Patala (Stereospermum Suaveolens)

Recent Research on Patala (Stereospermum Suaveolens)

• V.M., Chandrashekhar & Muchandi, A.A. & Sudi, S.V. & Muchandi, I.S.. (2009). Free radical scavenging activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC: An in-vitro evaluation. Pharmacologyonline. 1. 50- 56. Free radicals are highly reactive species produced in the body during normal metabolic functions or introduced from the environment, which are capable of causing tissue injury and have been implicated in the pathology of various human diseases. Antioxidants act as a major defense against radical-mediated toxicity by protecting against the damages caused by free radicals. Several plants and plant isolates have been reported to protect against free radical-induced damage in various experimental models. The Stereospermum suaveolens DC is commonly known as ‘Patala’. Traditionally it is mainly used as an analgesic, wound healing, antidyspeptic, astringent, and liver stimulant. The different concentrations of methanolic extracts of the plant were studied for their in vitro free radical scavenging activity with different methods viz DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation assay, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Antioxidant activity was estimated by IC50 values. The maximum 91.44 % DPPH radical scavenging, 72.54 % lipid peroxidation, 74.13 % hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 79.55% nitric oxide scavenging activity were found at concentrations 125 μg/ ml, 62.5 μg/ ml, 62.25 ppm, and 125 μg/ ml respectively.
• Shalavadi, Mallappa & V.M, Chandrashekhar & Avinash, S & Sowmya, C & Ramkishan, A. (2012). Neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC against 6- OHDA induced Parkinson’s disease model. Indian journal of pharmacology. 44. 737- 43. 10.  4103/0253- 7613. 103275. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Stereospermum suaveolens DC on the 6-hydroxy dopamine-induced Parkinson’s disease model. The study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats where Parkinson’s disease was induced by producing the striatal 6-hydroxy dopamine lesions. The test animals received a methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/ kg for 42 days. Behavioral assessment, spontaneous locomotor activity, and muscular coordination were studied. Antioxidant levels and striatal infraction area were assessed and histopathological studies were carried out. The Stereospermum suaveolens DC methanolic extract showed a significant dose-dependent increase in behavioral activity, and improved muscular coordination. Significant reduction of lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic activity of glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels in extract-treated groups was observed in test groups as compared to control group. Striatal infarction area was significantly reduced in extract-treated groups as compared to the control group. The methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC showed neuroprotective activity against 6- hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats.
• Moniruzzaman, Md & Kuddus, Md. Ruhul & Haque, Mohammad & Chowdhury, A.M. Sarwaruddin & Rashid, Mohammad. (2018). Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC. Shows Potential in vivo and in vitro Bioactivities. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 17. 257- 263. 10. 3329/dumps. v17i2. 39184. The methanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC was investigated for antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, and analgesic activities in Swiss Albino mice. The antidiabetic activity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test where the crude extract of S. suaveolens (400 mg/ kg b.w.) exhibited a 56.10 % reduction of blood glucose level as compared to 58.53 % by standard glibenclamide (0.1 mg/ kg b.w.). In the castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, the plant extract, at the dose of 400 mg/ kg b.w. Demonstrated a 42.11 % reduction of diarrheal feces, while the standard loperamide revealed a 57.89 % reduction of diarrheal feces. The analgesic activity of S. suaveolens was assessed by both radiant heat tail-flick and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. The methanolic extract and different Kupchan fractions of S. suaveolens were also subjected to screening for total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, membrane stabilizing, thrombolytic, and antimicrobial activities. In the DPPH assay, the aqueous soluble fraction of methanolic extract revealed the highest antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 18.99 μg/  ml. The membrane stabilizing activity was assessed by hypotonic solution- and heat-induced methods and was compared with standard acetyl-salicylic acid. In hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis, the hexane and carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction inhibited 54.42% and 52.67  % hemolysis of RBCs, respectively. On the other hand, in heat-induced hemolysis, the chloroform soluble fraction inhibited the hemolysis of RBC by 57.10 % as compared to 72.09% produced by acetylsalicylic acid. In the antimicrobial assay by disc diffusion method, only the hexane and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition = 7.0-15.0 mm) against the test organisms. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17 (2): 257- 263, 2018.
• Thangavel, Balasubramanian & Chatterjee, Tapan & Sarkar, Mahananda & Meena, Sundar. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of Stereospermum suaveolens ethanol extract in rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 48. 318- 23. 10. 3109/ 13880- 200903127383. The anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC (Bignoniaceae) bark given orally at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in rats using the carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced hind paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation models. Indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight was used as a standard drug. The extract (400 mg/  kg body weight per os) showed maximum inhibition of edema 64.6, 53.48, and 50.06% at the end of 3 h with carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced rat paw edema, respectively. The extract (400 mg/ kg) exhibited a significant reduction (34.77 %) in granuloma weight in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. From these results, it could be concluded that the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens possesses maximum anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner, in various experimental models.
• Muchandi, A. A. & Sudi, Sarasvathi & Parashar, Ashish & V.M, Chandrashekhar. (2011). Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Stereospermum suaveolens Against Aluminium Fluoride Induced Hepatotoxicity. Journal of Natural Remedies. 11. 143-149. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2011/ 438. To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanol stem bark extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) against aluminum fluoride (AlF 4É)- induced hepatic damage in albino mice. The animals were divided into six groups of seven animals each. Group I served as normal; group II served as control, receiving AlF4E through their drinking water; group III served as standard, receiving 500 mg/kg of Liv-52. The groups IV, V, and VI were treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg doses of methanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens orally. After 24 h of the last dose of AlF 4É, serum biochemical and liver enzymes were assessed along with histopathological studies of liver sections. The AlF 4E- treated group showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in serum biochemical markers like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, LDL-cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation levels in liver homogenate along with significantly reduced levels of GSH, total thiols, CAT and SOD. The pretreatment groups with different doses of extract and standard Liv- 52 significantly (p< 0.05) reversed the above parameters as compared to the control group. From the results, it can be concluded that the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanol extract may be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins.
• Thangavel, Balasubramanian & Lal, Meena & Sarkar, Mahananda & Chatterjee, Tapan. (2009). Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plant Stereospermum suaveolens in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of dietary supplements. 6. 227- 51. 10. 1080/ 1939021- 0903070780. The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its antihyperglycemic in addition to antioxidant effects in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats by acute and subacute models at dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/ kg body weight, given orally. The ethanol extract showed a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose levels when compared to the standard drug, oral Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/ kg body weight). The serum of rats treated with ethanol extract showed decreased levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased levels of total proteins. EESS showed a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and significantly increased the body weight (P < .001), glycogen, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities, compared with STZ diabetic control in a dose-dependent manner. This finding shows that the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens exhibits potent antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties.
