Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata)

Recent Research on Pluchea lanceolata

• Srivastava, Vandita & Varma, Neeraj & Tandon, J. & Srimal, R. (2008). Anti- Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pluchea lanceolata: Isolation of an Active Principle. Pharmaceutical Biology. 28. 135- 137. 10. 3109/ 138802- 090090- 82796. The ethanolic extract of Pluchea lanceolata exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, which was further localized in the hexane fraction, from which PS- taraxasterol acetate was isolated which proved to be one of the active constituents.
• Singh, Rajendra & Tamrakar, Anuradha & Soni, Kapil. (2024). Phytochemical analysis and anti-inflammatory properties of an ayurvedic medicinal plant Pluchea ovalis (Pers.). International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6. 07- 13. 10. 33545/ 27067009. 2024. v6. i2a. 152.
• Siddiqui, Nasir & Sanjrani, Mumtaz & Ramachandram, Ramidi. (2001). Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata C. B. Clarke. Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B. 40B. 698-706. Six new chemical constituents, a seco-ursane-type triterpene, two sesquiterpenic esters, an alkyl δ- lactone, a cyclohexyl substituted alkanoic acid and a sesterterpenic ester have been isolated from the aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata and their structures were established as 14, 15- seco- urs- 18- βH- 20 (30)- en- 3β- yl acetate 1, 4, 8- dimethyldodeca- 7Z- en- y l- 9′ α, 10′ α-dihydroxy undecan- 1′- oate 2, α- dotriaconta- 29, 32- olide 3. 4′ α- (2″- ketobutyl cyclohexyl)-20 α- eincosan- 14 α- ol- 1- oic acid 4, 5, 9, 13, 17- tetramethyl- 18- en- 8α- ol nonadecanoic acid octenyl ester 5 and 3, 7, 11- trimethyl dodeca- 10- en- yl- n- hexadecan- 9′ α- ol- 1′- oate 6 by spectral data analyses and chemical evidence.
• Kumaraguru, S. & Ramalingam, Satish & Thangam, C. & Muralidharan, A. & Dhananjayan, R. (2001). Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts derived from the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Biomedicine. 21. 77- 82.
• Humbare, Ravikiran & Sarkar, Joyita & Kulkarni, Anjali & Kamble, Swapnil. (2022). Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging with In vitro Antiproliferative Properties of Different Extracts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. And Hiern in Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 17. 886- 892. 10. 4103/ pm. pm_ 252_ 21. Background: Traditional medicinal plants have gained attention as a repository of pharmacologically active molecules. Extracts derived from Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. Hiern is reported to be antimalarial and can protect against chemical-induced neurotoxicity. There is limited research on solvents for extraction of metabolites from the stem of P. lanceolata and their anti-cancer potential, which needs to be investigated. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the potency of stem powder, extracted in ethanol, methanol, aqueous, and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solvents, for their phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and in vitro antiproliferative nature in human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The stem extracts of P. lanceolata were evaluated by phytochemical assays, antioxidant assays (2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, and assay of reducing power), and antiproliferative potential against cervical (ME- 180 and HeLa) and hepatic (Hep G2) carcinoma cell lines by MTT assay. Results: Quantification studies showed that the total phenolic content was in the range of 7.44- 38.91 mg GAE/ g of stem extract, while the flavonoids were present in the range of 29.05- 109.62 mg QE/ g of stem extract. Aqueous (DPPH antioxidant capacity assay ± PVPP, H 2 O 2 free radical scavenging method- PVPP, assay of reducing power +PVPP, and total antioxidant capacity-PVPP), methanol (H 2 O 2 free radical scavenging method +PVPP, NO radical scavenging assay +PVPP, total antioxidant capacity- PVPP), and ethanol (NO radical scavenging assay-PVPP, assay of reducing power-PVPP) extracts had the highest antioxidant potential in respective assays. MTT findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract was more potent in ME-180 and HepG2 cell lines while the PBS extract caused maximal cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. HepG2 cells were more susceptible than ME- 180 and HeLa cells for any of the extract or standard drugs evaluated. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of P. lanceolata stems is the most promising extract for further cancer-cell toxicity.
• Arya, D. & Patni, V.Idya. (2013). Pharmacognostic profile and phytochemical investigation of Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern. In vivo and in vitro. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 22. 157- 161. India has a rich treasure of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have played a significant role in ancient traditional systems of medicine. Pluchea lanceolata is one of the important medicinal plants having many therapeutic uses. The present study deals with the pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigations in vivo (leaf, stem, and root) and in vitro (callus) plant parts of Pluchea lanceolata. Various parameters like ash value, fluorescence analysis of powdered as well as its extractives, and phytochemical screening of different extractives were studied in all in vivo (leaf, stem, and root) and in vitro (callus) plant parts. Ash value was found to be maximum in stem (17.24 %) and minimum in leaf (7.5 %) while extractive value was found to be maximum in leaf (41.40 %) in methanol and minimum in stem (3.25 %) in ethyl alcohol. Phytochemical screening of all plant parts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Therefore, the present study revealed that Pluchea lanceolata is an important source of many therapeutically and pharmacologically active constituents. The plant has been widely studied for its pharmacological activities and finds its position as a versatile plant having a wide spectrum of medicinal activities.
