicinal plants. Plants extract and it’s effective in reducing kidney stones and oxalate, calcium, Phosphate creatinine, uric acid, and BUN. The present review article provides a basic idea about the different animal models and parameters to be considered for the evaluation of anti urolithiasis animal models.
Dhanapal, Ramaiyan & Kavimani, S. & MATHA, VRUSHABENDRA & BASU, MALAYA. (2005). Antisteroidogenic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) Whole Plant in Female Albino Mice Ovaries. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ISSN: 1735- 2657) Vol 4 Num 1. Ethanol (90 %) extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) whole plant (EEAB) was evaluated for possible antisteroidogenic activity in mature female mice ovaries. The ethanol extract at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (i.p) arrested the normal estrus cycle at dioestrus phase and significantly decreased the weight of ovaries. The cholesterol and ascorbic acid content in ovaries were significantly elevated in treated mice. The extract also significantly inhibited the activity of Δ5- 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Δ5- 3β- HSD) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G- 6- PD), the two key enzymes involved in ovarian steroidogenesis. Results of this study suggested that the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Ammania baccifera (L.) acts as an anti- steroidogenic agent.

Recent Research on Rotula aquatica Lour.

Sasikala, Venkatachalam & Radha, Singanallur & Vijayakumari, Bavaniamma. (2013). In vitro evaluation of Rotula aquatica Lour. for antiurolithiatic activity. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 6. 378– 382. 10. 1016/ j. jopr. 2013. 02. 026. Objective To investigate the effectiveness of different extracts obtained from Rotula aquatica Lour (Family Boraginaceae) on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.Methods Calcium oxalate crystallization was induced by the addition of 0.01 M sodium oxalate solutions. The effect of extract (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/ml) was studied by the measurement of turbidity in the presence or absence of extract at 620 nm of a spectrophotometer. The herb extract of R. aquatica promoted the nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals, increasing their number but decreasing their size. It also promoted the formation of calcium oxalate dehydrates crystal, despite the presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate particles.ResultsA result obtained showed that aqueous extract of the root has a higher capacity to inhibit crystal formation and aggregation as compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts of leaf and stem. Conclusions We expected this investigation would provide encouragement for further exploration into new drugs for the prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.
Vijayakumari, Bhavaniamma & Sasikala, Venkatachalam & Radha, Singanallur & Yadav, Hiranmai. (2017). Rotula Aquatica Lour Aqueous Extract as Anti-Urolithiatic Agent in Experimentally Induced Urolithiasis Rat Model. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 9. 10. 25258/ phyto. v9i4. 8128. Rotula aquatica Lour is traditionally used to regulate kidney and bladder stones and root decoction is used for diuretic activity. The present study was carried out to assess the anti- urolithiatic activity of the aqueous root extract of the plant in urolithiasis rats. The extract was administered to the calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis rats orally at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight along with ethylene glycol (EG) for 28 days. On 28 days, 24 h urine was collected from individual rats and urine was analyzed for protein, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, uric acid, oxalate, and creatinine. On the same day the serum protein, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, uric acid, oxalate, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels were also estimated in each animal. The kidney homogenate was used for the estimation of calcium, oxalate, and phosphate. The paraffin kidney sections were prepared to observe the CaOx deposits. The paraffin kidney sections showed significant histopathological changes. The treatment with aqueous root extract of Rotula aquatica at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight doses significantly decreased the urine protein, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine and oxalate, serum protein, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and oxalate and renal tissues calcium, phosphate and oxalate, in EG induced urolithiasis after 28 days. The present study indicated aqueous root extract of Rotula aquatica at the dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight was more effective in decreasing urolithiasis and regeneration of renal tissues in male rats. The extract has the potential to cure urolithiasis.
Prashanthi, P. & Anitha, S. & Shashidhara, S. (2015). Effect of rotula aquatica lour. on experimental kidney stones. 7. 1142- 1146. Urinary kidney stone formation is a multifaceted complex process involving the accumulation and aggregation of oxalates and phosphates of calcium, magnesium, ammonium, and uric acid. Traditional systems of healing like Ayurveda and Unani have played a praiseworthy role from time immemorial in the treatment of kidney stones. One such plant is Rotula aquatica Lour. belonging to the Borage family. In Ayurveda, it is described as ‘Paashanabhedha’ meaning ‘stone breaking’. It is highly endorsed with diuretic, and laxative properties and used in the treatment of kidney stones. The present study was taken up to evaluate the antiurolithiatic potential of the roots by a methodical approach, using the simple in-vitro model. Calcium oxalate and phosphate mainly compose kidney stones. Hence the study involved the preparation of Calcium oxalate and phosphate and its dissolution in the presence of Rotula aquatica Lour. The successive solvent extracts were screened for in-vitro anti- urolithiatic activity using a semi-permeable membrane of eggs. The aqueous extract had a high dissolving potential of 29.182 % for Ca- Ox and 65.445 % for CaPO4. A trend of dose-dependent dissolution was identified with increasing the concentration of aqueous extract. 100% dissolution was found at 38 and 20mg of aqueous extract for Ca-Ox and CaPO4 respectively. Phyto-sterols, phenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins, reducing sugars, and amino acids were present in the aqueous extract. On HPLC analysis of aqueous extract five major peaks with Rt of 2.433, 5.308, 7.365, 10.436, and 10.857 min were significant at 205nm. The TLC profile was established in the Chloroform: ethanol (9:1) solvent system with seven bands at 254 nm and two bands at 366nm. Ten bands were derivatized after spraying with vanillin-sulphuric acid. The present study reveals promising evidence of Rotula aquatica Lour. used as ‘Paashanabhedha’ used in the traditional system.
Christina, A.J.M. & Mole, M & Moorthy, P. (2002). Studies on the antilithic effect of Rotula aquatica lour in male Wistar rats. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology. 24. 357- 9. 10. 1358/ mf. 2002. 24. 6. 693068. The decoction of Rotula aquatica lour was screened for antilithic activity in male Wistar rats and the results were summarized based on the ionic changes in both urine and serum. Nephrolithiasis was induced in rats by feeding them 3 % glycolic acid mixed feed for 45 days, which resulted in high urinary calcium, oxalate, and high serum potassium. Simultaneous treatment with the decoction reduced calcium and oxalate ion concentration in urine, confirming the stone inhibitory effect. Histopathological studies of kidney tissue samples further substantiated the findings. The decoction was found to be nontoxic over the 45-day treatment period.
Panwar, Aakash. (2011). Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antipyretic Activity of Rotula aquatica lour Root. Public Health Nursing. 2011. 1- 8. The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of alcoholic and aqueous extract of the root of Rotula aquatic L. in mice and rats. The alcoholic extract of R. aquatic L. root at a dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight has shown significant analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity as compared to aqueous extract. The result of the hot plate method indicated that the total alcoholic extract showed a significant increase (P< 0.01) in reaction time at 3, 4, and 6 hours comparable to the reference drug Pentazocin but lesser (P< 0.05) after 2 hr. The tail immersion and hot plate tests revealed that plants have high analgesic activity. Both tests showed the highest degree of analgesia in alcoholic extract compared to aqueous extract. The total alcoholic extract of R. aquatic L. root at the dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight has shown significant (p< 0.01) antipyretic activity as compared to aqueous extract, the alcoholic extract was also found to have a significant result in Carrageenan-induced paw oedema; suspected mode of action may be due to possible inhibition of lipoxygenase pathway.
Pallavi, M. & Ramesh, C. K. & V, Krishna & Channakeshava, G. H. & K. S, Jamuna. (2016). Total phenolics and antioxidant potentials of Rotula aquatica lour. 6. 169- 174. 10. 7324/ JAPS. 2016. 60425. Rotula aquatica Lour is a small branched shrub that grows characteristically among rocks and trails over gravel in stream beds. It belongs to the family Boraginaceae and is widely distributed throughout India. It is commonly called Pasanabheda. The present study aimed to evaluate the total phenolics and in vitro antioxidant activity in root and leaf extracts of Rotula aquatica Lour. The dried roots and leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction utilizing chloroform and methanol followed by preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using various radical scavenging activities viz. DPPH, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl, and iron chelating activities at different concentrations. The results of the total phenolic content estimation were expressed in terms of equivalence with standard and the antioxidant potentiality of various scavenging and chelating activity were expressed in terms of IC50 values. The results showed that both root and leaves possess significant antioxidant activity even though the former was found to be superior to the latter in terms of parameters assessed. Further, the methanol extracts were proved to be ideal for the materials subjected to investigation.
Singh, Sunder & Rai, Atul & Sharma, Praveen & Barshiliya, Yogesh & Sihare, Mohini & Negi, Anju. (2012). Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rotula aquatica in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2. S175– S177. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60153- 1. Objective: To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal effect of the alcoholic extract of Rotula aquatica by using different experimental models.Methods: Antidiarrhoeal effect was evaluated by castor oil-induced diarrhea, charcoal meal test, and PGE2 induced diarrhea. Loperamide (2 mg/ kg) and atropine (0.1 mg/ kg) were used as standard drugs. Alcoholic extract was used in 100 and 200 mg/ kg doses. Results: In the case of castor oil induced diarrhea dose of 200 mg/ kg showed a delay in defecation time (186.980± 15.660) min and 100 mg/ kg showed a delay in defecation time (97.779± 4.952) min, while loperamide (2 mg/ kg) showed a delay in defecation time (221.148± 21.919) min. Finally, the reading showed that doses 200 mg/kg showed significant antidiarrhoeal effect from 100 mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Rotula aquatica in different models used for antidiarrhoeal activity. Conclusions: This study revealed that the alcoholic extracts have potential pharmacological activity against diarrhea and this may possibly explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine.

Recent Research on Coleus aromaticus

Ghosh, R & Sur, Tapas & Maity, L & Chakraborty, S. (2000). Antiurolithiatic activity of coleus Aromaticus Benth. In Rats. The ancient science of life. 20. 44- 7. Water extract of the leaves of Coleus aromaticus Benth. Was tested for its anti- urolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate stones in male albino rats. Calcium oxalate stones were induced by feeding 3 % w/w sodium oxalate along with normal feed. The water extract of coleus aromaticus (0.5 g/ kg and 1.0 g/ kg, once, orally for 30 days) was found to be effective in reducing the deposition of calcium oxalate. Hence, it is suggested, coleus aromaticus leaves may be effective in the therapy of calcium oxalate stone formation in the kidney and urinary tract.
HARIRAM, NATARAJAN. (2016). Coleus aromaticus Benth Synthesis of Potentially Nanomedicine as High Nutritive Value of Human Health and Immunomodulator. Human Journals. 4. 18- 38. Coleus aromaticus Benth is a beautiful succulent garden medicinal herb potted plant and Indian traditional medicine has a lot of potential to cure many human diseases. The broad spectrum of the plants is the therapeutic potential of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and natural antibiotic cures. The present study was crystallization (82.3 %) of aromatic compounds of Coleus aromaticus Benth for the first time from leaf extracts. The crystallized aromatic compounds were characterized by XRD (X-ray Powder Diffraction) and HPTLC for 35 types of compounds were expressed, antibiotic activity was analyzed by peak- 1, peak- 2, and peak-3 specifically. The highest level was yielded in rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, and caffeic acid in the sample. However, the amount of organic compounds was predominantly found in rosmarinic acid (90 %), chlorogenic acid (31.6 %), coumaric acid (35.6 %), and caffeic acid (62.1 %) out of 35 different compounds in the crystal. The result shows the therapeutic potential of Coleus aromaticus which can be used as a potential nanomedicine with a high nutritive value for human health and a big source of bioactive compounds for immune- modulators.