• Ranaweera, Chathuranaga. (2015). In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of leaves of Indigofera indica and stem bark of Stereospermum suaveolens grown in Sri Lanka. 5. 128- 138. Oxidative stress due to free radicals plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Accordingly, a wide search is operative to discover novel and potent antioxidants to be used as prophylactics and therapeutics, and also in the food and cosmeceutical industries. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of leaves of Indigofera indica ( Family: Leguminosae) and stems of Stereospermum suaveolens ( Family: Bignoniaceae) grown in Sri Lanka. Oven-dried (at 40°C), powdered leaves and air-dried stems were extracted to methanol by cold extraction technique and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro using four direct antioxidant assays [1, 1- diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPHH)], radical scavenging activity: 2, 2′ azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and two indirect antioxidant assays [ total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)]. The results showed that both extracts exhibit moderate antioxidant activity [ DPPH assay, leaves Vs stem: 11.53 ± 0.50 Vs 13.46 ± 0.22 mg Trolox equivalent /g; ABTS assay, leaves Vs stem 156.66 ± 12.87 Vs 146.14 ± 3.15 mg Trolox equivalent /g, FRAP assay, leaves Vs stem 11.76 ± 3.93 Vs 13.59 ± 4.36 mg Trolox equivalent /g; ORAC assay, leaves Vs stem 198.83 ± 6.09 Vs 209.61 ± 16.10 mg Trolox equivalents /g; TPC assay, leaves Vs stem: 193.45 ± 9.60 Vs 102.26 ± 6.04 mg Gallic acid equivalents /g, and TFC assay, leaves Vs stem: 22.56 ± 0.42 Vs 0.12 ± 0.04 mg Quercetin equivalents /g]. Further, the radical scavenging activities determined by DPPH and ABTS assays were dose-dependent. These results establish, for the first time, that leaves of I.indica and stem of S.suaveolens grown in Sri Lanka are good sources of natural antioxidants that may be effective against oxidative stress-induced pathophysiology of several diseases.
• Thangavel, Balasubramanian & Chatterjee, Tapan. (2010). Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Stereospermum suaveolens on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 7. 10. 2202/ 1553- 3840. 1337. The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- induced liver damage, in Wistar albino rats. The ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens (EESS) bark (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p. o.) was administered to the experimental rats for 14 days. Silymarin (50 mg/ kg body weight (b.w.) was given as the standard drug. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various serum biochemical parameters such as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total proteins. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were determined to explain the possible mechanism of activity. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue. The substantially elevated levels of serum GOT, GPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, due to CCl4 treatment, were restored to near normal by EESS, in a dose-dependent manner. EESS also increased the serum total proteins of CCl4-intoxicated rats. Reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxide levels were restored to near normal, by administration of EESS. A histological study showed a reduction of fatty degeneration and liver necrosis in EESS-treated rats. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens afforded significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in CCl4-induced hepatic damage.
• Francis, Sijo & Koshy, Ebey & Mathew, Beena. (2018). Green synthesis of Stereospermum suaveolens capped silver and gold nanoparticles and assessment of their innate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 41. 10. 1007/ s00449- 018- 1925- 0. Plant-extract-mediated nanoparticle synthesis is a viable alternative to chemical reduction techniques. Here, we report the microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by the phytoreducer Stereospermum suaveolens for the first time. The formation of the nascent silver and gold nanoparticles is confirmed by their intense surface plasmon resonance peaks at 431 and 585 nm in UV–visible spectroscopy. The polyphenolic and alcoholic functional groups present in the aqueous root bark extract that performed the bioreduction processes have been detected using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Powder X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction patterns settled face-centered cubic crystal structures to both silver and gold nanoparticles with a preferred orientation towards the (111) plane. Transmission electron microscopic analysis proved more or less the spherical geometry of the silver and gold nanoparticles with average diameters of 49.77 ± 11.64 and 27.19 ± 5.96 nm, respectively. The nanoparticles showed excellent free-radical scavenging activity than the root bark extract Stereospermum suaveolens and the IC50 values obtained were 108.36 ± 1.62, 45.59 ± 0.18, 34.53 ± 0.31 µg/ mL, respectively, for the extract, gold and silver nanoparticles. The metal nanoparticles have accomplished good antimicrobial properties towards bacterial and fungal pathogens and were demonstrated herein. The antiproliferative effects of the synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles on human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 were studied using the MTT assay and the obtained IC50 values 33.81 ± 0.72 and 52.97 ± 0.73 µg/ mL lie in the clinical range.
• Maji, Amal & Samanta, Sourav & Mahapatra, Subhadip & Banerji, Pratim & Banerjee, Debdulal. (2013). In-vivo immunomodulatory activity of standardized Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC. Root extract. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 14. 47- 54. 10. 1007/ s13596- 013- 0132- 4. Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC. is used in various Ayurvedic formulations to treat a variety of disorders including inflammations, asthma, blood disorders, fevers, liver disorders, etc. Quantification of the bioactive compound in S. suaveolens root extract (SSRE) was determined through RP- HPLC, to standardize the plant material with optimal concentration of known active constituents present therein. The immunomodulatory potential of SSRE was determined for its effects on non-specific immune functions against sheep red blood cells antigenic challenge using in-vivo models. The assay included total and differential leukocyte counts, nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction test, neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic activity, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. In RP-HPLC analysis, the contents of dehydro- α- lapachone and lapachol in SSRE were found to be 0.043± 0.003 and 0.16± 0.002 % (w/ w), respectively. Standardized SSRE (100– 300 mg/ kg) increased the total leukocyte count and the population of monocytes and neutrophils in rats. Further, treatment with SSRE increased the neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers, DTH response, phagocytic activity, and intracellular killing potential of phagocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The immunostimulatory potential of SSRE at 300 mg/ kg was found to be very significant (p< 0.001) compared to the control. These findings suggest that SSRE can be able to stimulate the innate defense mechanisms of an individual and it can be considered as an alternative therapy to boost the innate immune functions during impaired immunological conditions.
• Thirumalaisamy, Balasubramanian & G.P, Senthilkumar & M., Karthikeyan & Chatterjee, Tapan. (2013). Antihyperlipidemic Activity of the Ethyl- acetate Fraction of Stereospermum Suaveolens in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Pharmacopuncture. 16. 10. 3831/ KPI. 2013. 16. 020. Dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ethyl-acetate fraction of an ethanolic extract from Streospermum suaveolens on lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-  induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with an ethyl-acetate fraction orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/ kg daily for 14 days. On the 15(th) day, serum lipid profiles, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), were estimated in experimental rats. The atherogenic (AI) and the coronary risk (CRI) indices were also evaluated. The ethyl-acetate fraction at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (P< 0.001) and dose-dependently reduced serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, but increased HDL towards near normal levels as compared to diabetic control rats. The fraction also significantly (P< 0.001) lowered the atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CAI) in a dose-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated that the ethyl-acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens exhibits a potent antihyperlipidemic activity in hyperglycemic rats and suggests that the plant may have therapeutic value in treating the diabetic complication of hyperlipidemia.