• Sachan, Anupam & Rao, Ch. V. & Sachan, Nikhil. (2017). Preliminary chromatographic and pharmacological investigation of Pluchea lanceolata plant for antidiabetic and wound healing activity. RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENT. 21. 6- 11. Indian healing utilized several medicinal plants for the treatment of various ailments. However, only a few of those are tapped for biological and biochemical profiling to rationalize scientifically their medicinal usage. Modern health care increasingly recognizes the relevance of different forms of medicine and healing practices that are steeped in culture and history. The Pluchea lanceolata, family Compositae (syn. Asteraceae) has been reported traditionally for its medicinal importance. The present investigation envisages the phytochemical, antidiabetic, and wound healing activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of powdered shade-dried whole plant in the study. The phytochemical profiling of the plant depicted the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, fixed oils and fats, protein and amino acids, steroids, and terpenoids.  TLC analysis showed a higher Rf Value in hydroethanolic extract in a different set of eluents and this fraction in induced diabetic Wistar albino rats showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level compared to diabetic control. The wound healing activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Pluchea lanceolata was evaluated through an excision wound model and the progressive change in wound area was monitored planimetrically by tracing the wound margin on graph paper on the 4^th, 7^th, 15^th, and 21^st day. The degree of wound healing was calculated as percentage closure in the wound area from the original wound area.  An acute toxicity study was conducted and showed no mortality in rats. The study pointed to the potential antidiabetic and wound-healing activity of the hydroethanolic extract of the Pluchea lanceolate on standard pharmacological models.
• Khan, Saleemulla & Rawat, Ruchi & Rawat, Ajay & Shirwaiker, Annie. (2010). A report on the quality control parameters of aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 20. 10. 1590/ S0102- 695X- 2010000- 400015. RESUMO: “Relatorio sobre os parametros de controle de qualidade das partes aéreas de Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae.” Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae, e uma planta que tem sido usada como medicinal na Índia como um antipiretico, analgesico anti-reumático e calmante. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer os padrões morfologicos e anatomicos e caracterizar o extrato(s) de P. lanceolata pela triagem fitoquímica preliminar como parâmetro de controle de qualidade para a materia-prima. Unitermos: Pluchea lanceolata, controle de qualidade, físico-química, microscopia, fluorescência. ABSTRACT: Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, Asteraceae, is a weed that has been used as an indigenous medicine in India as an antipyretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic and nervine tonic. This paper aims at setting the morphological and anatomical standards and to characterize the extract of P. lanceolata by preliminary phytochemical screening as quality control parameter for the raw material.
• Sachan, Anupam & Ch, Rao & Sachan, Nikhil. (2019). Measurement of Glucose Uptake Potential of Pluchea lanceolata, Alhagi pseudo alhagi, Caesalpinia bonduc in L-6 Myotube. Research journal of biotechnology. 14. 34-39. The main objective of this work is to investigate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Pluchea lanceolata, Alhagi pseudo alhagi, and Caesalpinia Bondoc. The selected plant material was subjected to the extract preparation by the Soxhlet apparatus. During the phytochemical screening, various kinds of phytochemicals were detected, and then in vitro, the antidiabetic activity of these extracts was detected by measurement of glucose uptake in L6 cell lines. The study reveals various kinds of phytoconstituents among the various plant extracts. The extracts of Caesalpinia bonduc and Pluchea lanceolata samples have shown some potential in glucose uptake activity when tested in L6 Myotubes. The results were compared with insulin and metformin as standard drugs. Alhagi pseudo alhagi did not show any glucose uptake activity. Probably the mode of action of Alhagi pseudo alhagi is not insulin sensitization or it may not act through the glucose uptake mechanism.
• Chokshi, Killol & Ladola, Divyesh & Suthar, Sunil & Solanki, Anup & Patel, Sandeep & Ahir, Keyur. (2012). To Prepare an Herbal Formulation Containing Pluchea lanceolata and Vitex negundo and Evaluate its Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Topical Application. AJPTR. 2. the study aimed to prepare a polyherbal formulation containing five herbs in the base of sesame oil and compare its activity by using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The plants used in the study were Pluchea lanceolata, Vitex negundo, Solanum xanthocarpum, Cleorodandrum phlomoides, and Curcuma longa. The oil obtained was applied topically to check the anti-inflammatory activity and compare its efficacy with the standard which was marketed as topical anti-inflammatory oil. The oil having more constituent of Vitex negundo in the polyherbal formulation was found to have more potency in comparison to the rest of the prepared samples as well as the marketed sample.
• Chokshi, Killol & Ladola, Divyesh & Purohit, Aditya & Suthar, Sunil & Patel, Pratha & Solanki, Anup & Kukkar, Rajiv. (2012). FORMULATION OF OIL CONTAINING PLUCHEA LANCEOLATA EXTRACT OBTAINED THROUGH DIFFERENT ORGANIC SOLVENTS AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY BY TOPICAL APPLICATION. IJPSR. Pluchea lanceolata has been used in massage oil as well as in traditional Ayurveda as a potent pain reliever. The traditional method of obtaining oil is simply based on taking water as the medium for extraction. The water extract obtained is then boiled with oil, till the water is completely evaporated. Here, we aim to replace water with different organic solvents and obtain oil that has much better efficacy than the traditionally extracted oil. The idea here is to obtain more efficacious oil than the marketed sample which is majorly extracted using water as solvent. Here, the different organic solvents used are methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform. The oil obtained was checked for its anti-inflammatory activity with the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The prepared oil was compared with the marketed sample of mahanarayan oil. The ethanolic extract has been shown to have a high extract yield in literature. 
• Sachan, Anupam & Rao, Ch & Sachan, Nikhil & Kumar, Vineet. (2017). PHYTO CHEMICAL PROFILING OF PLUCHEA LANCEOLATA WILD FROM CHAMBAL VALLEY, INDIA. International Journal of Development Research. 7. 12960- 12964. Pluchea lanceolata commonly known as ‘Rasna’, belonging to the genus Pluchea of the family Asteraceae, is an important xerophytic medicinal herb. The whole plant has been used traditionally as astringent, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, diaphoretic in fevers, smooth muscle relaxant, nerve tonics, laxatives, and for the treatment of dysentery, lumbago, leucorrhea, dysuria, hemorrhoids, gangrenous ulcer and disorders causing cachexia. Considering the bioprospecting interests the present investigation was to conduct phytochemical profiling of Pluchea lanceolata whole plant to assess its phototherapeutic potential. The study envisaged multiple extraction by successive solvent extraction for in-depth phytochemical investigation of the plant. Fluorescence analysis of different successive extracts and powdered crude drugs were observed under UV and ordinary light, which signifies its characteristic feature. The qualitative chemical tests for different extracts depicted the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates and glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, fixed oils and fats, protein and amino acids, steroids, and terpenoids. , Anupam Kr Sachan et al. 