Recent Research on Plactranthus amboinicus Lour.

Manimekalai, K. & Srinivasan, P. & Dineshbabu, J. & Guna, Gautham & Darsini, D. (2016). Anti-biofilm efficacy of Plectranthus amboinicus against streptococcus pyogenes isolated from pharyngitis patients. 9. 348- 354. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm efficacy of Indian medicinal plant Plectranthus amboinicus extracts against the biofilm forming Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from pharyngitis patients. Methods: The plant extracts (methanol and ethyl acetate) were screened for their preliminary phytochemical components. The solvent extract with higher phytochemical yield was subjected to quantitative analysis using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) technique. In vitro, analysis of the anti-biofilm study was performed using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay, biofilm inhibitory concentration assay, growth curve analysis, antibacterial activity, and light microscopy analysis. Results: The methanol extract showed the highest phytochemical content. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract showed a total of thirty-two phyto compounds among which most of the compounds were medicinally important. MIC assay showed that the inhibition of test pathogens was at an average concentration of 2 mg/ml. The agar well diffusion method elucidated that at sub-MIC the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts did not inhibit the growth of the test pathogen. Growth curve analysis was carried out at the concentration sub-MIC, in which the solvent extracts did not show any significant inhibition on the planktonic cells, whereas the biofilms of the test pathogens were significantly reduced and were dose-dependent at sub-MIC levels as confirmed by the light microscopic analysis. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicated that the methanol extract of P. amboinicus leaves consisted of pharmacologically active components and could be used as an anti-biofilm agent at minimal concentrations thereby successfully preventing the formation of biofilms.
Brígido, Claudia & Paz, Marcia & Alenca, Marcus & Junior, Antonio & Ferraz, Alexandre & Giricek, Ivana & Cavalcante, Ana & Picada, Jaqueline. (2016). Toxic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng on Allium cepa. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10. 1- 6. 10. 9734/ BJPR/ 2016/ 23990. Aims: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. belonging to the Lamiaceae family being extensively used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory effects, nonetheless, there is a lack of more substantial data on the toxicological effects of these preparations. This study aimed to evaluate the possible cytotoxic effects of aqueous extract of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus on Allium cepa assay. Methods: Distilled water was used as the negative control and a solution of copper sulfate was used as a positive control. Also, a qualitative chemical screening for the identification of the major classes of active constituents was performed. Results: The results demonstrate the presence of diterpenes and flavonoids, and a decrease in the mitotic index as the concentrations of extract increased. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a toxic effect at high doses of Plectranthus amboinicus can be related to the presence of flavonoids and diterpenes.
Sivaranjani, D. & P., Saranraj & Manigandan, Malathi & Kangasalam, Amala. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus solvent extracts against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9. 36 – 39. 10. 22270/ jddt. v9i3.2604. Plectranthus amboinicus or locally known as bangun- bangun, is an indigenous vegetable that can be freshly eaten. However, the plant is unpopular among local people and is being neglected. It has been reported to be traditionally used as medicine to cure common illnesses such as cough, stomachache, headache, and skin infection. Based on the potential, a study was conducted to bioprospect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil of methanol and chloroform extract was tested against nine bacteria and four fungi i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecal, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. The methanol extract of Plectranthus amboinicus showed the maximum antibacterial activity against the bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and the fungi Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus was more at 100 mg/ ml concentration when compared to 50 mg/ ml concentration. Comparatively, the Methanol extract of Plectranthus amboinicus exhibited maximum antimicrobial activity when compared to the Chloroform extract. The Plectranthus amboinicus has shown good antimicrobial activity against most of the bacteria and only one fungal yeast Candida albicans. No zone of inhibition was recorded against other fungal isolates like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Negative DMSO control.
Gupta, Sandeep & Negi, Pradeep. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth) Leaf Extracts in Food Systems and Against Natural Microflora in Chicken Meat. Food Technology and Biotechnology. 54. 10. 17113/ ftb. 54. 01. 16. 3973. The ability of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of a traditional Indian medicinal plant, Indian borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth) to prevent spoilage of artificially inoculated model food systems (cabbage and papaya) and natural microflora of chicken meat was evaluated. These extracts were able to reduce the bacterial counts in all food systems; however, the effective concentration varied with the complexity of the system (cabbage < papaya < chicken). A probable mode of action of extracts was investigated by analyzing the changes they cause in bacterial cell walls and the leakage of nucleic acid from bacterial cells. Both acetone and ethyl acetate extracts at their respective minimum inhibitory concentrations resulted in leakage of cell constituents to an extent of 40 to 80 and 60 to 95 %, respectively, compared to the control, and finally leading to the disintegration of cell walls. These findings indicate the potential use of ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Indian borage leaves in food preservation.
Chiu, Yung-Jia & Huang, Tai-Hung & Chiu, Chuan-Sung & tsung chun, Lu & Chen, Ya-Wen & Peng, Wen-Huang & Chen, Chiu-Yuan. (2012). Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM. 2012. 508137. 10. 1155/ 2012/ 508137. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. is a native Labiatae plant of Taiwan. The plants are commonly used in Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of cough, fever, sore throats, mumps, and mosquito bites. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract from Plectranthus amboinicus (PA) in vivo and in vitro. PA inhibited pain induced by acetic acid and formalin, and inflammation induced by carrageenan. The anti-inflammatory effect of PA was related to modulating antioxidant enzymes’ activities in the liver and decreasing the Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase2 (COX- 2) in edema-paw tissue in mice. In vitro studies show that PA inhibits the proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PA blocked the degradation of IκB- α and nuclear translocation of the NF- κB p65 subunit. Finally, the amount of carvacrol in the aqueous extract of PA was 1.88 mg/ g extract. Our findings suggest that PA has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. These effects were mediated by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediators by blocking NF- κB activation. Meanwhile, the effects observed in this study provide evidence for folkloric uses of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. in relieving pain and inflammation.
Majumder, Pulak & Bhattacharjee, Prasenjit. (2013). Investigation of phytochemicals and anti-convulsant activity of the plant Coleus amboinicus (lour.). International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 7. 211. 10. 4103/ 0973-8258. 120223. Objectives: The present study has been designed to evaluate the comparative anticonvulsant activity of different parts of Coleus amboinicus as it has been mentioned in the various literature regarding the use of this plant in the treatment of epilepsy, but no specific scientific reports are available in this regard. Materials and Methods: The in vitro anticonvulsant activity of the leaf, stem, and roots of C. amboinicus has been evaluated by maximal electric shock-induced seizures (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- induced seizures models in Swiss albino mice. The drug/extracts were administered through the intra-peritoneal route (100 mg/ ml), in both experimental models, and the effect was compared with Phenytoin in MES and PTZ-induced convulsion. Results: All three studied extracts have shown significant anticonvulsant activity in both models. However, the alcoholic leaf extract has shown the highest activity by abolishing the MES-induced convulsions after 60 minutes of drug administration. The duration of convulsions in the PTZ model was also significantly reduced (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The alcoholic leaf extract of C. amboinicus has shown significant anticonvulsant activity in both the studied models, followed by stem and root extracts. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in these extracts may be responsible for this activity.
Kumari, B. & Dodoala, Sujatha & Chand, Ch & Divya, K. & Malleswari, I. & Ranganayakulu, D. (2012). Evaluation of antiepileptic activity and probable mechanism of action of Coleus amboinicus in MES and PTZ models. Drug invention today. 20125. 1587- 1591. INTRODUCTION In Ayurveda, Epilepsy is known as “APASMARA” which means loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder after stroke, characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures affecting 1% of the population worldwide. Seizures may develop as a consequence of structural brain damage or altered metabolic states [1]. It is now emerging that certain epilepsies may be a family of channelopathies with defects involving mutations in the Na +, K +, or Ca 2+ channels whose activities are related to their voltage-dependent conditions, or defects in the membrane-bound enzymes such as Na + / K + ATPase and Ca 2+ ATPase that regulate the transfer of ions across the cell membrane [2, 3, 4].
Patel, Roshan & Mahobia, Naveen & Gendle, Ravindra & Kaushik, Basant & Singh, Sudarshan. (2010). Diuretic activity of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng in male albino rats. Pharmacognosy research. 2. 86- 8. 10. 4103/ 0974- 8490. 62956. The shade-dried powder of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng was subjected to successive extraction using various solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water) in increasing order of polarity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses were carried out for all the extracts. The analyses of the leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, quinine, tannins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. Since the phytoconstituents present in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were similar, both extracts were selected for further study. The diuretic properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts were evaluated by determination of urine volume and electrolyte concentration in male albino rats. Furosemide (10 mg/ kg) was used as standard while normal saline (0.9%) was used as control. Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts (500 mg/kg) have shown significant increases in the volume of urine and urinary concentration of Na, K, and Cl ions. Thus, from the study, it may be concluded that the leaves of P. amboinicus (Lour) Spreng possess diuretic activities.
Patel, Roshan & M., Naveen & Singh, Sudarshan & G., Ravindra & K., Basant & P., Vidyanand. (2010). Antinociceptive and Antipyretic Effects of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. Deccan Journal of Natural Products. 1. 9-15. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng were traditionally used for the treatment of pyrexia and acute pains. The present study was carried out using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests in mice while yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The leaves were subjected to successive extraction using various solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, and water) in the increasing order of polarity. It was found that the leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, quinine, tannins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. Both extracts (500 mg/ kg, p.o.) produced significant (P< 0.01) Antinociceptive and antipyretic effects. The observed pharmacological activities provide the scientific basis to support traditional claims as well as, explore some new and promising leads.

Rasa Panchaka of Pashana Bheda

Rasa (Taste)	Kashaya (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter) (Madhura / Sweet by Raja Nighnatu)
Guna (Virtue)	Tikshana (Sharpa), Snigdha (Oily)
Virya (Potency)	Sheeta (Cold Potency)
Vipaka (Post-Digestion)	Katu (Pungent)

Dosha Karma of Pashana Bheda

Tridosha – Shamaka.

Vata Shamaka due to Snigdha Guna. Pitta Shamaka due to Kashaya, Tikta Rasa and Sheeta Virya. Kapha Shamaka due to Katu Vipaka and Kashaya, Tikta Rasa.