• Chanshetti, R. & Bandawane, D.. (2021). Leaves of Stereospermum suaveolens DC Exhibit Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Potential Action in Experimental Animals. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 164- 175. 10. 9734/ jpri/ 2021/ v33i33A31783. Aim: The experimental investigation of current research work was to identify the traditional rich claim of Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential action in animals. Study design: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves evaluated at 125 mg/ kg, 250  mg/kg, and 500 mg/  kg (p.o.) doses for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. Methodology: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated for phytochemical investigation for total flavonoid content using UV spectroscopy and TLC study. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (Acute method) and Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced chronic arthritis in Wistar rats were used as an animal model to claim Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential. The rat paw volume and percentage inhibition of the paw edema were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. The assessments of arthritis in rats were measured by hematological values and radiological examinations. Result: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves showed the presence of total flavonoids and saponins. The significant inhibition in paw volume and edema (p < .01) was obtained at 250 mg/ kg and 500 mg/ kg oral dose. These obtained results established a confirmation outcome for the presence of rich flavonoid contents in Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves and provides a valuable source of bioactive phytocomponents. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) methanolic extract of leaves showed significant inhibition of inflammatory reaction as compared to standard drug indomethacin Sterospermum Suaveolens DC leaves showed a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of inflammation and arthritis cases.
• Sab, B & Jacob, Janani & G M, Gururaja & Singh, Vineet & Mundkinajeddu, Deepak & Shankarappa, Shashidhara. (2015). Cycloolivil, a lignan from the roots of Stereospermum suaveolens. Pharmacognosy research. 7. 45- 8. 10. 4103/ 0974- 8490. 147198. Stereospermum suaveolens DC.  belonging to the family Bignoniaceae is an important medicinal plant in India. Traditionally, it is mainly used as an analgesic, liver stimulant, astringent, wound healing, and antidyspeptic. The roots of this plant are one of the ingredients of Dashamularishta. The plant has been studied for many pharmacological actions, but only a few were concerned with the isolation of active compounds. The present work deals with the isolation and identification of phytochemical constituents present in the roots of Stereospermum suaveolens. The compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction from the methanol extract of S. suaveolens by using open silica gel column chromatography and HPLC was carried out for all the fractions to target the major peaks in fractions. The isolated compound structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data (UV, IR, 1D-NMR, and MS) and characterized as Cycloolivil (1) reported for the first time from this plant species, Lapachol (2) and β- sitosterol (3), respectively.
• Shalavadi, Mallappa & V.M, Chandrashekhar & Avinash, S & Sowmya, C & Ramkishan, A. (2012). Neuroprotective activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC against 6- OHDA induced Parkinson’s disease model. Indian journal of pharmacology. 44. 737- 43. 10. 4103/ 0253- 7613. 103275. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Stereospermum suaveolens DC on 6- hydroxy dopamine induced Parkinson’s disease model. The study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats where Parkinson’s disease was induced by producing the striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. The test animals received a methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/  kg for 42 days. Behavioral assessment, spontaneous locomotor activity, and muscular coordination were studied. Antioxidant levels and striatal infraction area were assessed and histopathological studies were carried out. The Stereospermum suaveolens DC methanolic extract showed a significant dose-dependent increase in behavioral activity, and improved muscular coordination. Significant reduction of lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic activity of glutathione (GSH) and total thiol levels in extract-treated groups was observed in test groups as compared to the control group. Striatal infarction area was significantly reduced in extract-treated groups as compared to the control group. The methanolic extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC showed neuroprotective activity against 6- hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats.
• Lakshmi, Vijai & Misra-Bhattacharya, Shailja. (2015). Antifilarial activity in Stereospermum suaveolens DC leaves against Brugia malayi Full Paper. KEYWORDS ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate the antifilarial activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) against human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi in vitro and in vivo. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of the S. suaveolens was tested in vitro on adult worms and microfilariae (mf) of B. malayi and the active sample was further evaluated in vivo in B. malayi (intraperitoneally) i.p. transplanted in the jird model (Meriones unguiculatus) and Mastomys couch subcutaneously infected with infective larvae (L3). The ethanolic extract was active in vitro (IC50:adult = 31.5 mg/ ml; mf = 15.45 mg/ ml) and demonstrated 61.9  % adulticidal and embryostatic effect on B. malayi, respectively, in Mastomys at a dose of 5 × 100 mg/kg by oral route. The antifilarial activity at 5 × 100 mg/ kg by subcutaneous route revealed excellent adulticidal efficacy resulting in the death of 61.9 % transplanted adult B. malayi in the peritoneal cavity of jirds respectively in addition to noticeable microfilaricidal action on the day of autopsy. The findings reveal that the extract from the leaves of S. suaveolens contains promising in vitro and in vivo antifilarial activity against human lymphatic filarial parasite B. malayi which may be further explored to evaluate the antifilarial activity by evaluating its bioactive fractions and pure compounds from the active fractions, which may provide a new antifilarial agent.
• Neena, Srivastava & Khatoon, Sayyada & Rawat, Ajay & Rai, Vartika & Mehrotra, Shanta. (2009). Chromatographic Estimation of p-Coumaric Acid and Triacontanol in an Ayurvedic Root Drug Patala (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.). Journal of chromatographic science. 47. 936- 39. 10. 1093/ chromsci/ 47. 10.  936. A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been established for the identification and standardization of Stereospermum suaveolens extracts using two active biomarkers viz. triacontanol and p-coumaric acid in root samples collected from different geographical locations of India. These marker components have different therapeutic activities: p-coumaric acid is a good antioxidant and also has anti-diabetic properties; triacontanol has anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties. Studies on root as well as stem samples showed characteristic bands of triacontanol and p-coumaric acid at Rf 0.51 and 0.42, respectively. The amount of triacontanol varied from 0.035- 8.472 mg/ g in the root samples while the amount of p-coumaric acid was in the range 0.081- 0.203 mg/ g. The limit of detection for triacontanol was 100 ng/ spot whereas that for p-coumaric acid was 10 ng/ spot.
• Kharat, U. & Chanshetti, R. & Chavan, V. & Naik, Y. & Date, N. (2012). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of root bark of Stereospermum suaveolens DC. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. 494- 496. The Root Bark of plant Stereospermum suaveolens DC. Was traditionally used for the treatment of pains and inflammations. The present study was carried out using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method in Wistar adult rats. The dried root of the plant was subjected to the maceration for 24 hrs. The aqueous extract was tested for preliminary phytochemical studies. It was found that the Stereospermum suaveolens DC revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The aqueous extract at 125 mg/ kg showed significantly inhibited edema and produced significant (p< 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects. The carrageenan-induced edema model is biphasic and significant activity in dose 125 mg/ kg is seen as compared to 250 mg/ kg, 500 mg/ kg of aqueous extract. The mean of percentage inhibition is 23.74 which was found to be higher at 125 mg/ kg dose as compared with a mean of percentage inhibition at 250 mg/ kg and 500 mg/ kg which was found to be 14.44 and 19.71 respectively. The observed pharmacological activity provides the scientific basis to support traditional claims as well as, explore some new and promising leads.