• Sirichaiwetchakoon, Kittipot & Churproong, Seekaow & Kupittayanant, Pakanit & Eumkeb, Griangsak. (2021). The Effect of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in People with Prediabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 27. 10. 1089/ACM. 2020. 0246. Diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are currently increasing dramatically, and conventional medicine in the treatment of them has limited efficacies and serious adverse effects. Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea (PIT) is widely consumed as a health-promoting drink in Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate whether P. indica tea has antidyslipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects and toxicity in humans. Design: A randomized clinical trial.  Setting/Location: Nakhonratchasima, Thailand.  Participants: Forty-five participants with prediabetes. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive placebo tea, 1.5 g of PIT, and 1.5 g of Camellia sinensis tea (green tea, CST) once daily for 12 weeks.  Outcome Measurements: The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL- C), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and complete blood count (CBC) before and after treatment were investigated. Results: The results showed that PIT significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia and significantly lower serum TG (109.22 ± 5.21 mg/ dL) and LDL- C (122.20 ± 3.67 mg/ dL) than placebo (145.56 ± 8.18 and 142.07 ± 8.58 mg/ dL, respectively) (p < 0.05). Moreover, PIT exhibited serum TG (109.22 ± 5.21 mg/ dL) significantly lower than CST (124.38 ± 4.70 mg/ dL) (p < 0.05). In addition, the serum HDL-C of PIT (57.56 ± 3.05 mg/ dL) was significantly higher than the placebo (46.44 ± 2.47 mg/ dL) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the toxicity testing showed no significant difference in BUN, creatinine, ALT, ALP, and CBC of PIT- the treated group compared with the placebo (p > 0.05).  Conclusions: These results suggest that PIT may ameliorate hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in prediabetes people. It may not be toxic to the kidney, liver, and blood. So, PIT has the potential to develop a health-promoting tea or herbal medicine for hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia prevention.
• Abbas, Jamilah & Minarti, Minarti & Sundowo, Andini. (2023). In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity and chemical constituent of the Pluchea indica Less. AIP Conference Proceedings. 060012. 10. 1063/ 5. 0173453.
• El-Toumy, Sayed & Ahmed, Sayed & Kamel, Emadeldin. (2014). Phenolic constituents, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities of Pluchea dioscoridis. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products. 7. 1-10. The hepatoprotective effect of aqueous ethanol extract of Pluchea discords aerial parts was investigated against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. The hepatoprotective activity of P. discords was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzyme activities: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl (γ- GT). Histological studies were also carried out to support the above parameters. Administration of P. dioscoridis (100 mg/ kg) markedly prevented CCl4–induced elevation of serum AST, ALT, ALP, and γ- GT activities. A phytochemical study of P. dioscoridis resulted in the isolation of Kaempferol 3- O- α- L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1→ 6)- β- D- glucopyranoside (1), Quercetin 3- O- α- Lrhamnopyranosyl- (1→6)- β- D- glucopyranoside (Rutin) (2), 5, 7, 4ʼ- trihydroxy 8- C-glucopyranoside (vitexin) (3), 5, 7, 4ʼ- trihydroxy 6- Cglucopyranoside (isovitexin) (4), Quercetin- 3- O- α- L- rhamnopyranoside (5), Kaempferol 3- O- β- D- glucopyranosyl (6), Quercetin 3- O- β- Dglucopyranosyl (7), Kaempferol (8) and Quercetin (9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by chromatography, UV, and 1D/ 2D 1H/ 13C NMR spectroscopy. The hepatoprotective effect of P. discords is probably due to the combined action of flavonoids. The cytotoxicity of the aqueous ethanol extract was tested against five human tumor cell lines namely, HCT- 116, MCF- 7, HepG- 2, HeLa, and Hep- 2. The extract showed the highest activity against human epidermoid larynx carcinoma cells (HEp2 cell line) with IC50 of 10.2 μg/ ml. Industrial Relevance. Natural products of plant origin are important sources for the discovery of new drugs. The outcome of our study depicts the potential of the aqueous ethanolic extract of P. Dioscorides as an anticancer and hepatoprotective agent. The obtained data suggests that P. Dioscorides extract showed a potent cell growth inhibition activity on all tested cancer cell lines, in a dose-dependent manner and a hepatoprotective activity.
• To evaluate the antimalarial and safety profile of Pluchea lanceolata: an in-vitro, in-vivo for its ethnic-pharmacological validation. Hexane extract and TxAc showed promising antimalarial activity in vitro and in-vivo condition. TxAc is attributed to inhibition of the pro-inflam-matory cytokines as well as offroad to a significant increase in the blood glucose and hemoglobin level when compared with vehicle-treated infected mice. Mohanty S, Srivastaa P, Maurya AK, Cheema HS, Shanker K, Dhawan S, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: In-vitro and in-vivo study. J. Ethnophar- macola. 2013 Oct 7; 149 (3): 797- 802. doi: 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2013. 08. 003. Epub 2013 Aug 14.
• Ojha, Sanjeev Kumar & Mishra, Gaurav & Gupta, Sheelu & Venu, T & Roy, Gopal & Shukla, Swati. (2018). A review of the comparative pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of drugs mentioned as Rasna: (Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern verses Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.).
• Srivastava, Pooja & Shanker, Karuna. (2012). Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional systems of medicine. Fitoterapia. 83. 10. 1016/ j. fitote. 2012. 07. 008. Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern, (Family: Asteraceae) is a rapidly spreading perennial herb, considered valuable for the management of anti-inflammatory disease. Scientific reports dealing with phytochemical and pharmacological research and its tradition have been reviewed. Reports have also suggested that its prominent constituents viz. triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, and lactones originate from this plant and arbitrate their effects by modulating several therapeutic targets. Out of about 80 species of Pluchea, some of them are extinct and only 16 have traditional uses in several countries of Asia, the Middle East, and North American region. The present review covers the period 1935- 2011.