Karma (Actions) of Pashana Bheda

Ashmari Bhedana, Basti Shodhaka, Parmeha Ghana, Arshoghana, Vrana Hara, Shula Hara, Yoni Roga Nashaka, Mutrala, Daha Hara, Hridroga Hara, Pleeha Roga Hara, Kapha Nisaraka, Jwara Ghana, Vishghana, Rakta-pitta Shamaka, Hridya, Shotha Hara, Vrana Ropana.

Prayogarha Vyadhi (Therapeutic Indications) of Pashana Bheda

Mutra Kriccha, Arsha, Ashmari, Parmeha, Shula, Yoni roga, Pliha Roga, Hridroga, Vrana, Daha, Shweta Pradara, Rakta Pradara, Rakta Pitta, Netra Abhishyanda, Danto Udhvega Roga, Shula, Gulma, Pliha Roga, Ahiphena Visha, Pravahika.

Aamyik Paryog (Therapeutic Uses) of Pashana Bheda

Ashmari, Mutraghaat, Mutra kriccha (Calculus, retention of urine and dysuria)

One should take nala, pashana bheda, darbha, iksu, and seeds of trapusa and ervaru boiled in milk and added with ghee. (Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 58/ 47)

Pashanabhedadya ghrta. (Chakra Dutta. 34. 7- 9)
Pasanabhedadya churna and ghrita. (Chakra Dutta. 34. 35- 36)

Benefits of Pashana Bheda

The drug Pashana Bheda is diuretic and anti-calculus medicine. It is an anti-diabetic drug that is used in diabetes. The drug is astringent, cardiotonic, expectorant, antipyretic, antidote to poison, anti-inflammatory, wound healer, and anti-hemorrhoidal and it is always burning sensation and excess thirst.
The decoction or powder of roots is orally given in calculus and other urinary complaints as an effective remedy which is a valued herbal drug widely administered in the management of asmari and mutra kriccha, basti sula, mutra ghata and mutramarga sankramana (urinary tract infection) along with allied complaints of the urinary system.
The dried root pieces from the crude drug. Pashana Bheda is useful in some other diseases in addition to urinary or renal disorders. It is used for heart troubles, intrinsic hemorrhage, vaginal complaints, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, cough, and burning sensation.
Externally the root is applied to boil- swelling and conjunctivitis.
It is mixed with honey and applied to teething (dantodbheda) in children.
The drug is indicated against opium-poisoning.

Matra (Therapeutic Administration and Dosage) of Pashana Bheda

Mula / Kanda Churna (Powder of Rhizomes) – 1- 3 grams

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Classical Reference of Pashana Bheda

Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga. 184

Synonyms

पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नो गिरिभिद्भिन्नयोजिनी |

Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Vatadi Varga- 184, 185

Properties and actions

अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः कषायो बस्तिशोधनः |

भेदनो हन्ति दोषार्शोगुल्मकृच्छ्राश्महृद्रुजः |

योनिरोगान्प्रमेहांश्च प्लीहशूलव्रणानि च ||

Dhanwantri Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, 154

पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नः शिलाभेदोऽश्मभेदकः |

स चैवोपलभेदश्च नगभिद्दृषदश्मजित् ||

पाषाणभेदकः शूलकृच्छ्रमेहत्रिदोषजित् |

अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः शर्कराशिश्नशूलजित् ||

अश्मभेदो दृषद्भेदः प्रस्तरो नगभेदकः ||

Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1145- 1146

पाषाणभेदो नगदिदश्महोश्मरिभेदनः |

अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः कषायो वस्तिशोधनः ||

भेदनो हन्ति दोषार्शोगुल्मकृच्छ्राश्महृद्रुजः |

योनिरोगप्रमेहांश्च प्लीहशूलव्रणानपि ||

Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1099- 1101

Vata Patri

खट्वङ्गनामिका गोध्यवति श्यामा तु मोहनी |

वटपत्री रैवतिका तुतः कैरान्तकोमतः ||

वटपत्री कषायोष्णा योनिमूत्रगदापहा |

Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1099- 1101

Vata Patri Phalam

तत्फलं मधुरं रूक्षं कषायं स्तम्भनं हिमम् ||

लेखनं कफपित्तघ्नं विबन्धाध्मानवातकृत् |

Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 39- 40

पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नः शिलाभेदोऽश्मभेदकः |

स चैवोपलभेदश्च नगभिढ्दृषदश्मजित् |

श्वेता चोपलभेदी च नगजिच्छिलिगर्भजा ||

पाषाणभेदो मधुरस्तिक्तो मेहविनाशनः |

तृड्दाहमूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नः शीतलश्चाश्मरीहरः ||

Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 41- 42

Vat Patri

अन्या तु वटपत्री स्यादन्या चैरावती च सा |

गोधावतीरावती च श्यामा खट्वाङ्गनामिका ||

वटपत्री हिमा गौल्या मेहकृच्छ्रविनाशिनी |

बलदा व्रणहन्त्री च किञ्चिद्दीपनकारिणी ||

Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 43- 44

Shweta shila

अन्या श्वेता शिलावल्का शिलाजा शैलवल्कला |

वल्कला शैलगर्भाह्वा शिलात्वक् सप्तनामिका ||

शिलावल्कं हिमं स्वादु मेहकृच्छ्रविनाशनम् |

मूत्ररोधाश्मरीशूलक्षयपित्तापहारकम् ||

Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 45- 46

Khudra Pashan Bheda

क्षुद्रपाषाणभेदान्या चतुष्पत्री च पार्वती |

नागभूरश्मकेतुश्च गिरिभूः कन्दरोद्भवा ||

शैलोद्भवा च गिरिजा नगजा च दशाह्वया |

क्षुद्रपाषाणभेदा तु व्रणकृच्छ्राश्मरीहरा ||

Priya Nighantu, Shatpushpadi Varga, 85- 86

उद्भिन अस्ति शिला खंड वर्धतेप्रस्तर अपि | अश्मरीम च भींत्याशु तत: पाषाण भेदक:||

पाषाणभेद इति लोकप्रसिद्धा नाम्ना ख्यातो भवेद चिर लोहित मूल दंड: | शीतो हिमाचल तलस्थ प्रदेश जात: बस्तय अश्मरी हनन कर्म करो अद्वित्य: ||

Bhava Parkasha, Mutra Ghata Adhikara, 36- 40

मूत्र कृच्छादि रोग शिला उद्भिदादि तैलं

शिला उद्भिद एरंड समस्थिराभि: पुनर्नवाभीरु रसेषु सिद्धं |

तैलं शृतं क्षीरं अत्था अनुपानं कालेषुकृच्छादिषु सम्प्रयोज्यं |

Bhava Parkasha, Ashmari Roga Adhikara, 37/ 16- 18, Chakra Dutta. 34/ 8- 10

वात जन्य अश्मरी रोग पाषाण भेद आद्यं घृतम

Chakra Dutta, Ashmari Chikitsa, 34/ 36- 37

पाषाण भेदा आद्यं चूर्णमघृतञ्च |

Chakra Dutta, 38- 7/ 9

अश्मरी, मूत्रघाते, मूत्रकृच्छच

नलाशम भेदक दर्भे खुटरपुसे एरवारु बीजकम |

क्षीरं परिश्रितान तत्र पिबेत सर्पि: समायुतां ||

पाषाण भेदा आद्यं घृतम |

Chakra Dutta, 34- 35/ 36

पाषाण भेदा आद्यं चूर्णमघृतञ्च |

Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. 4/ 35

वृक्षादनी श्वदंष्ट्रा वसुक वशिर पाषाणभेद दर्भ कुश काश गुन्द्रेत्कट मूलानीति दशेमानि मूत्र विरेचनीयानि भवन्ति, इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः||

Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 26/ 60

Ashmri Chikitsa

क्रिया हिता साऽश्मरिशर्कराभ्यां कृच्छ्रे यथैवेह कफानिलाभ्याम्|

कार्याऽश्मरीभेदनपातनाय विशेषयुक्तं शृणु कर्म सिद्धम्||

पाषाणभेदं वृषकं श्वदंष्ट्रापाठाभयाव्योषशटीनिकुम्भाः|

हिंस्राखराश्वाशितिवारकाणामेर्वारुकाणां त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||

उत्कुञ्चिका हिङ्गु सवेतसाम्लं स्याद्द्वे बृहत्यौ हपुषा वचा च|

चूर्णं पिबेदश्मरिभेदपक्वं सर्पिश्च गोमूत्रचतुर्गुणं तैः||

मूलं श्वदंष्ट्रेक्षुरकोरुबूकात् क्षीरेण पिष्टं बृहतीद्वयाच्च|

आलोड्य दध्ना मधुरेण पेयं दिनानि सप्ताश्मरिभेदनाय||

पुनर्नवायोरजनीश्वदंष्ट्राफल्गुप्रवालाश्च सदर्भपुष्पाः|

क्षीराम्बुमद्येक्षुरसैः सुपिष्टं पेयं भवेदश्मरिशर्करासु||

त्रुटिं सुराह्वं [२] लवणानि पञ्च यवाग्रजं कुन्दुरुकाश्मभेदौ|

कम्पिल्लकं गोक्षुरकस्य बीजमेर्वारुबीजं त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||

चूर्णीकृतं चित्रकहिङ्गुमासीयवानितुल्यं त्रिफलाद्विभागम्|

अम्लैरशुक्तै रसमद्ययुषैः पेयं हि गुल्माश्मरिभेदनार्थम्||

बिल्वप्रमाणो घृततैलभृष्टो यूषः कृतः शिग्रुकमूलकल्कात्|

शीतोऽश्मभित् स्याद्दधिमण्डयुक्तः पेयः प्रकामं लवणेन युक्तः||

जलेन शोभाञ्जनमूलकल्कः शीतो हितश्चाश्मरिशर्करासु|

सितोपला वा समयावशूका कृच्छ्रेषु सर्वेष्वपि भेषजं स्यात्||

पीत्वाऽथ मद्यं निगदं रथेन हयेन वा शीघ्रजवेन यायात्|

तैः शर्करा प्रच्यवतेऽश्मरी तु शम्येन्न चेच्छल्यविदुद्धरेत्ताम्||

रेतोभिघातप्रभवे तु कृच्छ्रे समीक्ष्य दोषं प्रतिकर्म कुर्यात्|

कार्पासमूलं वृषकाश्मभेदौ बला स्थिरादीनि गवेधुका च||

वृश्चीर ऐन्द्री च पुनर्नवा च शतावरी मध्वसनाख्यपर्ण्यौ|

तत्क्वाथसिद्धः पवने रसः स्यात् पित्तेऽधिके क्षीरमथापि सर्पिः||

कफे च यूषादिकमन्नपानं संसर्गजे सर्वहितः क्रमः स्यात्|

एवं न चेच्छाम्यति तस्य युञ्ज्यात् सुरां पुराणां मधुकासवं वा||

विहङ्गमांसानि च बृंहणाय बस्तींश्च शुक्राशयशोधनार्थम्|

शुद्धस्य तृप्तस्य च वृष्ययोगैः प्रियानुकूलाः प्रमदा विधेयाः||

Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. 23/ 14

Ashmbheda as Santarpana- Aptarpana Chikitsa

क्रिया हिता साऽश्मरिशर्कराभ्यां कृच्छ्रे यथैवेह कफानिलाभ्याम्|

कार्याऽश्मरीभेदनपातनाय विशेषयुक्तं शृणु कर्म सिद्धम्||

पाषाणभेदं वृषकं श्वदंष्ट्रापाठाभयाव्योषशटीनिकुम्भाः|

हिंस्राखराश्वाशितिवारकाणामेर्वारुकाणां त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||