• Mahadevan, V. & Vadivel, V. & Brindha, Pemaiah. (2016). In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of an Ayurvedic formulation Dasamula and its herbal ingredients: A comparative study. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 10. S211-S218. Aim: Dasamula is an Ayurvedic formulation, which is used for the management of pain, arthritis, and inflammatory disorders. Even though this formulation has been widely used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine to cure inflammation-mediated diseases, no deeper research studies have been conducted to prove its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Dasamula was prepared using the roots of available herbal ingredients of such as Bilva (Aegle marmelos L. Correa), Syonaka (Oroxylum indicum L. Benth. Ex Kurz), Gambhari/Kumil (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), Patala/  Pathiri (Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb.), Agnimantha/ Munjai (Premna serratifolia L.), Salaparni/Orilai (Desmodium gangeticum L. DC), Prisniparni/ Sithirapaladai (Uraria picta Jacq. Desv), Brhati/ Sundai (Solanum indicum L.), Kantakari/ Vaizhalanthai (Solanum xanthocarpum L.) and Goksura/ Nerinjil (Tribulus terrestris L.) and screened for phytochemical profile, total phenol content, antioxidant activity (1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl- hydroxyl assay), and anti-inflammatory property (red blood cell membrane stabilization assay). Results and Discussion: From the results, it was seen that Dasamula had an impeccable anti-inflammatory activity. The Dasamula preparation contains various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and quinones, total phenolic content (567 mg gallic acid equivalent/ 100 g), and exhibits antioxidant (44.86 %) and anti-inflammatory activities (32.56 %), which are contributed by its herbal ingredients, especially A. marmelos and G. arborea. Conclusion: Among the roots of 10 different herbal ingredients used in the preparation of Dasamula, only A. marmelos and G. arborea root extracts are found to be efficient as anti-inflammatory agents, and the remaining ingredients might have some medicinal roles in related therapeutic conditions/alleviating side effects.
• Kaveripakam, Sai & Sreedevi, Adikay & Mathi, Gandhi. (2017). Anti-Obesity Efficacy of Roots of Stereospermum suaveolens in High Fat-Induced Obese Rats. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 9. 234- 238. 10. 5530/ jyp. 2017. 9. 46. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity efficacy of ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens on high-fat fed obese rats. Methodology: Ethanol extract of roots was prepared by hot extraction method and preliminary phytochemical studies were conducted. Obesity was induced in Wistar rats by administration of a high-fat diet for 40 days. Anti-obesity effect was screened by oral administration of extract at two different dose levels i.e. 200 and 400mg/kg bd wt. Along with a high-fat diet for 40 days. Orlistat at a dose of 50mg/kg.bd.wt was used as standard drug control. The anti-obesity activity is estimated in terms of body weight gain, food intake, Lee- index, Serum triglycerides (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL- C), HDL cholesterol (HDL- C), VLDL cholesterol (VLDL- C), blood glucose (BG), atherogenic index, coronary risk index and organ and fat pad weights. Histological studies had been carried out for hepatic tissue. Results: Administration of a high-fat diet for 40 successive days significantly increased the body weight, food intake, organ and fat pad weights, Lee index, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, TG, TC, LDL, VLDL, BG, and decreased HDL levels in disease control animals. Animals administered with extract for 40 successive days along with a high-fat diet reversed the effects induced by high fat in dose dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The present study depicts that the ethanol extract of roots of Stereospermum suaveolens has a promising anti-obesity efficacy.

Recent Research on Stereospermum chelonoides

• Islam, Imamul & Meena Afroze, Shanta & Mondal, Milon & Hoque, Nazia & Majumder, Senjuti & Ahmed, Taksim & Rana, Md. (2018). Protective effect of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides bark against amyloid beta- 42 induced cell death in SH- SY5Y cells and against inflammation in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 29. 10. 1515/ jbcpp- 2017- 0123. This study was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging property of chloroform extract of the bark of Stereospermum chelonoides (SCBC) and to investigate its potential in Alzheimer’s disease and inflammation, two oxidative stress-related disorders. Methods Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant potential of SCBC were evaluated using 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total antioxidant capacity determination assay. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were also determined. 3- (4, 5- Dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity and cytoprotective assays were performed on human neuroblastoma SH- SY5Y cells. Thioflavin- T assay and caspase activation measurement assay were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of cytoprotection of SCBC observed here. In vivo, anti-inflammatory potential was measured using croton oil and xylene-induced ear edema tests. Results Phytochemical screening of SCBC revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity was observed. The extract was enriched in flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds too. SCBC was found to inhibit amyloid- β peptide 1- 42 (Aβ42) induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Encouraged by the cytoprotective effect, its effects on Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase-3- 3 activated apoptosis were observed. SCBC significantly slowed down the Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase- 3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner indicating its probable mechanism of rendering cyto-protection. SCBC has been able to reduce inflammation significantly in croton oil-induced ear edema in both doses. Conclusions Thus, this study could form the basis for further study on the potential use of SCBC in oxidative stress-associated cell death and inflammation.
• Kingsley, Bino & Kayarohanam, Saminathan & Karuppanan, Aravinth & Brindha, Pemaiah & Appian, Subramoniam. (2013). HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS OF THE ACTIVE FRACTION OF STEREOSPERMUM TETRAGONAM DC. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2. 2565- 2574. The objective of this study was to investigate the complications of untreated diabetes on the histomorphology of rats. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in male Wister rats by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at 110 mg/ kg. Five days later blood glucose level was determined to confirm the induction of diabetes. The establishment of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by fasting blood glucose levels. The diabetic rats were divided into three groups. Another group of rats served as healthy controls that similarly received vehicles. For the histomorphological study of different organs, 50 % of the animals were sacrificed after 12 days. Routine hematoxylin and eosin stain and Gomori’s modified stain were used. The blood glucose level of diabetic rats was increased significantly throughout the experimental period. Further, histo-morphological alterations were recorded in the pancreas, kidneys, and liver in diabetic rats as well as treatment with the herbal drug and standard drug. However, mild changes were observed in the gastrointestinal tract with proliferation of yeasts in the stomach. With the progress of untreated diabetes, his anatomical alterations
• Tithi, Nigar & Hoque, Nazia & Islam, Imamul & Mondal, Milon & Meena Afroze, Shanta & Majumder, Senjuti. (2020). PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF STEREOSPERMUM CHELONOIDES LEAVES. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various degenerative diseases like cancer, inflammation, etc. Thus, the study of the antioxidant activity of natural molecules has remained a fertile ground for researchers. In continuation of that effort, the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory potential of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides leaves (SCLC). Preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by total phenol and total flavonoid determination assays were carried out. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant assays. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and MTT-based cytotoxicity assay were also conducted. Antibacterial assay was carried out using the disc diffusion method on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Croton oil and xylene-induced ear edema models were used to determine anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemical screening ensured the presence of various secondary metabolites notably polyphenols (38.04 ± 0.77 mg/ g, GAE) and flavonoids (130 ± 7.86, mg/ g, QE) which explained its dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Moreover, the cupric ion-reducing capacity of SCLC was similar to standard ascorbic acid indicating strong metal chelating activity. In cytotoxicity assay, SCLC produced a significant cell-killing effect on HeLa cells in high doses. Significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed in Croton oil-induced ear edema. The antioxidant activity of SCLC is suggestive of its ability to halt the free radical generation process and its subsequent potential in the physiologic conditions adversely affected by radical generations.