• Kumar, Sanjeev & Narula, Alka & Sharma, Maheshwar & Srivastava, P. (2004). In vitro propagation of Pluchea lanceolata, a medicinal plant, and effect of heavy metals and different aminopurines on quercetin content. Cell Dev Biol. 40. 171- 176. 10. 1079/ IVP- 2003490. An efficient regeneration protocol has been developed from leaf explants of Pluchea lanceolata, a medicinally important plant of the family Asteraceae. Nodular callus was initiated from young leaf segments cultured on Wood and Braun medium containing 2.0 % sucrose (WB) supplemented with kinetin. On WB+ 5.0 mg l−1 kinetic, 100 % plant regeneration with 14± 0.5 plantlets was obtained. Regenerated plantlets with well-developed root systems were transferred to pots and subsequently to the field. Concerning the effect of metals on morphogenic events and quercetin content of the cultures, lower concentrations of CuSO4 proved to be beneficial but higher concentrations were detrimental. The presence of 200 μM ZnSO4 or 150 μM CuSO4 also resulted in the highest level of quercetin in regenerants. The yield of quercetin in culture varied with stages of differentiation. To investigate the immunosuppressive potential of Pluchea lanceolate 50 % ethanolic extract (PL) and its bioactive chloroform fraction (PLC). Oral administration of PL at doses of 50 to 800 mg/ kg in mice, with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as an antigen, inhibited both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, as evidenced by the production of the circulating antibody titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction results, respectively, and the immune suppression was statistically significant (P< 0.01) in Balb/ C mice. The findings reveal that P. Lanceolata causes immunosuppression by inhibiting Thi cytokines. 
• Bhagwat DP, Kharya MD, Bani S, Kaul A, Kour K, Chauhan PS, Suri KA, Satti NK. Immunosuppressive properties of Pluchea lanceolate leaves. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2010 Feb; 42 (1): 21- 6. doi: 10. 4103/ 0253- 7613. 62405. Oral pre-treatment with Pluchea lanceolata extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg kg-1 for 7 consecutive days before CdC12 intoxication caused a significant reduction in malondialdehyde formation and xanthine oxidase activity (P< 0.001). A significant restoration of the activity of antioxidant defense system enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (P< 0.05), glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase (P< 0.001) was observed. Jahangir T, Khan TH, Prasad L, Sultana S. Pluchea lanceolata attenuates cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. J. Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Sep; 57 (9): 1199- 204.
• Kishore, Kamal & Ali, Mohd & Sharma, A. K. (2003). Anti-inflammatory activity of Ethanolic extract of Aerial parts of Pluchea lanceolata C.B.Clark. Biosciences: Advances, Impact and Relevance. 1. 193- 196.
• Uddin, Josim & Rahman, Md Masudur & Mamun, Abdullah & Sadik, Md. (2015). Vanda roxburghii: An experimental evaluation of antinociceptive properties of a traditional epiphytic medicinal orchid in animal models. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 15. 305. 10. 1186/ s12906- 015- 0833- y. The ethnopharmacological approach has explored several leads from plant sources to identify potential new drugs for various diseases including pain. Vanda roxburghii R. Br., an epiphytic orchid is widely distributed throughout Bangladesh. The root of this plant has a folkloric reputation for treating inflammations, fever, dyspepsia, bronchitis, hiccoughs, piles, snake bites, and diseases of the nervous system. In this study, therefore, we aimed to investigate the antinociceptive and cytotoxic properties of the extracts from the root of V. roxburghii. Dried powder of aerial root of V. roxburghii was extracted with methanol (VRM) and the resultant was fractionated into petroleum ether (VRP), chloroform (VRC), ethyl acetate (VRE), and residual aqueous fraction (VRA). The antinociceptive effect of the extracts was evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin injection, and hot plate tests. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay in vitro was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, mice treated with different fractions (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ kg, i.p.) exhibited a reduced number of writhing. Amongst, VRE showed the highest activity at all three concentrations (43.65, 71.34, and 80.23 %, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner. Secondly, VRC (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ kg, i.p.) displayed the highest reduction of paw licking time in mice during the first phase of the formalin test (by 15.00, 37.05, and 56.44 %, respectively) as well as during the second phase of the test (by 20.55, 49.08, and 59.81 %, respectively). In the hot plate test, VRE treatment at doses of 25 and 50 mg/ kg both increased the highest latency time after 30 min. All fractions showed lower cytotoxicity compared with the standard drug vincristine sulfate in the brine shrimp bioassay. Overall studies suggest that the root of V. roxburghii is effective as a potent analgesic with lower toxicity. Our findings support previous claims of traditional uses of V. roxburghii in different inflammatory disorders.
• Mukhtar, Hayat & Kalsi, Vandna. (2017). Therapeutic Potential of Vanda roxburghii Roxb.: A Review. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 8. 10. 25258/Bijapur. v8i03. 9215.