उत्कुञ्चिका हिङ्गु सवेतसाम्लं स्याद्द्वे बृहत्यौ हपुषा वचा च|

चूर्णं पिबेदश्मरिभेदपक्वं सर्पिश्च गोमूत्रचतुर्गुणं तैः||

मूलं श्वदंष्ट्रेक्षुरकोरुबूकात् क्षीरेण पिष्टं बृहतीद्वयाच्च|

आलोड्य दध्ना मधुरेण पेयं दिनानि सप्ताश्मरिभेदनाय||

पुनर्नवायोरजनीश्वदंष्ट्राफल्गुप्रवालाश्च सदर्भपुष्पाः|

क्षीराम्बुमद्येक्षुरसैः सुपिष्टं पेयं भवेदश्मरिशर्करासु||

त्रुटिं सुराह्वं [२] लवणानि पञ्च यवाग्रजं कुन्दुरुकाश्मभेदौ|

कम्पिल्लकं गोक्षुरकस्य बीजमेर्वारुबीजं त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||

चूर्णीकृतं चित्रकहिङ्गुमासीयवानितुल्यं त्रिफलाद्विभागम्|

अम्लैरशुक्तै रसमद्ययुषैः पेयं हि गुल्माश्मरिभेदनार्थम्||

बिल्वप्रमाणो घृततैलभृष्टो यूषः कृतः शिग्रुकमूलकल्कात्|

शीतोऽश्मभित् स्याद्दधिमण्डयुक्तः पेयः प्रकामं लवणेन युक्तः||

जलेन शोभाञ्जनमूलकल्कः शीतो हितश्चाश्मरिशर्करासु|

सितोपला वा समयावशूका कृच्छ्रेषु सर्वेष्वपि भेषजं स्यात्||

पीत्वाऽथ मद्यं निगदं रथेन हयेन वा शीघ्रजवेन यायात्|

तैः शर्करा प्रच्यवतेऽश्मरी तु शम्येन्न चेच्छल्यविदुद्धरेत्ताम्||

रेतोभिघातप्रभवे तु कृच्छ्रे समीक्ष्य दोषं प्रतिकर्म कुर्यात्|

कार्पासमूलं वृषकाश्मभेदौ बला स्थिरादीनि गवेधुका च||

वृश्चीर ऐन्द्री च पुनर्नवा च शतावरी मध्वसनाख्यपर्ण्यौ|

तत्क्वाथसिद्धः पवने रसः स्यात् पित्तेऽधिके क्षीरमथापि सर्पिः||

कफे च यूषादिकमन्नपानं संसर्गजे सर्वहितः क्रमः स्यात्|

एवं न चेच्छाम्यति तस्य युञ्ज्यात् सुरां पुराणां मधुकासवं वा||

विहङ्गमांसानि च बृंहणाय बस्तींश्च शुक्राशयशोधनार्थम्|

शुद्धस्य तृप्तस्य च वृष्ययोगैः प्रियानुकूलाः प्रमदा विधेयाः||

Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 26/ 45

अभ्यञ्जनस्नेहनिरूहबस्तिस्नेहोपनाहोत्तरबस्तिसेकान्|

स्थिरादिभिर्वातहरैश्च सिद्धान् दद्याद्रसांश्चानिलमूत्रकृच्छ्रे||

पुनर्नवैरण्डशतावरीभिः पत्तूरवृश्चीरबलाश्मभिद्भिः|

द्विपञ्चमूलेन कुलत्थकोलयवैश्च तोयोत्क्वथिते कषाये||

तैलं वराहर्क्षवसा घृतं च तैरेव कल्कैर्लवणैश्च साध्यम्|

तन्मात्रयाऽऽशु प्रतिहन्ति पीतं शूलान्वितं मारुतमूत्रकृच्छ्रम्||

एतानि चान्यानि वरौषधानि पिष्टानि शस्तान्यपि चोपनाहे|

स्युर्लाभतस्तैलफलानि चैव स्नेहाम्लयुक्तानि सुखोष्णवन्ति||

Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 29/ 72

As Ashmbhedaka

द्राक्षामधुकतोयाभ्यां सिद्धं वा ससितोपलम्|

पिबेद्धृतं तथा क्षीरं गुडूचीस्वरसे शृतम्||

जीवकर्षभकौ मेदामृष्यप्रोक्तां शतावरीम्|

मधुकं मधुपर्णीं च काकोलीद्वयमेव च||

मुद्गमाषाख्यपर्णिन्यौ दशमूलं पुनर्नवाम्|

बलामृताविदारीश्च साश्वगन्धाश्मभेदकाः||

एषां कषायकल्काभ्यां सर्पिस्तैलं च साधयेत्|

लाभतश्च वसामज्जधान्वप्रातुदवैष्किरम्||

चतुर्गुणेन पयसा तत् सिद्धं वातशोणितम्|

सर्वदेहाश्रितं हन्ति व्याधीन् घोरांश्च वातजान्||

Charaka Samhita Siddhi Sthana. 3/ 63

पुनर्नवैरण्डवृषाश्मभेदवृश्चीरभूतीकबलापलाशाः |

द्विपञ्चमूलं च पलांशिकानि क्षुण्णानि धौतानि फलानि चाष्टौ||

बिल्वं यवान् कोलकुलत्थधान्यफलानि चैव प्रसृतोन्मितानि|

पयोजलद्व्याढकवच्छृतं तत् क्षीरावशेषं सितवस्त्रपूतम्||

वचाशताह्वामरदारुकुष्ठयष्ट्याह्वसिद्धार्थकपिप्पलीनाम् |

कल्कैर्यवान्या मदनैश्च युक्तं नात्युष्णशीतं गुडसैन्धवाक्तम्||

क्षौद्रस्य तैलस्य च सर्पिषश्च तथैव युक्तं प्रसृतैस्त्रिभिश्च |

दद्यान्निरूहं विधिना विविज्ञः स सर्वसंसर्गकृतामयघ्नः||

Charaka Samhita Siddhi Sthana. 8/ 12

श्वदंष्ट्राश्मभिदेरण्डरसात्तैलात् सुरासवात्|

प्रसृताः पञ्च यष्ट्याह्वकौन्तीमागधिकासिताः||

कल्कःस्यान्मूत्रकृच्छ्रे तु सानाहे बस्तिरुत्तमः|

एते सलवणाः कोष्णा निरूहाः प्रसृतैर्नव||

Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 42/ 18

अतः सर्वेषामेव द्रव्याण्युपदेक्ष्यामः | तद्यथा– काकोल्यादिः क्षीर घृत वसा मज्ज शालि षष्टिक यव गोधूम माष शृङ्गाटक कसेरुक त्रपुसैर्वारुकर्कारुकालाबूकालिन्दकतक– गिलोड्य प्रियाल पुष्कर बीज काश्मर्य मधूक द्राक्षा खर्जूर राजादन ताल नालिकेरेक्षुविकार बलातिबलात्मगुप्ता– विदारी पयस्या गोक्षुरक क्षीर मोरट मधूलिका कूष्माण्ड प्रभृतीनिसमासेन मधुरो वर्गः; दाडिमामलक मातुलुङ्गाम्रातक कपित्थ करमर्द बदर कोलप्राचीनामलक तिन्तिडीक कोशाम्र कभव्यपारावत– वेत्र फल लकुचाम्लवेतस दन्तशठ दधि तक्र सुरा शुक्त सौवीरक तुषोदक धान्याम्ल प्रभृतीनि समासेनाम्लो वर्गः; सैन्धव सौवर्चल विडपाक्य रोमक सामुद्रक पक्त्रिमयव क्षारोषरप्र सूत सुवर्चिका प्रभृतीनि समासेन लवणो वर्गः; पिप्पल्यादिः सुरसादिः शिग्रु मधु शिग्रुमूलक लशुन सुमुख शीत शिव कुष्ठ देवदारु हरेणुकावाल्गुज फल– चण्डा गुग्गुलु मुस्तलाङ्गलकी शुकनासा पीलु प्रभृतीनि सालसारादिश्च प्रायशः कटुको वर्गः; आरग्वधादिर्गुडूच्यादि र्मण्डूकपर्णी वेत्र करीर हरिद्राद्वयेन्द्रयव वरुण स्वादुकण्टक सप्तपर्ण बृहतीद्वय शङ्खिनी द्रवन्ती– त्रिवृत्कृतवेधन कर्कोटक कारवेल्ल वार्ताक करीर करवीर सुमनः शङ्खपुष्प्यपामार्ग त्रायमाणाशोकरोहिणी वैजयन्ती– सुवर्चला पुनर्नवा वृश्चिकाली ज्योतिष्मती प्रभृतीनि समासेन तिक्तो वर्गः; न्यग्रोधादिरम्बष्ठादिः प्रियङ्ग्वादी रोध्रादिस्त्रिफला शल्लकी जम्ब्वाम्र बकुल तिन्दुक फलानि कतक शाक फल पाषाण भेदक वनस्पति फलानि सालसारादिश्च प्रायशः कुरुवक कोविदारक जीवन्ती चिल्ली पालङ्क्या सुनिषण्णक प्रभृतीनि वरकादयो मुद्गादयश्च समासेन कषायो वर्गः ||

Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 5

पाषाणभेदो वसुको वशिराश्मन्तकौ तथा |

शतावरी श्वदंष्ट्रा च बृहती कण्टकारिका ||

कपोतवङ्काऽऽर्तगलः कच्चकोशीरकुब्जकाः |

वृक्षादनी भल्लुकश्च वरुणः शाकजं फलम् ||

यवाः कुलत्थाः कोलानि कतकस्य फलानि च |

ऊषकादिप्रतीवापमेषां क्वाथैर्घृतं कृतम् ||

भिनत्ति वातसम्भूतामश्मरीं क्षिप्रमेव तु |

Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 38/ 9

वीरतरुसहचरद्वयदर्भवृक्षादनीगुन्द्रानलकुशकाशाश्मभेदकाग्निमन्थमोरटावसुकवसिरभल्लूककुरण्टिकेन्दीवरकपोतवङ्काः श्वदंष्ट्रा चेति || वीरतर्वादिरित्येष गणो वातविकारनुत्| अश्मरीशर्करामूत्रकृच्छ्राघातरुजापहः ||

Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 39/ 6

संशमनान्यत ऊर्ध्वं वक्ष्यामः– तत्र भद्रदारु कुष्ठ हरिद्रा वरुण मेषशृङ्गी बलातिबलार्तगल कच्छुरा शल्लकी कुबेराक्षी वीरतरु सहचराग्निमन्थ– वत्सादन्येरण्डाश्मभेद कालर्कार्क शतावरी पुनर्नवा वसुक वशिर काञ्चनक भार्गी कार्पासी वृश्चिकाली पत्तूर बदर यवकोल कुलत्थ प्रभृतीनि विदारिगन्धादिश्च द्वे चाद्ये पञ्चमूल्यौ समासेन वातसंशमनो वर्गः ||

Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 9

कुशः काशः सरो गुन्द्रा इत्कटो मोरटोऽश्मभित् ||

वरी विदारी वाराही शालिमूलत्रिकण्टकम् |

भल्लूकः पाटला पाठा पत्तूरोऽथ कुरुण्टिका ||

पुनर्नवा शिरीषश्च क्वथितास्तेषु साधितम् |

घृतं शिलाजमधुकबीजैरिन्दीवरस्य च ||

त्रपुसैर्वारुकादीनां बीजैश्चावापितं शुभम् |

भिनत्ति पित्तसम्भूतामश्मरीं क्षिप्रमेव तु ||

क्षारान् यवागूर्यूषांश्च कषायाणि पयांसि च |

भोजनानि च कुर्वीत वर्गेऽस्मिन् पित्तनाशने ||

Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 38/ 64

वृषाश्मभेदवर्षाभूधान्यगन्धर्वहस्तकैः |

दशमूलबलामूर्वायवकोलनिशाच्छदैः ||

कुलत्थबिल्वभूनिम्बैः क्वथितैः पलसम्मितैः |

कल्कैर्मदनयष्ट्याह्वषड्ग्रन्थामरसर्षपैः ||

पिप्पलीमूलसिन्धूत्थयवानीमिसिवत्सकैः |

क्षौद्रेक्षुक्षीरगोमूत्रसर्पिस्तैलरसाप्लुतैः ||

तूर्णमास्थापनं कार्यं संसृष्टबहुरोगिणाम् |

गृध्रसीशर्कराष्ठीलातूनीगुल्मगदापहम् ||

Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 58/ 47

नलाश्मभेददर्भेक्षुत्रपुसैर्वारुबीजकान् |

क्षीरे परिशृतान् तत्र पिबेत् सर्पिःसमायुतान् ||

Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 59/ 17

श्वदंष्ट्राश्मभिदौ कुम्भीं हपुषां कण्टकारिकाम् |

बलां शतावरीं रास्नां वरुणं गिरिकर्णिकाम् ||

तथा विदारिगन्धादिं संहृत्य त्रैवृतं पचेत् |

तैलं घृतं वा तत् पेयं तेन वाऽप्यनुवासनम् ||

दद्यादुत्तरबस्तिं च वातकृच्छ्रोपशान्तये |

Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 10/ 9

गुन्द्रां शालिं शैवलं शैलभेदं दार्वीमेलामुत्पलं रोध्रमभ्रम् |

पद्मात्पत्रं शर्करा दर्भमिक्षुं तालं रोध्रं वेतसं पद्मकं च ||

द्राक्षां क्षौद्रं चन्दनं यष्टिकाह्वं योषित्क्षीरं रात्र्यनन्ते च पिष्ट्वा |

सर्पिःसिद्धं तर्पणे सेकनस्ये शस्तं क्षीरं सिद्धमेतेषु चाजम् ||

योज्यो वर्गो व्यस्त एषोऽन्यथा वा सम्यङ्नस्येऽष्टार्धसङ्ख्येऽपि नित्यम् |

Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 18

पाषाणभेदो वसुको वशिरोऽश्मन्तको वरी|

कपोतवङ्कातिबलाभल्लूकोशीरकच्छकम्||

वृक्षादनी शाकफलं व्याघ्र्यौ गुण्ठस्त्रिकण्टकः|

यवाः कुलात्थाः कोलानि वरुणः कतकात्फलम्||

ऊषकादिप्रतीवापमेषां क्वाथे शृतं घृतम्|

भिनत्ति वातसम्भूतां तत्पीतं शीघ्रमश्मरीम्||

Ashtanga Hridya Sutra Sthana. 15/ 24

वेल्लन्तरारणिकबूकवृषाश्मभेद गोकण्टकेत्कट सहाचर बाणकाशाः| वृक्षादनी नल कुश द्वय गुण्ठ गुन्द्रा भल्लूक मोरट कुरण्ट करम्भपार्थाः|| वर्गो वीरतराद्योऽयं हन्ति वातकृतान् गदान्| अश्मरीशर्करामूत्रकृच्छ्राघातरुजाहरः||

Ashtanga Hridya Sharira Sthana. 1/ 14

साम्प्रतं ग्रन्थिसंज्ञे रेतस्युपक्रमं ब्रूते पलाशभस्माश्मभिदा ग्रन्थ्याभे |

पलाशस्य भस्म पलाशभस्म| अश्मभित्– पाषाणभेदः| पलाशभस्म चाश्मभिच्च, तेन विपक्वं घृतं ग्रन्थ्याभे–ग्रन्थिनाम्नि रेतसि, पाययेत्|

Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 8/ 146

पचेत्तुलां पूतिकरञ्जवल्काद् द्वे मूलतश्चित्रककण्टकार्योः|

द्रोणत्रयऽपां चरणावशेषे पूते शतं तत्र गुडस्य दद्यात्||

पलिकं च सूचिर्णितं त्रिजात त्रिकटुग्रन्थिकदाडिमाश्मभेदम्|

पुरपुष्करमूलधान्यचव्यं हपुषामाऱ्द्रकमम्लवेतसं च||

शीतीभुतं क्षौद्रविंशत्युपेत– मार्द्रद्राक्षाबीजपूराद्रकैश्च|

युक्तं कामं गण्डिकाभिस्तथेक्षोः सर्पिःपात्रे मासमात्रेण जातम्||

चुक्रं क्रकचमिवेदं दुर्दाम्नां वह्निदीपनं परमम्|

पाण्डुगरोदरगुल्मप्लीहानाहाश्मकृच्छ्रघ्नम्||

Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 22

कुशः काशः शरो गुण्ठ इत्कटो मोरटोऽश्मभित्|

दर्भो विदारी वाराही शालिमूलं त्रिकण्टकः||

भल्लूकः पाटली पाठा पत्तूरः सकुरण्टकः|

पुनर्नवे शिरीषश्च तेषां क्वाथे पचेद्धृतम्||

पिष्टेन त्रपुसादीनां बीजेनेन्दीवरेण च|

मधुकेन शिलाजेन तत्पित्ताश्मरिभेदनम्||

Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 14/ 19

दशमूलं बलां कालां सुषवीं द्वौ पुनर्नवौ||

पौष्करैरण्डरास्नाश्वगन्धाभार्ग्यमृताशठीः|

पचेद्गन्धपलाशं च द्रोणेऽपां द्विपलोन्मितम्||

यवैः कोलैः कुलत्थैश्च माषैश्च प्रास्थिकैः सह|

क्वाथेऽस्मिन्दधिपात्रे च घृतप्रस्थं विपाचयेत्||

स्वरसैर्दाडिमाम्रातमातुलुङ्गोद्भवैर्युतम्|

तथा तुषाम्बुधान्याम्लशुक्तैः श्लक्ष्णैश्च कल्कितैः||

भार्गीतुम्बुरुषड्ग्रन्थाग्रन्थिरास्नाग्निधान्यकैः|

यवानकयवान्यम्लवेतसासितजीरकैः||

अजाजीहिङ्गुहपुषाकारवीवृषकोषकैः|

निकुम्भकुम्भमूर्वेभपिप्पलीवेल्लदाडिमैः||

श्वदंष्ट्रात्रपुसैर्वारुबीजहिंस्राश्मभेदकैः|

मिसिद्विक्षारसुरससारिवानीलिनीफलैः||

त्रिकटुत्रिपटूपेतैर्दाधिकं तह्यपोहति|

रोगानाशुतरान् पूर्वान् कष्टानपि च शीलितम्||

अपस्मारगदोन्मादमूत्राघातानिलामयान्|

Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 2

Upal Bhedaka

दशमूलबलैरण्डयवाभीरुपुनर्नवैः|

कुलत्थकोलपत्तूरवृश्चीवोपलभेदकैः||

तैलसर्पिर्वराहर्क्षवसाः क्वथितकल्कितैः|

सपञ्चलवणाः सिद्धाः पीताः शूलहराः परम्||

Specific Formulation of Pashana Bheda

Pashana Bhedadi Kwatha for Mutra Kricha
Pashan Bhedadi Ghrita for Vataja Ashmari
Pashanbhedadi Kshaya for Mutra Avrodha
Gokshuradya Avleha for Mutra Kriccha, Ashmari
Mutra Virechniya Kashaya
Vata Amayantaka Ghrita
Ashmarihara Kshaya

Contraindication and Side Effects of Pashana Bheda

Recent research revealed that the acetone extract of Pashana Bheda is cardio- toxic if taken in larger dosage. Pashana Bheda also on intake in larger dosage may result in a depressing effect on the Central nervous system. But these effects are not seen in normal dosage. So, it is recommended to use Pashana Bheda after consultation in proper dosage.
Pashana Bheda on external use in few people with hyper- sensitive skin may result in allergic reaction. So always use it after skin patch test and on doctor recommendation if you have hypersensitive skin.
Avoid use of Pashana Bheda during pregnancy and lactation.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Bergenia ligulata