• Kingsley, Bino & Kayarohanam, Saminathan & Brindha, Pemaiah & Appian, Subramoniam. (2013). Toxicity studies of the active fraction of Stereospermum tetragonam DC. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5. 648- 651. Objective: The present study was to evaluate the oral toxicity of acute, sub-acute, and histopathological studies of the active fraction of Stereospermum tetragonum DC using albino mice. Methods: In acute toxicity studies the active fraction of Stereospermum tetragonum DC was administered orally at doses ranging from 500- 2000 mg/ kg p.o the animals were observed for mortality and any toxic symptoms up to 14 days. In sub-acute toxicity studies the active fraction was administered daily for 28 days with doses ranging from 100-400 mg/kg. The animals were observed for signs of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality for 28 days. The animals were subjected to biochemical and hematological parameters on the 29th day and the animals were sacrificed for histopathological study. Results: The results of 14 days of acute toxicity studies up to a dose of 2000 mg/ kg of the active fraction neither produced mortality nor showed any symptoms of behavior or any physiological changes in body weight, food, and water intake. The 28-day sub-acute studies with repeated doses of oral toxicity did not show any toxic signs or any mortality when three doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the active fraction were administered. No significant changes were absorbed in Biochemical and hematological parameters when compared with the control group. The two higher doses slightly reduced serum glucose concentrations. The relative weights of animals were found to be comparable with control. The vital organs treated with the active fraction of the drug for 28 days did not show any gross abnormalities, histopathological changes, or pathological lesions. Conclusion: From the results it is concluded that the dose at 400 mg/ kg is safe for long-term treatment in diabetic conditions.
• Bharathi, R. & Suresh, Jerad & Veni, B. & Sriram, Lata & Lakshmi, S. & Margesan, M. Thirumal. (2010). IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL STUDIES OF STEREOSPERMUM COLAIS LEAF EXTRACTS. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Aim: To screen the various extracts of leaves of Stereospermum colais for antibacterial and antifungal activity against a few clinically important pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: The various successive solvent extracts viz., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water were screened for antimicrobial activity. The test organisms used for antibacterial study include fresh clinical strains isolated from pathologic specimens viz., gram (+ve) Coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram (-ve) Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. The antibacterial activity was assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and agar disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity was assessed by MIC. For antifungal activity, the fungi studied were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Results: A comparison of antibacterial activity was done with standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin (5 μg/ disc). The ethanol and chloroform extract showed maximum antibacterial activity followed by ethyl acetate, aqueous, and n-hexane. The ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effect against all fungi except Aspergillus flavus. Chloroform extract showed activity against Candida albicans. The other extracts showed significant inhibition of the growth of fungi. The various extracts of Stereospermum colais leaves have potential antibacterial and antifungal activity and can be used as new sources for antibacterial and antifungal drugs.
• Chatterjee, Tapan & Sarkar, Mahananda & Meena, Sundar. (2010). Anti-inflammatory effect of Stereospermum suaveolens ethanol extract in rats. Pharmaceutical biology. 48. 318- 23. 10. 3109/ – 13880200903127383. The anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC (Bignoniaceae) bark given orally at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was studied in rats using the carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced hind paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation models. Indomethacin at the dose of 10 mg/ kg body weight was used as a standard drug. The extract (400 mg/ kg body weight per os) showed maximum inhibition of edema 64.6, 53.48, and 50.06 % at the end of 3 h with carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced rat paw edema, respectively. The extract (400 mg/ kg) exhibited a significant reduction (34.77 %) in granuloma weight in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. From these results, it could be concluded that the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens possesses maximum anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner, in various experimental models.
• Haque, Mohammad & Rahman, Khondaker & Begum, Bilkis & Hasan, Choudhury & Rashid, Mohammad. (2007). Secondary Metabolites from Sterespermum chelonoides. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. 10. 3329/dumps. v4i1. 201. Five compounds namely, sterekunthal B (1), store quinone C (2), p- hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), p-hydroxy phenylmethyl ketone (4), and stigmasterol (5) were isolated from methanolic extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum chelonoides. The structures of compounds 1- 5 were established by extensive spectroscopic studies, notably high-field NMR and MS. This is the first report of the occurrence of 1- 5 from Stereospermum chelonoides. Keywords: Stereospermum chelonoides, Bignoniaceae, Sterekunthal B, Sterequinone C Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. Vol. 4 (1) 2005.
• Meena, Ajay & Raju, Ilavarasan & Prakash, Om & Esakki, Ayyamperumal & Singh, Ravindra & Srikanth, Narayanam & Dhiman, K. S. (2021). Evaluation of Substitution of Bark With Small Branches of Stereospermum Chelonoides DC and Quantitative Estimation of Lapachol By HPLC. 10. 21203/ rs. 3. rs- 692168/ v1. Background: Stereospermum chlorides DC, also known as padhri, is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and is commonly used in herbal medicine. Natural materials separated from a variety of traditional herbal plants have been claimed to have had a significant impact on the development of numerous lead compounds used in the treatment of health issues in communities all over the world. The plant stem bark and small branches are used in traditional and folklore medicine to treat a variety of ailments. This study aims to assess the pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Stereospermum chelonoides stem bark and small branches. The stem is used for the study of characters; whereas physicochemical parameters such as pH, total ash content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive, and loss on drying are determined. Results: Preliminary phytochemical studies of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Stereospermum chelonoides DC ascertained the presence of flavonoids, saponins, Coumarins, Alkaloids, Furanoids, phenolic, Quinones, Reducing sugars, Sugars (Carbohydrate), triterpenoids, and tannins. The findings of the present study lay down standards that could be useful to detect the authenticity and for detailed evaluation and investigation of this plant. Lapachol which is indicated in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, further studies may be conducted on the method validation by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography to quantify in formulations, extracts, and raw materials for quality control purposes. Conclusion: The stem bark and small branches of this plant are useful in the future as they will not have any harmful effect on the plant so its small branches are more important than stem bark in the formulation of drugs that will derive from Stereospermum chelonoides DC.