• Khan, H., Belwal, T., Atanasov, A. G., & Devkota, H. P. (2019). Genus Vanda: A review on traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 229, 46- 53. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2018. 09. 031

Recent Research on Alpinia calcarata 

• Ferdous, Mahmuda & Basher, Mohammad & Khan, Ibrahim & Ahmed, Firoz & Shariful, Md & Sobuz, Islam & Shahid, Afm & Daula, Ud. (2024). Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of Alpinia calcarata. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) has been widely used by Indigenous communities in Sri Lanka, India, and Bangladesh as a traditional remedy for indigestion, impurities of blood, and respiratory ailments. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of leaves of A. calcarata. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total flavonol content (TFlC) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, and anthraquinones with considerable amounts of phenolic compounds. To evaluate the antioxidant activities of the plant extract, 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power activity (RPA) assay, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used. The leaf extract also exhibited remarkable antioxidant potential as compared to the reference standard-ascorbic acid (AA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The disc-diffusion method was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties; the methanolic extract of leaves had no antibacterial (gram-positive and gram-negative) activity. The results suggest that leaf extract of A. calcarata could be a potential source of natural antioxidants for use in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
• Sudha, Charantharayil. (2012). Improved Clonal Propagation of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., a Commercially Important Medicinal Plant and Evaluation of Chemical Fidelity through Comparison of Volatile Compounds. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 03. 930- 940. 10. 4236/ ajps. 2012. 37110. An efficient and improved clonal propagation of Alpinia calcarata, a commercially important medicinal plant was established on Murashige and Skoog medium. The axillary shoot proliferation was achieved with a maximum of 5.2 ± 0.7 shoots in 92.8 % of rhizome explants in medium with 2.0 mg/ L 6- benzylamiopurine (BAP) and 0.2 mg/ L indole- 3- acetic acid (IAA). Axillary shoot buds (60 %) upon subculture for 8 weeks in the same medium produced multiple shoot initials (12.1 ± 0.4) mediated with meristemoids (4.0 ± 0.5) and callus. A gradual reduction in the concentration of BAP or elimination of IAA was required for rapid induction of normal plants devoid of callus from propagules during subsequent subculture. A single clump of 3- 4 multiple shoot initials during the second subculture on medium with 1.0 mg/ L BAP and 0.1 mg/ L IAA yielded an average of 21 shots which was best among different propagules tried. The shoot multiplication rate was further enhanced to 32 shoots when similar propagules passed to the third subculture on medium with 1.0 mg/ L BAP alone. Clumps of multiple shoot initials upon subculture on medium with 1.0 mg/ L BAP alone exhibited 10-fold multiplication rates. The use of liquid medium in culture bottles with polypropylene caps supported fast growth of the shoots and spontaneous root formation on 50 % of the shoots. Shoots were transferred to a half-strength MS liquid medium with 0.2 mg/ L of IAA and IBA was optimum for maximum roots (8.14 ± 1.34) in 100% shots. The rooted plants hardened in a mist chamber showed 95% survival and were well-established in the field. The acclimatized plants showed rhizome formation after 4- 6 weeks of growth under shade house. Volatile chemical profiles of the leaves, rhizomes, and roots of the in vitro and conventionally propagated plants analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The analysis of growth characteristics of 36-month-old in vitro and conventionally propagated plants showed a 50 % increment of rhizome fresh biomass with prolific root and leaf growth in the former than the latter ones. The protocol described herein will have practical applications for the large-scale production of uniform efficient plants for commercial cultivation of A. calcarata.
• Khandel, Pramila & Shahi, Sushil & Kumar Soni, Deepak & Yadav, Ravi & Kanwar, Leeladhar. (2018). Alpinia calcarata: a potential source for the fabrication of bioactive silver nanoparticles. Nano Convergence. 5. 10. 1186/ s40580- 018- 0167- 9. In the present study silver nanoparticles were fabricated by using leaf extract of Alpinia calcarata. We have also studied the effect of various experimental parameters viz., metal ion concentration, pH, and incubation period on nanoparticle biosynthesis. Results of optimization showed that metal ion concentration of 1.5 mM, alkaline pH, and incubation period of 12 h were the optimum conditions for metal nanoparticle biosynthesis. Synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV– Visible spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP- OES), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The UV– visible spectrum shows a sharp peak at 420 nm which was due to the surface plasmon resonance of the silver nanoparticles. The effect of several phytochemicals present in A. calcarata, on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the flavonoids, phytosterol, quinones, and phenolic compounds present in the plant extract play a major role in the formation of silver nanoparticles in their respective ions in solution. Results of TEM and XRD analysis showed that synthesized silver nanoparticles were mostly spherical with an average diameter of 27.2± 0.2.5 nm and highly crystalline. Moreover, the synthesized silver nanoparticles were also evaluated for their potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It showed good antibacterial activity as well as antioxidant activity. Thus, the obtained result provides scientific support that leaf extract of A. calcarata can be used efficiently in the production of potential bioactive silver nanoparticles with several pharmaceutical applications.
• Prabhu, Purushoth & Selvakumari, E & Maheswaran, V. (2012). Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Standardisation of Rhizome Alpinia Calcarata Rosc. IJPI’s Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Formulations ISSN 2229 – 6840. 2. 30- 34. Alpinia calcarata, Rosc (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous perennial herb, which is known as Amkolinji in Tamil and is used against respiratory disorders, diuretics, expectorant, diabetes, and obesity in the Indian system of medicine. The plant rhizome has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antispasmolytic activity. Earlier workers isolated diterpenoids and essential oil from the plant rhizome. The present study furnishes macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, preliminary phytochemical Analysis, physico-chemical constants, and fluorescence analysis of plant rhizomes. The results will be helpful for the identification and standardization of the plant rhizome even in powder form.