Singh, Neelesh & Juyal, V. & Gupta, A.K. & Gahlot, M. & Prasant, U. (2009). Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of the root of Bergenia ligulata in alloxan diabetic rats. 46. 247- 249.
Kocic, Branislava & Dimitrijevic, Marija & Miladinović, Ljiljana & Markovic, Marija & Rankovic, Goran & Miladinovic, Dragoljub. (2019). In Vitro Anti- Helicobacter Pylori Activity of Berberine and Barberry Extracts: A Preliminary Report. Natural Product Communications. 14. 1934578X1985790. 10. 1177/ 1934578- X- 19857905.
Yousaf, Saiqa, Ghazala Kaukab, Hina Gul, Nauman Khalid, Rehana Kausar, Haroon Ahmed, Huma Ajab, and Muhammad Gulfraz. “Pharmacological and phytochemical analysis of Bergenia ciliata leaf and rhizome extracts.” (2018).
Haritha, Ch, Durgesam Ramya, Rayadurgam Naveen, S. V. Prasanna, and P. Salomi. “A Comprehensive Review on Bergenia ligulata (Paashanbheda) and its role in the treatment of kidney stone formation.” Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm 12 (2021): 94- 99.
Hussain, Adil. “A preliminary up-to-date review on Pakistani medicinal plants with potential antioxidant activity.” RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 61- 88.
Haritha, Ch, Durgesam Ramya, Rayadurgam Naveen, S. V. Prasanna, and P. Salomi. “A Comprehensive Review on Bergenia ligulata (Paashanbheda) and its role in the treatment of kidney stone formation.” Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm 12 (2021): 94- 99.
Sorescu, Ana-Alexandra, Alexandrina Nuţă, M. Rodica, and I. Bunghez. “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts.” In The 4th International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results, pp. 10- 6. 2016.
Khan, Mohammad & KUMAR, VIMAL. (2016). Phytopharmacological and Chemical Profile of Bergenia ciliata. International Journal of Phytopharmacy. 6. 90- 98.
Zbikowska, Beata & Franiczek, Roman & Sowa, Alina & Połukord, Grażyna & Krzyżanowska, Barbara & Sroka, Zbigniew. (2017). Antimicrobial and Antiradical Activity of Extracts Obtained from Leaves of Five Species of the Genus Bergenia: Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds. Microbial Drug Resistance. 23. 10.1089/ mdr. 2016. 0251.
Islam, Mazharul & Azhar, Iqbal & Usmanghani, Khan & Gill, Muhammad & Ahmad, Afzal & Shahabuddin, (2002). Bioactivity evaluation of Bergenia ciliata. Pakistan Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 15. 15- 33.
Rashid, Saddaf & Azeem, Muhammad & Mehmood, Arshad & Shah, Muhammad & Ahmad, Rafiq. (2017). Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bergenia ciliata.
Kakub, G & Gulfraz, Muhammad. (2007). Cytoprotective effects ofBergenia ciliata Sternb, extracted on gastric ulcer in rats. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 21. 1217- 20. 10. 1002/ ptr. 2242.
Shrestha, Umesh & Pant, Bijaya. (2012). Production of bergenin, an active chemical constituent in the callus of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.. Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science. 8. 10. 3126/ botor. v8i0. 5557.
Agnihotri, Vasudha & Sati, Priyanka & Jantwal, Arvind & Pandey, Anita. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidant phytochemicals in leaf extracts of Bergenia ligulata: A Himalayan herb of medicinal value. Natural product research. 29. 1- 4. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2014. 980244.
Ali, Ejaz & Arshad, Najma & Bukhari, Nadeem & Tahir, M. & Zafar, Shamail & Hussain, Amjad & Qamar, Dr & Shehzadi, Naureen & Hussain, Khadim. (2018). Linking traditional anti-ulcer use of rhizomes of Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) to its anti-Helicobacter pylori constituents. Natural Product Research. 34. 1- 4. 10. 1080/ 14786419. 2018. 1488711.
De Abreu, Heitor & Lago, Izandina & Souza, Gilmar & Pilo- Veloso, Dorila & Duarte, Helio & Alcantara, Antonio. (2008). Antioxidant activity of (+)-bergenin – phytoconstituent isolated from the bark of Sacoglottis uchi Huber (Humireaceae). Organic & biomolecular chemistry. 6. 2713- 8. 10. 1039/ b804385j.
Kumar, V. & Shah, Gaurang & Baheti, J.R. & Deshpande, Shrikalp & Parmar, N. S. (2002). Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Bergenia ciliata rhizomes. 2. 189- 190.
Bashir, Samra & Gilani, Anwar-ul. (2009). Anti- urolithic effect of Bergenia ligulata rhizome: An explanation of the underlying mechanisms. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 122. 106- 116. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2008. 12. 004.
Sharma, Ikshit & Khan, Washim & Parveen, Rabea & Alam, Md & Ahmad, Iftekhar & Ansari, Mohd & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2017). Anti Urolithiasis Activity of Bioactivity Guided Fraction of Bergenia ligulata against Ethylene Glycol Induced Renal Calculi in Rat. BioMed Research International. 2017. 1-11. 10. 1155/ 2017/ 1969525.
Venkatadri, Rajkumar & Guha, Gunjan & Kumar, R. & Mathew, Lazar. (2010). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Bergenia ciliata Rhizome. Records of Natural Products. 4. 38- 48.
Rajbhandari, Moni & Wegner, U & Schöpke, T & Lindequist, Ulrike & Mentel, R. (2003). Inhibitory effect of Bergenia ligulata on influenza virus A. Die Pharmazie. 58. 268- 71.
Rajbhandari, Moni & Khatri, H. & Lalk, Michael & Gewali, Mohan & Lindequist, Ulrike. (2013). Phytochemical Investigation and Antibacterial Activity of Bergenia ligulata. Journal of Nepal Chemical Society. 28. 10. 3126/ jncs. v28i0. 8118.
Saha, Sarmistha & Verma, Ramtej. (2011). Bergenia ciliata extract prevents ethylene glycol-induced histopathological changes in the kidney. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica. 68. 711- 5.
Venkatadri, Rajkumar & Guha, Gunjan & Kumar, R. (2011). Anti-neoplastic activities of Bergenia ciliata rhizome. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4. 443-445.
Sinha, Sanghamitra & Maiti, Kuntal & Gayen, Jiaur & Pal, Basudeb & Pal, Medha & Saha, B. (2001). Antibacterial activity of Bergenia ciliata rhizome. Fitoterapia. 72. 550- 2. 10. 1016/ S0367- 326X (00) 00322- 1.
Sinha, S & Pal, Medha & Saha, B. (2001). Evaluation of the antitussive activity of Bergenia ciliata Sternb. rhizome extract in mice. Phytomedicine: international journal of phyto- therapy and phyto- pharmacology. 8. 298- 301. 10. 1078/ 0944- 7113- 00039.
Chauhan, Rajani & SAINI, RUBY & Dwivedi, Jaya. (2016). Antioxidant, Lipid Peroxidation and Astringency Study of Hydroethanolic Root Extracts of Bergenia ligulata, Bergenia ciliata and Bergenia stracheyi. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 15. 1- 10. 10. 9734/ EJMP/ 2016/ 25370.
Sajad, Tehseen & Zargar, Mohammad & Ahmad, Tasleem & Bader, Ghulam & Naime, Mohammad & Ali, Shakir. (2010). Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potential Bergenia ligulata. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences [ISSN: 1937- 9080, nwpii. com/ ajbms]. 2. 10. 5099/ aj100400313.
Shah, Sayed & Shah, Dawood & Khan, Ibrahim & Ilyas, Muhammad & Jan, Sohail & Khan, Imran. (2020). Bergenia ciliata as an anti- bacterial agent. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 12. 37- 045. 10. 30574/ gscbps. 2020. 12. 2. 0206.
Shirsat, Vaishali & Ghone, Sanjeevani & Mohanraj, Krishnapriya. (2018). Identification of potential antioxidants by in-vitro activity guided fractionation of bergenia ligulata..
Singh, Atul & Juyal, Vijay. (2009). Evaluation of ethanolic extract of root of Bergenia ligulata for hepatoprotective, diuretic and antipyretic activities. Journal of Pharmacy Research.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Aerva lanata

Vivek, D. & Nair, N.G. & Anju, M.P. & Vatakkeel, B. & Siju, E.N. & Lakshmi, A.G.. (2015). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Aerva lanata. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 7. 57- 59.
Ravindran, Rajesh & Chitra, Krishnan & Paarakh, Padmaa. (2012). Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of aerial parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2. S924– S929. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60338- 4.
Soundararajan, P. & Ramalingam, Mahesh & Ramesh, Thiyagarajan & Vava Mohideen, Hazeena. (2007). Hypolipidemic activity of Aerva lanata on ethylene glycol induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 1. 557-563.
Uwejigho, Raphael & Iteire, Kingsley & Udawnojo, Felix & Abbas, Aflatoonian. (2023). Anti-fertility effect of Aerva lanata crude extract in male Dams offspring: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive Bio- Medicine (IJRM). 21. 10. 18502/ ijrm. v21i3. 13199.
Sharif, Mariam & Anjum, Irfan & Shabbir, Arham & Naveed Mushtaq, Muhammad. (2022). Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Aerva lanata in ovalbumin induced allergic asthmatic mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 289. 115087. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2022. 115087.
Govindan, Nevin & Vijayammal, P.L.. (2003). Effect of Aerva lanata on solid tumors induced by DLA cells in mice. Fitoterapia. 74. 578- 82. 10. 1016/ S0367-326X (03) 00148- 5.
Uwejigho, Raphael & Iteire, Kingsley & Udawnojo, Felix & Abbas, Aflatoonian. (2023). Anti-fertility effect of Aerva lanata crude extract in male Dams offspring: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive Bio- Medicine (IJRM). 21. 10. 18502/ ijrm. v21i3. 13199.
Manokaran, S. & Albert, Jaswanth & S., Sengottuvelu & Nandhakumar, J. & Duraisamy, Rakavayamini & Karthikeyan, Dinesh & Mallegaswari, R. (2008). Hepatoprotective Activity of Aerva lanata Linn. Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Res J Pharm Tech. 1. 398- 400.
Ravindran, Rajesh & Chitra, Krishnan & Padmaa, M. P. (2010). In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn Juss. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2. 269- 271.
Krishnan, G. & Rai, V.K. & Nandy, B.C. & Meena, K.C. & Dey, Subhrajyoti & Pk, Tyagi. (2009). Hypoglycemic and Antihyperlipidaemic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Aerial Parts of Aerva lanata Linn. in Normal and Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats. IJPSDR. 1. 191- 194.
Vidhya, Ramalingam & Rajangam, Udayakumar. (2016). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Aerva lanata (Linn.) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 048- 056. 10. 7324/ JABB. 2016. 40508.
Kumar, Deepak & Prasad, Deo & Parkash, Jyoti & Bhatnagar, S & Kumar, Dinesh. (2009). Anti- asthmatic activity of ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata Linn. Pharmacologyonline. 2. 1075 – 1081.
Vetrichelvan, T. & Jegadeesan, M. & Palaniappan, M. & Murali, N.P. & Sasikumar, K. (2000). Diuretic and Anti- inflammatory Activities of Aerva Ianata in Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 62. 300- 302.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Bryophyllum pinnatum