• Bharathi, R. & Suresh, Jerad & Veni, B. & Sriram, Lata & Lakshmi, S. & Margesan, M. Thirumal. (2010). IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL STUDIES OF STEREOSPERMUM COLAIS LEAF EXTRACTS. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Aim: To screen the various extracts of leaves of Stereospermum colais for antibacterial and antifungal activity against a few clinically important pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: The various successive solvent extracts viz., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate, ethanol, and water were screened for antimicrobial activity. The test organisms used for the antibacterial study include fresh clinical strains isolated from pathologic specimens viz., gram (+ve) Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and gram (-ve) Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Salmonella paratyphi. The antibacterial activity was assessed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and agar disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity was assessed by MIC. For antifungal activity, the fungi studied were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. Results: A comparison of antibacterial activity was done with standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin (5 μg/ disc). The ethanol and chloroform extract showed maximum antibacterial activity followed by ethyl acetate, aqueous, and n-hexane. The ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effect against all fungi except Aspergillus flavus. Chloroform extract showed activity against Candida albicans. The other extracts showed significant inhibition of the growth of fungi. Conclusion: The various extracts of Stereospermum colais leaves have potential antibacterial and antifungal activity and can be used as a new source for antibacterial and antifungal drugs.
• Lenta, Bruno & Weniger, Bernard & Antheaume, Cyril & Noungoue, Diderot & Silvere, Ngouela & Assob, Jules & Vonthron- Senecheau, Catherine & Fokou, Patrice Aime & Devkota, Krishna & Tsamo, Etienne & Sewald, Norbert. (2007). Anthraquinones from the stem bark of Stereospermum zenkeri with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry. 68. 1595- 9. 10. 1016/ j. phytochem. 2007. 03. 037. Two anthraquinones, zenkequinones A and B were isolated from the stem bark of Stereospermum zenkeri together with known sterequinone- F, p-coumaric acid, sitosterol- 3- O- beta- D- glucopyranoside and 3- beta-hydroxyolean- 12- en- 28- O-  beta- D- glucopyranoside. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against six multiresistant strains of pathogens. Zenkequinone B showed the best antibacterial activity (MIC 9.50 microg/ ml) against gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Sumanth, Vineel & c, Madhuri & Kaliamoorthy, Ravikumar & Ravichandran, Perumal. (2013). Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical, and HPTLC studies on root species used as Patala in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The Journal of Pharmacy. 7. 810- 816. 10. 1016/ j. jopr. 2013. 09. 007. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostic parameters using pharmacopoeial standards for correct identity of Patala (Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.) and to compare original species with recommended substitutes (Stereospermum tetragonum DC. and Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum.). Methodology: The pharmacognostic parameters include morphology, etymology, physicochemical properties, phytochemical analysis, HPTLC fingerprint, and quantification of standard marker compounds. Results: The etymological characteristics mentioned are tree, mature leaflets being rough, and inflorescence with black peduncles, flowers picture-like, copper color, and eye ball-seed leads to relate the identity as S. chlorides. The physicochemical properties match S. tetragonum concerning pharmacognostic limits prescribed for S. chelonoides. Phytochemical screening of all three species viz., S. chelonoides, S. tetragonum, and R. xylocarpa collected from different biogeographic regions of India showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, flavonoids, gums, and resins. The standard marker p-coumaric acid is detected with Rf 0.37 in methanolic root extracts of all three species with different concentrations. Conclusion: The developed HPTLC profile for the roots of Patala serves as an inexpensive qualitative tool in quality control for differentiating substitutes and adulterants from the authentic species of Patala and a rapid approach to detect and quantify p-coumaric acid, similar studies concluded that the roots of S. chlorides is the authentic Patala.
• Rahman, M & Mahboob, M & Siddiqi, Ali & Al-Mansur, Muhammad & Sohrab, Mohammad & Chowdhury, A.M. Sarwaruddin & Hasan, Choudhury. (2010). Chemical and Biological Investigations of Stereospermum Chelonoides. 58. sitosterol is isolated from the dichloromethane soluble material of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum chelonoides (Family: Bignoniaceae). The crude extract of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane extract, and pure compound isolated from dichloromethane extract were screened for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The dichloromethane extract showed moderate to high inhibitory activity to microbial growth while the ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest cytotoxicity having LC50 0.57 µg/ ml.
• Kingsley, Bino & KP, Dr. Arun & Selvaraj, Stalin & Brindha, Pemaiah. (2014). Stereospermum tetragonam as an antidiabetic agent by activating PPARγ and GLUT4. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 9. 10. 3329/ bjp. v9i2. 18488. The present study evaluating the anti-diabetic activity of S. tetragonam LC-MSMS experiments showed the presence of two novel molecules C1 and C2, which were further taken in silico study against PPAR gamma. Cell culture studies with A431 cells in the presence of crude aqueous extract showed an elevated level of PPAR. And GLUT4 and also confirmed use in silico studies. Thus, the present study proves the mecode of action of S. tetragonam as an antidiabetic drug.
• Haque, Mohammad & Rahman, Khondaker & Hasan, Choudhury & Rashid, Mohammad. (2007). Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activities of Stereospermum chelonoides. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5. 10. 3329/dumps. v5i1. 233. 
• Sangeetha, M. & Anandaraj, B. & Rajan, S. (2022). Antibacterial Efficiency and Phytochemical Assessment of Stereospermum Chelonoides (L. F.) DC Flower and Leaf Mixed Powder Extracts: Life Science-Microbiology. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research. 10. 22376/ ijpbs/ lpr. 2022. 12. 3. L159- 172. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of mixed powder preparation from the leaf and flower of Stereospermum chelonoides and its phytochemical evaluation. Bacterial species tested were isolated from UTI cases and showed multidrug resistance properties. Stereospermum chelonoides is one of the medicinal trees worshiped as Holy plants in Thyagaraja Swamy Temple in Thiruvarur. It belongs to the family Bignoniaceae commonly called Sivappu Pathiri. All parts of the plant show biological efficiency evidenced through various ethnobotanical databases. Traditional healers use this plant as a heal for vomiting, eructation, piles, acidity, diarrhea, gonorrhea, loss of taste, malaria, and other fevers. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by making use of two bacterial isolates by disc diffusion and drug dilution method. Zone of inhibition, MIC, MBC, Percentage inhibition, and IC50 were calculated using standard textual methods. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals were assessed by making use of textual procedures. The active principle of the SCMPEE was evaluated by column chromatography, TLC, LC-MS, and NMR methods. Aqueous (SCMPAE) and ethanolic (SCMPEE) extracts produced good antibacterial activity against all the test organisms with efficient MIC and MBC. The percentage of inhibition ranges from 53.1 % to 84.2%. Stereospermum chlorides extracts inhibited the growth of gram-negative urinary bacterial isolates with 274.4 μg/ ml IC50 for Klebsiella pneumoniae by SCMPEE. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and polyphenols in both extracts. The active principle assessment indicated the presence of quercetin 3 -O- Glucoside, which could exert antibacterial efficiency via protein precipitation mechanisms.