• Melanathuru, Vijayalakshmi & Rengarajan, Sumathy & Thangavel, Nithyanandan. (2017). COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ALPINIA CALCARATA AND ALPINIA GALANGA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 9. 186. 10. 22159/ ijpps. 2017v9i12. 21599. Objective: The present study was to determine in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga. Methods: The phytochemical screening of rhizomes of aqueous extract of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga was performed using standard procedures. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminium chloride reagents. The various antioxidant assays and cytotoxic assays (MTT) for Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga were performed using standard methods (DPPH radical scavenging assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, Phosphomolybdenum reduction assay) Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins. The phenolic content of aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata was 454.05 μg/ mg and Alpinia galanga was 480.13 μg/ mg and were expressed as gallic acid equivalent. The flavonoid content of aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata was 36.34 μg/ mg and Alpinia galanga was 67.68 μg/ mg and was expressed as quercetin equivalent. In the DPPH assay, Alpinia galanga showed 95.36 % whereas Alpinia calcarata showed 54.54 % at 120 μg/ ml. The maximum no radical scavenging activity was 59.44 % for Alpinia calcarata and 73.10 % for Alpinia galanga at 120 µg/ ml concentration. The maximum reducing property was found at 120 μg/ ml of aqueous extract of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga which was higher than the Alpinia calcarata. In the Phosphomolybdenum assay, the aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga were 55.47 % and 78.38 % respectively. The results of the present investigation indicated that the rhizome of aqueous extract of Alpinia galanga showed the highest antioxidant activity in all the assays than Alpinia galanga. The cytotoxicity assay results indicated that the rhizome of the aqueous extract of Alpinia galanga showed 88.36 % cell viability whereas Alpinia calcarata showed 73.59 % cell viability. Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicate that the rhizome of Alpinia galanga is abundant in phenols and flavanoids which may be useful for the development of anticancer drugs.
• Arambewela, Lakshmi & Arawwawala, Menuka & Athauda, Nandakumara. (2010). Antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizomes. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 1. 199- 202. 10. 4103/ 0975- 9476. 72621. Antioxidant and antifungal activity were determined for the essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes. Its antioxidant properties were investigated by the 2, 2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin E served as positive controls. Antifungal activities were investigated against crop pathogens Curvularia spp. and Colletorichum spp. Using the agar plate method. Fifty percent effective concentration (EC (50)) and % antioxidant index of the essential oil were 45 ± 0.4 and 16.1 ± 0.2 for DPPH and TBARS assays, respectively. The degree of the essential oil’s inhibition of the growth of crop pathogens Curvularia spp. and Colletorichum spp. Varied with period its effects were higher than greater than for the positive control, diaconal. In conclusion, the essential oil of A. calcarata rhizomes possesses moderate antioxidant properties and promising antifungal activity.
• Jisha, Mullappally & Hukuman, N & Leena, P & Nair, Vinayan. (2021). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticorrosion, and Molecular docking studies on Alpinia calcarata Rosc., rhizome and leaf extracts. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science. 12. 244 – 270. Alpinia calcarata Rosc., belonging to Zingiberaceae has been investigated by GC- MS analysis for phytocomponents. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was found in the acetone extract and the highest total flavonoid content (TFC)was in the methanol extract of leaves. Acetone extract of leaves and rhizome exhibited high DPPH radical scavenging activity and leaf extracts are more active than rhizome based on IC50. Experimental studies on antioxidant activity were supported by theoretical studies of selected components of the plant. The plant extract has been investigated as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M HCl. Corrosion rates were studied at 303K, 313K, and 323 K by weight loss method at varying inhibitor concentrations. It shows maximum inhibition efficiency of 90.1 % for leaves and 92 % for rhizome at 300 ppm inhibitor concentration. SEM, FT-IR, and adsorption studies supported the inhibitory mechanism and surface morphology study. Antimicrobial (Well diffusion method) and molecular docking studies helped to reveal the inhibitory potential of phytocomponents.
• Ali, Nasir & Kumar, Sunil & Singh, Gyan. (2023). A pharmacological evaluation for the ethanolic extract of Alpinia Calcarata rhizome for its anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. 5. 19- 22. 10. 33545/ 26646862. 2023. v5. i1a. 31.
• Islam, Majidul & Yesmin, Rumana & Ali, Hanif & Karmakar, Polash & Ayshasiddeka, Mosa & Islam, Farjana & Habib, Md & Yeasmin, Tanzima. (2017). Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. Rhizome. 6. 469- 474. Alpinia calcarata belonging to the family of Zingiberaceae is commonly found in Bangladesh and has been conventionally used in medicine systems for the prevention of many diseased conditions. The present study was conducted to explore the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome (EEACR). EEACR was studied for the quantitative estimation of phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using several in vitro standard methods. EEACR was subjected to GC- MS analysis to identify its phytoconstituents. EEACR contained a good amount of phenol, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, and flavanols. The IC50 values of the ethanol extract in the DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and ferrous chelating assay were 6.044, 5.266, 25.13, 21.88, and 63.33µg/ml, respectively. EEACR also showed remarkable ferric reduction and total antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of EEACR were positively correlated (p< 0.05) with DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and ferrous chelating assay. In addition, the active compound present in the ethanol extract was identified as α- asarone by GC- MS analysis. In summary, our results suggest that the ethanol extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome possesses a wide range of pharmacologically important phytochemicals that exhibit strong antioxidant activity.
• Chowdhury, Md. Read & Binte Hanif, Nujhat & Chowdhury, Kamrul & Islam, Nadia. (2019). MOLECULAR DOCKING, PASS PREDICTION, AND ADME/T ANALYSIS OF SOME SELECTED ISOLATED COMPOUNDS FROM ALPINIA CALCARATA FOR ANALGESIC ACTIVITY. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 8. 50- 60. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20197- 15324. Alpinia calcarata (Family- Zingiberaceae) is a medicinal plant that grows in different parts of Bangladesh. It is commonly used in traditional medicinal systems to treat cough, respiratory ailments, bronchitis, asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. Our study aimed to carry out molecular docking to investigate potential binding affinities of phytoconstituents from Alpinia calcarata namely 1,8-Cineole, Alpha Fenchyl Acetate, Calcaratarin-D, Herniarin, Methyl Cinnamate, Quercetin, Shyobunone and Syringic Acid towards COX- 1 and COX- 2 for analgesic activity. Server-based in silico pass prediction of the compounds was performed. Selected phytochemicals were also analyzed for ADME/ T properties using the QikProp Module. Among a wide range of docking scores, quercetin and calcaratarin-D showed the best score against both cyclooxygenase enzymes which are -8.047 and -8.28 respectively. So, quercetin and calcaratarin- D are the best compounds for COX- 1 and COX- 2 as they possess the highest docking scores. Pass prediction for the analgesic activity of the selected constituents showed greater P a than P I for analgesic activity. Also, the results from ADME/T properties ensured the compounds were safe for humans.