Pandhare, R.B. & Shende, R.R. & Avhad, M.S. & Deshmukh, V.K. & Mohite, P.B. & Sangameswaran, B. & Daude, R. B. (2021). Anti-urolithiatic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. hydroalcoholic extract in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 11. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2021. 06. 002.
Okpoho, Jacinta & Lucky, Evbuomwan & Ebiala, Fortune. (2018). Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ AJI/ 2018/ v1i130092.
Lahon, L & Kanti Pal, Saumen. (2020). Effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in adult male albino rats. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 782- 786.
Shukla, Apexa & Mandavia, Divyesh & Barvaliya, Manish & Baxi, Seema & Tripathi, Chandrabhanu. (2014). Evaluation of anti- urolithiatic effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 4. 151- 9.
Nagarajan, Yogananth & Boopathi, Rajesh & Ali, M. & Yahoob, Mohamed & Venkatraman, Anuradha. (2019). In Vitro Evaluation of Anti Urolithiatic Activity of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Lam.
Mohan, Pritom & Nagar, R & Kanti Pal, Saumen & Lahon, L. (2020). The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and local anesthetic activity of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 7- 11.
Dhurairaj, Satheesh & M, Andrew & Megharethnam, Kaviraj. (2022). In-vitro investigation on antiurolithiatic activity and phytochemical examination of Aerva lanata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: A comparative study. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 10. 1016/ j. jics. 2022. 100487.
Ojewole, John. (2005). Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. Journal of ethno- pharmacology. 99. 13- 9. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2005. 01. 025.
Chibli, Lucas & Rodrigues, Kiaro & Pinto, Nícolas & Fabri, Rodrigo & Ribeiro, Antonia & FONTES, E. & VIEIRA, G. & Alves, Maria & Sousa, Orlando. (2014). Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae).
Onwubuya, Emmanuel & Ogbunugafor, Henrietta & Okafor, Chike & Oladejo, Afees Adebayo. (2021). Acute and Chronic Anti-inflammatory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract on Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6- 14. 10. 9734/ ejmp/ 2021/ v32i630395.
Afzal, Muhammad & Gupta, Gaurav & Rahman, Mahfoozur & Afzal, Obaid & Alam, Md & Imam, Faisal & Kazmi, Imran & Anwar, Firoz. (2012). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of a novel steroidal derivative from Bryophyllum pinnatum. Fitoterapia.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Ocimum basilicum

K, PATEL & B, PATEL. (2020). INHIBITION OF CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALLIZATION BY AN EXTRACT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM SEEDS: AN IN-VITRO STUDY. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 166- 169. 10. 22159 /ajpcr. 2020. v13i9. 37926.
Yacout, Galila & Elguindy, Nihal & Eman, F. (2012). Hepatoprotective effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11. 15702- 15711. 10. 5897/ AJB12. 2048.
Meera, R & Devi, Payal & Kameswari, B & Madhumitha, B & Merlin, N. J. (2009). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of Ocimum basilicum Linn. and Trigonella foenum- graecum Linn. against H2O2 and CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity in goat liver. Indian journal of experimental biology. 47. 584- 90.
Ezeani, Chinelo & Ezenyi, Ifeoma & Akunne (formerly Okoye), Theophine & Okoli, Charles & Obidike Ezenyi, Ifeoma. (2017). Ocimum basilicum extract exhibits antidiabetic effects via inhibition of hepatic glucose mobilization and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology. 6. 22. 10. 5455/ jice. 2016122- 9054825.
Islam, Muhammad. (2022). Anti-diabetic potential of Ocimum sanctum Linn. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research. 6. 38- 41. 10. 33545/ 26174693. 2022. v6. i2a. 132.
Zeggwagh, N. & Sulpice, Thierry & Eddouks, Mohamed. (2007). Anti-hyperglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Ocimum basilicum Aqueous Extract in Diabetic Rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2. 123- 129. 10. 3844/ ajptsp. 2007. 123. 129.
El-Beshbishy, Hesham & Bahashwan, Saleh. (2011). Hypoglycemic effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum) aqueous extract is mediated through inhibition of -glucosidase and -amylase activities: An in vitro study. Toxicology and industrial health. 28. 42- 50. 10. 1177/ 074823371- 1403193.
Zarin, M & Tan, J & Ahmad, R & Jin, N & Aziz, N. (2020). Determination of nucleation assay for anti-urolithiasis activity from bagasse Musa acuminate x balbisiana Colla cv. Pisang Awak Legor methanolic extracts using uv-spectrometer and size measurement. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 716. 012018. 10. 1088/ 1757- 899X/ 716/ 1/ 012018.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Bridelia retusa

Kilaru, A. & Pal, B. & Antony, A. (2011). Isolation of chitosan from Bridelia retusa for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2. 349- 357.
Tatiya, Anil & Deore, Ujwaldip & Jain, Pankaj & Surana, Sanjay. (2011). Hypoglycemic Potential of Bridelia retusa Bark in Albino Rats. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 4. 84- 89. 10. 3923/ ajbs. 2011. 84. 89.
Mohit, S. & Kataru, B.A.S. & Vigneshwari, T. & Sravani, N. & Shanmugam, Vinodhini & Rajeswari, Devi. (2018). Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro by an extract of kigelia africana. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 13. 87- 91.
Kurdekar, Ranjita & Hegde, Ganesh & Hebbar, Satyanarayana. (2013). Antimicrobial efficacy of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng and Asclepias curassavica L.. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 3. 589-593.
Makwana, Himanshu & Devkar, Raviraj & Manganahalli, Manjunath. (2017). Evaluation of In Vitro Antiurolithiatic Potential of Bridelia retusa Spreng. Bark. Advanced Science Letters. 23. 1789- 1791. 10. 1166/ asl. 2017.8530.
Tatiya, Anil & Saluja, Ajay Kumar & Kalaskar, Mohan & Surana, Sanjay & Patil, Prakash. (2017). Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Bridelia retusa (Spreng) bark. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 7. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2016. 12. 009.
Banerjee, Saurabh & Bonde, C. (2011). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts of Bridelia Retusa Spreng Bark: Impact of dielectric constant and geographical location. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 5. 817- 822.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Homonoia riparia.

Xavier, Seena & Haneefa, Shoja & Devkar, Raviraj & polo, Picheswara & Maheshwari, Rajalekshmi & Shreedhara, Chandrashekara & Manganahalli, Manjunath. (2017). Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Activities of the Extract and Fractions of Homonoia riparia Lour. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 13. 25-30. 10. 4103/ 0973- 1296. 197647.
Kumar, B.N. & Madhavan, V. & Yoganarshiman, S.N. & Swamy, A. & Joy, J. M. (2010). Study of diuretic activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of the root of Homonoia riparia Lour. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3. 149- 153.
Bapat, U.C. & Mhapsekar, D. R. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Homonoia riparia Lour., Kirganelia reticulata (Poir) baill., Phyllanthus fraternus Webster and Pedilanthus tithymaloides (Linn.) Poit. and its correlation with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. P723- P732.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Didymocarpus pedicellatus R. Br.

Paul, T. K. & Sarkar, Ajita. (2010). Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br. (Gesneriaceae) from West Bengal. ENVIS Newsletter, ISSN- 0974- 1992. 15. 7.
Ahmad, Wasim & Zaidi, Arif & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2014). Quality control analysis of Didymocarpous pedicellata R. Br. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 13. 175- 180.
Kaur, Gurpreet & Lone, Irshad & Athar, Mohammad & Alam, Sarwar. (2007). Protective effect of Didymocarpus pedicellata on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced renal oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response. Chemico-biological interactions. 165. 33- 44. 10. 1016/ j. cbi. 2006. 10. 012.
Ahmad, Wasim & Parveen, Rabea & Yusuf, Mohammad & Amir, Mohd & Wahab, Shadma & Ansari, Mohammad & Mujeeb, Mohd & Zaidi, Arif & Ahmad, Sayeed. (2021). Anti- urolithiatic activity of Didymocarpous pedicellata R. Br. South African Journal of Botany. 150. 10. 1016/ j. sajb. 2021. 10. 028.
Prameela, J. & Ramakrishnaiah, H. & V, Krishna & Deepalakshmi, A. P. (2015). GC-MS analyses of leaf and root extracts of Didymocarpus tomentosa. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7. 423- 425.
Gowda, Prameela & Ramakrishnaiah, Hanumanthaiah & V, Krishna & Narra, Sivakrishna & Jagannath, Nataraj. (2012). Caryophyllene-Rich Essential Oil of Didymocarpus Tomentosa: Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity. Natural product communications. 7. 1535- 8. 10. 1177/ 1934578- X- 1200701131.
Prasad, Dr & Chandra, Deepak. (2017). Pharmacology & Clinical Research Antioxidant Activity, Phytochemical and Nutrients of Didymocarpus pedicellata r. br from Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand Himalayas, India. Journal of pharmacology & clinical research. 4. 10. 19080/ JPCR. 2017. 04. 555640.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Iris ensata

Wollenweber, Eckhard & Stevens, Jan & Klimo, Karin & Knauft, Jutta & Frank, Norbert & Gerhauser, Clarissa. (2003). Cancer Chemopreventive in vitro Activities of Isoflavones Isolated from Iris germanica. Planta medica. 69. 15- 20. 10. 1055/ s- 2003- 37030.
Zakir, Mohd & Kumar, Narendra. (2021). Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Iris nepalensis species Growing in Karnah Valley, Kupwara, Jammu and Kashmir, India. SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences. 7. 2754- 2762. 10. 21276/ SSR- IIJLS. 2021. 7. 1. 4.
Mohammad, Afroze & Jaiswal, Varun & Akhtar, Sohail & Jayashree, Bs & Dhar, K. L. (2017). Isolation of isoflavones from Iris kashmiriana Baker as potential anti proliferative agents targeting NF- kappaB. Phytochemistry. 136. 10. 1016/ j. phytochem. 2017. 01. 002.
Vyas, Bhavin & Vyas, R.B. & Joshi, Shrikant & Santani, Devdas. (2011). Antiurolithiatic Activity of Whole-Plant Hydroalcoholic Extract of Pergularia daemia in Rats. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 3. 36- 40. 10. 4103/ 0975-1483. 76417.
Olha, Mykhailenko & Lesyk, Roman & Finiuk, Nataliya & Rostyslav, Stoika & Tetyana, Yushchenko & Anna, Ocheretniuk & Valentina, Vaschuk & Volodymyr, Mishchenko & Georgiyants, Victoriya. (2020). In vitro anticancer activity screening of Iridaceae plant extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 10. 10. 7324/ JAPS. 2020. 10708.
Rigano, Daniela & Formisano, Carmen & Grassia, Armando & Grassia, Gianluca & Perrone, Angela & Piacente, Sonia & Vuotto, Maria & Senatore, Felice. (2007). Antioxidant Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids from Rhizomes of Iris pseudopumila. Planta medica. 73. 93- 6. 10. 1055/ s- 2006- 957071.
Fang, Rui & Houghton, Peter & Hylands, Peter. (2008). Cytotoxic effects of compounds from Iris tectorum on human cancer cell lines. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 118. 257- 63. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2008. 04. 006.
Liu, Rong & Gao, Yike & Fan, Zhuping & Wang, Xinzi & Xiao, Jianhua & Zhang, Qixiang. (2020). Within-day temporal isolation of two species of Iris (Iridaceae) sharing the same pollinator. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 130. 447- 457. 10. 1093/ biolinnean/ blaa032.
Tantry, Mudasir & Ghazanfar, Khalid & Zargar, Ummer. (2013). New alkylated benzoquinone from Iris nepalensis. Natural product research. 27. 10. 1080/ 1478- 6419. 2012. 763124.
Verma, Shashi & Tripathi, Devika & Verma, Shashi. (2016). Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of Passiflora Nepalensis in Rats. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 28262. 04165.
Wani, Sajad & Bilal, India & Padder, A & Mokhdomi, Taseem & Kashmir, Jammu & Javid, India & Mir, I & Hilal, India & Bhat, A & Qazi, India & Hassan, Parvaiz & Raies, India & Qadri, A & Kashmir, Jammu & Padder, Bilal & Mir, Javid & Bhat, Hilal & Qazi, Parvaiz & Qadri, Raies. (2017). Antiproliferative activity of methanolic extracts of different Iris plant species against A549 and caco-2 cell lines. 10.13140/RG.2.2.30148.17282.
Dinnimath, Basavaraj & Jalalpure, Sunil & Patil, Umesh. (2017). Antiurolithiatic activity of natural constituents isolated from Aerva lanata. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 8. 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.11.006.
Kerimova, G. & Krechun, A. & Rybak, V. & Olha, Mykhailenko & Kovalev, V.. (2019). Research of anti- exudative activity of the dry extracts of Iris hungarica leaves and rhizomes. Ukrainian biopharmaceutical journal. 55-58. 10.24959/ubphj.19.247.
Mirza, Salma. (2017). IRSA (IRIS ENSATA) AND ITS EFFECT ON SAFETY PARAMETERS: A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE PATIENTS OF ILTEHABE UNQUR REHM (CERVICITIS). World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 853- 863. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20175- 9069.
Mughees, Mohd & Jha, Rani & Ahmad, Javed & Ahmad, Altaf. (2017). SCAR MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CORRECT IDENTIFICATION OF IRIS ENSATA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 9. 201- 205. 10. 22159/ ijpps. 2017- v9i12. 21677.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Northosaerva brachiata