• Evangelin, I. & Hariprassath, B. & Kumar, S. & Yaswanth, G. & Shanthi, S. & Morais, Shabna & Latha, S. (2024). In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of the Leaves of Stereospermum sauveolens (Roxb.) DC. Journal of Natural Remedies. 795- 801. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2024/ 31262. Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic condition characterized by a persistent rise in blood glucose levels. Diabetes is just one of the many disorders that can be treated using natural remedies made from plants. Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC, belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, commonly known as Padri. It is employed as a folk remedy in southern India to cure diabetes. Aim: This study aims to assess the potential anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves through phytochemical screening and in vitro assays. Methods: Leaves of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC were collected and processed to obtain a hydroalcoholic extract. The extract was subjected to qualitative analysis to identify the presence of various phytochemical constituents. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was evaluated using Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and DPPH racial scavenging assay. In vitro, anti-diabetic studies were performed through α-amylase inhibition assay and glucose uptake assay. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves exhibited the presence of bioactive compounds. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity in the in vitro antioxidant assays. The extract showed remarkable inhibitory activity against α-amylase, suggesting its potential in controlling carbohydrate digestion. Also, the extract significantly enhanced glucose uptake by yeast cells, indicating its potential to regulate blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC leaves possess both antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. These results suggest its potential as a natural medicinal agent for the management and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
• Ching, Fidelis & Omogbai, E.K.I. & Ozolua, Ray & Okpo, Steve. (2009). Analgesic activity of aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica. 66. 83-8. The analgesic activity of the aqueous extract of Stereospermum lanthanum stem bark was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing, the hot plate test, the tail-flick test, and the formalin pain test in mice or rats. The aqueous extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/ kg) produced a significant (p< 0.001) dose-dependent inhibition of abdominal writhes in mice. The results of the hot plate test showed a dose-related and time-dependent significant (P< 0.001) increase in pain threshold in mice 60 minutes after treatment at all the doses used in the study. The extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/ kg) showed a significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in tail flick latency in rats and also inhibited both phases of the formalin pain test in mice with a more intense effect on the first phase than the second phase. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of Stereospermum lanthanum stem bark possesses analgesic activity which is mediated through both central and peripheral mechanisms. This is a possible rationale for its use in traditional human medicine for pain relief.
• Mpharm, T & Kumar, Chatterjee. (2010). Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Stereospermum Suaveolens. Journal of dietary supplements. 7. 104- 16. 10. 3109/ 19390211- 003781677. Ethanol extract from the stem bark of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC (Bignoniaceae), given orally at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, was assessed for analgesic and antipyretic properties on different experimental animal models. Administration of ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) produced significant (p < .05, p < .001) dose-dependent analgesic effect in the tail flick, hot plate, and tail clip (central) as well as in acetic acid-induced writhing (peripheral) nociceptive tests in mice, suggesting the involvement of both central and peripheral mechanisms in alleviating the pain response. In the current study, indomethacin, aspirin, and morphine were used as the standard analgesic drugs. In addition, EESS also exhibited a significant (p < .05, p < .001) dose-dependent antipyretic response in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats and the results were comparable with that of paracetamol, a standard antipyretic agent. These results showed that the EESS possesses potent analgesic and antipyretic activity in a dose-dependent manner, in various experimental animal models.
• Kharat, U. & Chanshetti, R. & Chavan, V. & Naik, Y. & Date, N. (2012). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of root bark of Stereospermum suaveolens DC. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. 494- 496. The Root Bark of plant Stereospermum suaveolens DC. Was traditionally used for the treatment of pains and inflammations. The present study was carried out using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method in Wistar adult rats. The dried root of the plant was subjected to the maceration for 24 hrs. The aqueous extract was tested for preliminary phytochemical studies. It was found that the Stereospermum suaveolens DC revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The aqueous extract at 125 mg/ kg showed significantly inhibited edema and produced significant (p< 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects. The carrageenan-induced edema model is biphasic and significant activity in dose 125 mg/ kg is seen as compared to 250 mg/ kg, 500 mg/ kg of aqueous extract. The mean of percentage inhibition is 23.74 which was found to be higher at 125 mg/ kg dose as compared with a mean of percentage inhibition at 250 mg/ kg and 500 mg/ kg which was found to be 14.44 and 19.71 respectively. The observed pharmacological activity provides the scientific basis to support traditional claims as well as, explore some new and promising leads.
• Rahman, M & Mahboob, M & Siddiqi, Ali & Al-Mansur, Muhammad & Sohrab, Mohammad & Chowdhury, A.M. Sarwaruddin & Hasan, Choudhury. (2010). Chemical and Biological Investigations of Stereospermum Chelonoides. 58. sitosterol is isolated from the dichloromethane soluble material of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum chelonoides (Family: Bignoniaceae). The crude extract of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane extract, and pure compound isolated from dichloromethane extract were screened for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by disc diffusion method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The dichloromethane extract showed moderate to high inhibitory activity to microbial growth while the ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest cytotoxicity having LC50 0.57 µg/ ml.
• Sumanth, Vineel & c, Madhuri & Kaliamoorthy, Ravikumar & Ravichandran, Perumal. (2013). Comparative physicochemical, phytochemical, and HPTLC studies on root species used as Patala in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The Journal of Pharmacy. 7. 810- 816. 10. 1016/ j. jopr. 2013. 09. 007. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostic parameters using pharmacopoeial standards for correct identity of Patala (Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.) and to compare original species with recommended substitutes (Stereospermum tetragonum DC. and Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum.). The pharmacognostic parameters include morphology, etymology, physicochemical properties, phytochemical analysis, HPTLC fingerprint, and quantification of standard marker compounds. The etymological characteristics mentioned are tree, mature leaflets being rough, and inflorescence with black peduncles, flower picture-like, copper color, and eyeball-seed leads to relating the identity as S. chelonoides. The physicochemical properties match S. tetragonum concerning pharmacognostic limits prescribed for S. chelonoides. Phytochemical screening of all three species viz., S. chelonoides, S. tetragonum, and R. xylocarpa collected from different biogeographic regions of India showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, flavonoids, gums, and resins. The standard marker p-coumaric acid is detected with Rf 0.37 in methanolic root extracts of all three species with different concentrations. The developed HPTLC profile for the roots of Patala serves as an inexpensive qualitative tool in quality control for differentiating substitutes and adulterants from the authentic species of Patala and a rapid approach to detect and quantify p-coumaric acid, similar studies concluded that the roots of S. chlorides are the authentic Patala.
• Chatterjee, Tapan. (2010). Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Stereospermum suaveolens on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 7. 10. 2202/ 1553- 3840. 1337. The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage, in Wistar albino rats. The ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens (EESS) bark (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p. o.) was administered to the experimental rats for 14 days. Silymarin (50 mg/ kg body weight (b. w.) was given as the standard drug. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various serum biochemical parameters such as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total proteins. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were determined to explain the possible mechanism of activity. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue. The substantially elevated levels of serum GOT, GPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, due to CCl4 treatment, were restored to near normal by EESS, in a dose-dependent manner. EESS also increased the serum total proteins of CCl4-intoxicated rats. Reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxide levels were restored to near normal, by administration of EESS. A histological study showed a reduction of fatty degeneration and liver necrosis in EESS-treated rats. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens afforded significant dose-dependent hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in CCl4-induced hepatic damage.