• Shanmugam, Thenmozhi & Sureshkumar, Shanmugam & Rajesh, Venugopalan. (2011). Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Alpinia speciosa K. Schum rhizomes. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4. 728. Chandrakanthan, Madhuvanthi & Handunnetti, Shiroma & Premakumara, GAS & Chelvendran, Selvaluxmy. (2021). Alpinia- Alpinia calcarata Rosc. rhizome extracts A prospective inhibitor of inflammatory mediators- 2015.
• Prabhu, Purushoth & Selvakumari, E & Maheshwaran, V & Shantha, A. (2012). ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF RHIZOME EXTRACTS OF ALPINIA CALCARATA ROSC. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL PHARMACY AND LIFE SCIENCES (ISSN): 2249- 6807. 2. 117- 119. The rhizome extracts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc were tested for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method and agar plate method respectively. The zone of inhibition of the test extracts was compared with ciprofloxacin (5µg). The ethanolic extract showed the highest inhibitory activity at the concentration of 100 µg/ ml against bacterial organisms and 120 µg/ ml against fungal organisms. The ethanolic extract was found to have potent antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to other extracts, but less than that of the standard drug ciprofloxacin.
• Bagya, S & Murugesan, Aswini. (2024). A Comparative Study on Antimicrobial, Anticancer Effect of Phyto Lipids and miRNA Extracted from Alpinia calcarata. Indian Journal of Natural Products. 15. 393- 402. Cancer is a hereditary disease characterized by anomalies in the structure and expression of coding genes as well as non-coding DNA. miRNA regulates the transcription of many genes and modifies various points in disease pathways. Through examining variations in miRNA expression, research on miRNA and the genes they regulate that are linked to carcinogenesis highlights our understanding of the mRNA regulation mechanism. In the present study, miRNA was isolated to analyze their antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The effect of bioactive substances-Phyto lipids, from the Alpinia calcarata rhizomes was studied. Rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata exhibit antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli, with an inhibition zone of 0.15 cm, 0.18 cm, 0.22 cm, 0.27 cm, and 0.31 cm for 10 µl, 15 µl, 20 µl, 25 µl, and 30 µl of lipid extract. These values indicate the plant’s potential as an antimicrobial agent. The minimal inhibitory concentration was 10 µl of lipid extract for E. Coli and Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus 15 µl, and 20 µl for Streptococcus pneumonia. The anticancer properties of miRNA isolated from the plant rhizome were analyzed in the MCF-7 breast cell line. The results showed that miRNA had a low effect on cell death, whereas miRNA and lipid produced increased cell death (IC50 values of 43.05 and 47.89, respectively). Preliminary phytochemical analysis by chemical method and analyzed components of the lipid extracts dissolved in chloroform: methanol characterized by FTIR ABSTRACT RESEARCH ARTICLE Indian Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.15 / Issue 85 / Aug / 2024. 
• Rahman, Md. Atiar. (2015). Alpinia calcarata Roscoe: A potential phytopharmacological source of natural medicine. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 9. 10. 4103/ 0973- 7847. 156350. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae), is a rhizomatous perennial herb, which is commonly used in the traditional medicinal systems in Sri Lanka. Alpinia calcarata is cultivated in tropical countries, including Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia. Experimentally, rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata are shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antinociceptive, anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, gastroprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, steroid glycosides, and alkaloids in the extract and essential oil of this plant. Essential oil and extracts from this plant have been found to possess a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. This article provides a comprehensive review of its ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological profile as a medicinal plant. Particular attention has been given to the pharmacological effects of the essential oil of Alpinia calcarata in this review so that the potential use of this plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agricultural resource can be evaluated.
• Suciati, Anugerah & Maryati, Maryati. (2022). Systematic Review: Anticancer Potential of Active Compounds from Galangal (Alpinia galanga). 10. 2991/ 978- 94- 6463- 050- 3. 23.
• Hettihewa, Menik & K, kithmini & S, Chandana & De Silva, P. Mangala. (2022). A Laboratory Based Pilot Study on Anti- Cancer Property of Alpinia calcarata (S. Araththa) And Solanum surattense (S. Ela Batu) In Immunosuppressed Mice, Rats and Human Cell Lines. The present study was undertaken to validate the anti-cancer properties of Alpinia calcarata and Solanum surattense in immunosuppressed mice, rats, and human cell lines. A rat xenograft model of HeLa cells (human) was established. Rats were orally fed with both plant extracts at doses of 50 mg/ kg and 100 mg/ kg for three weeks as generally described in the literature. On the 21^st day, two hours after treatment Cyclophosphamide was orally given at a dose of 50 mg/ kg to all rats. The right armpit of immunosuppressed rats was subcutaneously inoculated with 0.2 ml HeLa single-cell suspension. The growth of xenograft tumors was observed every day. After 20 days, the maximum width, length & weight of each tumor were measured. Tumor volume and tumor inhibition rate were calculated. Statistically significant low tumor mass [(2.73 ± 0.19) and (1.76 ± 0.15)] and tumor volume [(499.16 ±184.77) and (177.33 ±48.28)] were observed in A. calcarata treated rats, indicating its potential to suppress tumor growth. When comparing mean values of the size of armpit tumors among all treatment groups, higher mean values [(3.55 ± 0.36) and (3.42 ± 0.34)] can be identified in the groups in which rats were treated with S. surattense extracts. According to the results A. calcarata extractions might be useful in cancer treatments. According to statistical analysis between treatment groups for size of tumors, it was evident that A. calcarata treated groups might slow down tumor growth significantly (P<0.05). Therefore, a dose of plant extraction of A. calcarata may have a significant influence on the size of the armpit tumor. However, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in tumor growth in rats treated with S.  surattense. According to the results of this study A. calcarata extractions might be useful in cancer treatments.