Goswami, Priyanka & Srivastava, Rashmi. (2015). PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ROOT EXTRACT OF NOTHOSAERVA BRACHIATA WIGHT IN ETHYLENE GLYCOL INDUCED UROLITHIATIC RATS. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 6. 808- 812. 10. 7897/ 2230- 8407. 0612157.
Mammen, Denni & Daniel, Mammen & Sane, R.T. (2012). Identification of pharmacognostic and phytochemical biomarkers to distinguish between Aerva lanata Juss ex schultes and its substitute, Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) W. & A. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 4. 116- 119.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Plectranthus amboinicus

Perez-Saad, Hector & Buznego, M & Villate, M & Perez, M & Menendez, Romyna. (2003). Neuropharmacological profile of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Indian borage). Revista de neurologia. 36. 98- 9.
Patel, Roshan & Mahobia, Naveen & Gendle, Ravindra & Kaushik, Basant & Singh, Sudarshan. (2010). Diuretic activity of leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng in male albino rats. Pharmacognosy research. 2. 86- 8. 10. 4103/ 0974- 8490. 62956.
Sabrina, Erny & Mirad, Razali & Mirfat, A.H.S. & Mat Ali, Mohd Shukri. (2014). Antimicrobial activity and bioactive evaluation of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil. AmJ. Res. Commun. 2. 121- 127.
Kumari, B. & Dodoala, Sujatha & Chand, Ch & Divya, K. & Malleswari, I. & Ranganayakulu, D. (2012). Evaluation of antiepileptic activity and probable mechanism of action of Coleus amboinicus in MES and PTZ models. Drug invention today. 20125. 1587- 1591.
Brigido, Claudia & Paz, Marcia & Alenca, Marcus & Junior, Antonio & Ferraz, Alexandre & Grivicich, Ivana & Cavalcante, Ana & Picada, Jaqueline. (2016). Toxic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng on Allium cepa. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10. 1- 6. 10. 9734/ BJPR/ 2016/ 23990.
Manimekalai, K. & Srinivasan, P. & Dineshbabu, J. & Guna, Gautham & Darsini, D. (2016). Anti-biofilm efficacy of Plectranthus amboinicus against streptococcus pyogenes isolated from pharyngitis patients. 9. 348- 354.
Majumder, Pulak & Bhattacharjee, Prasenjit. (2013). Investigation of phytochemicals and anti-convulsant activity of the plant Coleus amboinicus (lour.). International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 7. 211. 10. 4103/ 0973- 8258. 120223.
Chinta, Gopichand. (2012). Evaluation of antiepileptic activity and probable mechanism of action of Coleus amboinicus in MES and PTZ models.
Chiu, Yung-Jia & Huang, Tai-Hung & Chiu, Chuan-Sung & tsung chun, Lu & Chen, Ya-Wen & Peng, Wen-Huang & Chen, Chiu-Yuan. (2012). Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM. 2012. 508137. 10. 1155/ 2012/ 508137.
Sireesha, N.. (2017). ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF PLECTRANTHUS AMBOINICUS AND OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1008- 1017. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20178- 9674.
Gupta, Sandeep & Negi, Pradeep. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of Indian Borage (Plectranthus amboinicus Benth) Leaf Extracts in Food Systems and Against Natural Microflora in Chicken Meat. Food Technology and Biotechnology. 54. 10. 17113/ ftb. 54. 01. 16. 3973.
Sivaranjani, D. & P., Saranraj & Manigandan, Malathi & Kangasalam, Amala. (2019). Antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus solvent extracts against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 9. 36 – 39. 10. 22270/ jddt. v9i3. 2604.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Ammania baccifera

Al- Snafi, Ali. (2015). The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Ammania baccifera – A review. International Journal of Pharmacy.
Dhanapal, Ramaiyan & Vrushabendraswamy, BM & Murugesan, T & Chandramohan, K & Sridharchandanam, K & Kavimani, S. (2005). Evaluation of analgesic effect of an Ammania baccifera Linn. in mice. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research. 20. 10. 4314/ wajpdr. v20i1. 14742.
Chitme, Havagiray R & Rathod, Niranjan & Chandra, Ramesh. (2014). In vivo and In vitro Models for Evaluating Anti-urolithiasis Activity of Herbal Drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIO-SCIENCE 2277- 8713. 3. 309- 329.
Swilam, Noha & Nawwar, Mahmoud & Radwan, Rasha & Mostafa, Eman. (2022). Antidiabetic Activity and In Silico Molecular Docking of Polyphenols from Ammannia baccifera L. subsp. Aegyptiaca (Willd.) Koehne Waste: Structure Elucidation of Undescribed Acylated Flavonol Diglucoside. Plants. 11. 452. 10. 3390/ plants- 11030452.
Goodla, Lavanya & Ravilla, Sivajyothi & Parthasarathy, P. (2008). In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Ammannia baccifera Linn. 3. 183-188.
Dhanapal, Ramaiyan & Kavimani, S. & MATHA, VRUSHABENDRA & BASU, MALAYA. (2005). Antisteroidogenic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Ammania baccifera (L.) Whole Plant in Female Albino Mice Ovaries. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ISSN: 1735- 2657) Vol 4 Num 1.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Rotula aquatica

Singh, Sunder & Rai, Atul & Sharma, Praveen & Barshiliya, Yogesh & Sihare, Mohini & Negi, Anju. (2012). Antidiarrhoeal activity of Rotula aquatica in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2. S175– S177. 10. 1016/ S2221- 1691 (12) 60153- 1.
Sasikala, Venkatachalam & Radha, Singanallur & Vijayakumari, Bavaniamma. (2013). In vitro evaluation of Rotula aquatica Lour. for anti- urolithiatic activity. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 6. 378– 382. 10. 1016/ j. jopr. 2013. 02. 026.
Pallavi, M. & Ramesh, C. K. & V, Krishna & Channakeshava, G.H. & KS, Jamuna. (2016). Total phenolics and antioxidant potentials of Rotula aquatica lour. 6. 169- 174. 10. 7324/ JAPS. 2016. 60425.
Christina, A.J.M. & Mole, M & Moorthy, P. (2002). Studies on the antilithic effect of Rotula aquatica lour in male Wistar rats. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology. 24. 357- 9. 10. 1358/ mf. 2002. 24. 6. 693068.
Prashanthi, P. & Anitha, S. & Shashidhara, S. (2015). Effect of rotula aquatica lour. on experimental kidney stones. 7. 1142- 1146.
Panwar, Aakash. (2011). Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity of Rotula aquatica lour Root. Public Health Nursing. 2011. 1- 8.
Vijayakumari, Bhavaniamma & Sasikala, Venkatachalam & Radha, Singanallur & Yadav, Hiranmai. (2017). Rotula Aquatica Lour Aqueous Extract as Anti-Urolithiatic Agent in Experimentally Induced Urolithiatic Rat Model. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 9. 10. 25258/ phyto. v9i4. 8128.

Suggestive Reading Regarding Coleus aromaticus

Ghosh, R & Sur, Tapas & Maity, L & Chakraborty, S. (2000). Antiurolithiatic activity of coleus aromaticus Benth. In Rats. The ancient science of life. 20. 44-7.
HARIRAM, NATARAJAN. (2016). Coleus aromaticus Benth Synthesis of Potentially Nanomedicine as High Nutritive Value of Human Health and Immunomodulator. Human Journals. 4. 18- 38.

References

Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala. In: Charaka Samhita, ed. Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya., editor. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2009.
Sushruta. In: Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana, ed. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya., editor. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia; 2005.
Vagbhata. In: Ashtanga Hrudaya, 9th ed. Anna Moreshwar Kunte, Krishnashastri Navarre, Harishastri, editors. Varanasi: Choukhambha Orientalia; 2005.
Bhavamishra. In: Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga 11th ed. part 2. Brahma Shankara Mishra., editor. Varanasi: Choukhambha Bharati Academy; 2009.
Bhavprakasha, commentary by Bulusu Sitaram, forwarded by K.C.Chunekar
Sharma PV, Kaideva Nighantu. Aushadhi Varga. Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi; 2006.
Nighantu Ratnakara, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; Varanasi.
Tripathi I., Raja Nighantu, Parpatadi Varga, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; Varanasi; 2010
Dhanwantri Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; Varanasi.
Priya Nighantu by P. V. Sharma, Shatpushpadi Varga, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; Varanasi.
Dr. Gyanendra Pandey, Dravyaguna Vigyana, reprint 2012, Chawkhamba Krishnadas Academy.
K. Niteshwar Dravyaguna Vigyan, reprint 2017.
Dr. J.L.N. Sastry and Dr. B.S. Sastry, Dravyaguna Vigyana, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi.
Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta with the vaidya Prabha Hindi commentary by Indra deva Tripathi, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi 2nd Edition, 1994.

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Dr. Sahil Gupta completed his Bachelor of Ayurveda in Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) and Master’s Degree in Health Administration (MHA) India. He is Registered Ayurvedic Doctor & Vaidya in India having Registration No. 23780. He is the CEO and founder of IAFA. After completing BAMS, Dr. Sahil Gupta started practicing Ayruveda by giving prime importance to allergic disorders management. He became the first Ayurvedic doctor to cure Food Allergies through Ayurveda. Read More About Dr. Sahil Gupta.

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