• Muchandi, A.A. & Sudi, Sarasvathi & Parashar, Ashish & V.M, Chandrashekhar. (2011). Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Stereospermum suaveolens Against Aluminium Fluoride Induced Hepatotoxicity. Journal of Natural Remedies. 11. 143- 149. 10. 18311/ jnr/ 2011/ 438. To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanol stem bark extract of Stereospermum suaveolens DC (Bignoniaceae) against aluminum fluoride (AlF 4E)-induced hepatic damage in albino mice. The animals were divided into six groups of seven animals each. Group I served as normal, group II served as control, and received AlF4 through their drinking water; group III served as standard, receiving 500 mg/ kg of Liv- 52. The groups IV, V, and VI were treated with 125, 250 and 500 mg/ kg doses of methanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens orally. After 24 h of the last dose of AlF 4E, serum biochemical and liver enzymes were assessed along with histopathological studies of liver sections. The AlF 4E- treated group showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in serum biochemical markers like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, LDL-cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation levels in liver homogenate along with significantly reduced levels of GSH, total thiols, CAT and SOD. The pretreatment groups with different doses of extract and standard Liv-52 significantly (p< 0.05) reversed the above parameters as compared to the control group. From the results, it can be concluded that the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanol extract may be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. 
• Chatterjee, Tapan & G.P, Senthilkumar & Mani, Theetha. (2012). Effect of Potent Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Stereospermum suaveolens Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2012. 413196. 10. 1100/ 2012/ 413196. To evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats by acute and subacute models. In this paper, various fractions of ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens were prepared and their effects on blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats were studied after a single oral administration (200 mg/ kg). Administration of the ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/ kg once daily for 14 days to STZ-induced diabetic rats was also carried out. The parameters such as fasting blood glucose, hepatic glycogen content, and pancreatic antioxidant levels were monitored. In the acute study, the ethyl acetate fraction is the most potent in reducing the fasting serum glucose levels of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The 14-day repeated oral administration of the ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose and pancreatic TBARS level and significantly increased the liver glycogen, pancreatic superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities as well as reduced glutathione levels. Histopathological studies during the subacute treatment have been shown to ameliorate the STZ-induced histological damage of the pancreas. This paper concludes that the ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens possesses potent antihyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, thereby substantiating the use of plants in the indigenous system of medicine.
• V.M., Chandrashekhar & Muchandi, A.A. & Sudi, S.V. & Muchandi, I. S. (2009). Free radical scavenging activity of Stereospermum suaveolens DC: An in-vitro evaluation. Pharmacologyonline. 1. 50-56. Free radicals are highly reactive species produced in the body during normal metabolic functions or introduced from the environment, which are capable of causing tissue injury and have been implicated in the pathology of various human diseases. Antioxidants act as a major defense against radical-mediated toxicity by protecting against the damage caused by free radicals. Several plants and plant isolates have been reported to protect against free radical-induced damage in various experimental models. The Stereospermum suaveolens DC is commonly known as ‘Patala’. Traditionally it is mainly used as an analgesic, wound healing, antidyspeptic, astringent, and liver stimulant. The different concentrations of methanolic extracts of the plant were studied for their in vitro free radical scavenging activity with different methods viz DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation assay, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Antioxidant activity was estimated by IC50 values. The maximum 91.44 % DPPH radical scavenging, 72.54 % lipid peroxidation, 74.13 % hydroxyl radical scavenging, and 79.55 % nitric oxide scavenging activity were found at concentrations 125 μg/ ml, 62.5 μg/ ml, 62.25 ppm, and 125 μg/ ml respectively.
• Haque, Mozammel & Begum, Sufia & Sohrab, Mohammad & Ahsan, Monira & Hasan, Choudhury & Ahmed, Nuruddin. (2012). Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities from the Stem of Ravenia spectabilis Lindl. This study aimed to determine the Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity, and Antioxidant activities of the stem of Ravenia spectabilis. For this study, the dried stem powder of Ravenia spectabilis was subjected to cold extraction with methanol and partitioned with n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. The crude methanolic extracts and its n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform soluble partitions, some column fractions, and isolated one pure compound (fagarine) demonstrated mild to moderate antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The extractives showed significant cytotoxic activity when tested by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In addition, the extractives also exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity when compared with the standard drug Tert- butyl-1-hydroxytoluene (BHT).
• Islam, Imamul & Meena Afroze, Shanta & Mondal, Milon & Hoque, Nazia & Majumder, Senjuti & Ahmed, Taksim & Rana, Md. (2018). Protective effect of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides bark against amyloid beta42 induced cell death in SH- SY5Y cells and against inflammation in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 29. 10. 1515/ jbcpp- 2017- 0123. This study was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging property of chloroform extract of the bark of Stereospermum chelonoides (SCBC) and to investigate its potential in Alzheimer’s disease and inflammation, two oxidative stress-related disorders. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant potential of SCBC were evaluated using 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total antioxidant capacity determination assay. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were also determined. 3- (4, 5- Dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity and cytoprotective assays were performed on human neuroblastoma SH- SY5Y cells. Thioflavin-T assay and caspase activation measurement assay were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of cytoprotection of SCBC observed here. In vivo, anti-inflammatory potential was measured using Croton oil and xylene-induced ear edema tests. Phytochemical screening of SCBC revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Dose-dependent in vitro antioxidant activity was observed. The extract was enriched in flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds too. SCBC was found to inhibit amyloid- β peptide 1- 42 (Aβ42) induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Encouraged by the cytoprotective effect, its effects on Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase-3-activated apoptosis were observed. SCBC significantly slowed down the Aβ42 fibrillogenesis and caspase-3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner indicating its probable mechanism of rendering cyto-protection. SCBC has been able to reduce inflammation significantly in croton oil-induced ear edema in both doses. Thus, this study could form the basis for further study of the potential use of SCBC in oxidative stress-associated cell death and inflammation.
• Sujan, S M Asaduzzaman & Chowdhury, Sadia & Chowdhury, A.M. Sarwaruddin & Hasan, Choudhury & Sohrab, Mohammad. (2016). Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Stem Bark of the plant Stereospermum chelonoides (L.F.) A. P. DC. (E)- 3- (4- hydroxy phenyl) acrylic acid (1) was isolated for the first time from the plant Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) A.P. DC. (Family: Bignoniaceae). The structure of the isolated compound (1) was established by extensive spectroscopic studies, notably 2D NMR techniques. One VLC fraction of chloroform soluble partitioning of the methanol extract and the compound (1) were screened for antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi by disc diffusion method. The crude extract as well as the isolated compound (1) exhibited very mild inhibitory effects against some of the test organisms. The cytotoxic potential of one VLC fraction of chloroform soluble partitioning of the methanol extract and the compound (1) was also determined by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the extractives demonstrated significant cytotoxicity.