• Ferdous, Mahmuda & Shahid, Faisal & Shahnaz, Naznin & Farjana, Yeasmin & and, Mohammad. (2020). Analgesic, anxiolytic, and sedative-like activities of leaves of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe in mice. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 14. 155- 163. 10. 5897/ JMPR- 2020. 6913.
• Bhatt, Gunjan & Kholiya, Sushma & Tiwari, Ameeta & Verma, Sajendra & Verma, Ram & Darokar, Mahendra & Padalia, Rajendra. (2021). Chemical and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia zerumbet Grown in Foothills Agroclimatic Conditions of Northern India. The Open Bioactive Compounds Journal. 9. 15- 19. 10. 2174/ 187484- 73021- 09010015. The member of the genus Alpinia (family: Zingiberaceae) is used in traditional medicine for various formulations of food, spices, medicines, and perfume. The present study was carried out to analyze the compositional variability in leaf and rhizome essential oils of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe and Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. and to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against eight pathogenic bacteria strains. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by filter paper disc diffusion and micro dilution broth assay. A total of 31 compounds were identified, forming 89.26- 94.32 % composition of A. calcarata and A. zerumbet. The leaf and rhizome oil of A. calcarata and A. zerumbet were mainly characterized by 1, 8- cineole (15.61- 43.63 %), β-pinene (5.02- 23.52 %), terpinen- 4- ol (1.00- 20.87 %), camphor (1.94- 11.60 %), and (Z)- β- ocimene (0.16- 11.86 %). endo-Fenchyl acetate (13.12- 24.39 %) was identified as a marker constituent of rhizome essential oil of both A. calcarata and A. zerumbet. The antibacterial assay showed that the leaf oil of A. calcarata has good activity against S. mutans, whereas its rhizome oil possesses good activity against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. However, the rhizome oil of A. zerumbet showed activity against S. mutans and B. subtills. aureus- 2940 and S. epidermidis. The essential oils of A. calcarata and A. zerumbet with aroma chemicals viz. 1, 8- cineole, ocimene, terpinene- 4- ol, α- pinene, β- pinenes and ethyl acetate and significant antibacterial activities could be used for perfumery and fragrance related formulation.
• George, Jency. (2014). Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activities Of Alpinia calcarata Against Clinical Pathogens. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research. To study the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical characterization of essential oil isolated from the rhizome of Alpinia calcarata against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Fresh rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata were subjected to a hydro distillation process to obtain essential oil and characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The essential oil was evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity against ten pathogenic bacteria and seven fungi by the disc diffusion method. GC – MS analysis of the essential oil extracted from the rhizome of Alpinia calcarata contained the derivatives of 2-octanone, camphene, 1,8-cineole, α ethyl acetate, 2 hexanone, 4 methyl- 2- hexanone and other minor compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the oil showed significant inhibitory activity against the human pathogenic bacteria, no activity was observed against the fungi Aspergillus aculeatus and Fusarium oxysporum. The findings of the present study indicate that the rhizome extract of Alpinia calcarata possesses secondary metabolites and the potential to develop antimicrobial drugs.
• Khumlianlal, Joshua. (2015). Antibacterial activity of Alpinia calcarata, Bauhinia tomentosa and Curcuma zedoaria.
• Srividya, ammayappan rajam & Dhanabal, S.P. & Misra, V & Suja, G. (2010). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Alpinia officinarum. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 72. 145- 8. 10. 4103/ 0250-474X. 62233. Alpinia officinarum is a rhizome belonging to the family Zingeberaeceae. Hydroalcoholic extract by hot and cold maceration and methanol extract by percolation process Qualitative phytochemical analysis of an extract of Alpinia officinarum rhizome showed a majority of the compound including tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Hydroalcoholic extract prepared by hot maceration process was found to contain more phenol and flavonol and it was measured as 50.1 mg/ g and 54.02 mg/ g, respectively. All three extracts showed moderate to potent antimicrobial activity against the Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. None of the extracts showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. All three extracts showed a concentration-dependent radical scavenging activity by inhibiting diphenyl- picryl- hydrazyl free radical at the same time hydroalcoholic extract prepared by hot maceration process showed better reducing and total antioxidant activity.
• Pratheema, P. & Gurupriya, S & Ramesh, J & Cathrine, L. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Bacterial Activity of Titanium Nanoparticles Synthesized from Rhizomes of Alpinia Calcarata. 6. 2472-2477. The present study was aimed at the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities of titanium nanoparticles synthesized from Alpinia calcarata rhizomes of methanolic extract. Titanium nanoparticles exhibit brown color in an aqueous solution due to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in Titanium nanoparticles. The appearance of a creamy color in the reaction vessels suggests the formation of Titanium nanoparticles. UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy further confirmed the structural characterization and functional group identification of titanium nanoparticles. The SEM analysis showed the particle size of 60- 130 nm as well as the spherical structure of the nanoparticles. Titanium nanoparticles are useful for the development of newer and more potent antibacterial agents. The synthesized nanoparticle further confirmed its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. All the above data represented in the study contribute to a novel and unexplored area of nanomaterials as medicine.
• Raj, Navin & Nadeem, Sayyed & Jain, Samir & Raj, Chanchal & Chouhan, K. & Nandi, Prithwish. (2011). Ameliorative effects of Alpinia calcarata in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 6. Rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) possess several bio-activities and are used in traditional medicine of India (kulanjan) and Sri Lanka. However, the effect of Alpinia calcarata on diabetic activity has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the ameliorative effects of ethanolic extract Alpinia calcarata rhizomes (ACRE) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats’ models. The ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes (ACRE) significantly reduced the body weight gain, blood glucose level, plasma total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels when given orally at a dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/ kg/ day to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 21 days. In this study, the effects of Alpinia calcarata on the diabetes of alloxan-induced diabetic rats and possible transcriptional impact are investigated.
• Devi, Naorem & Sankaranarayanan, Dr Nagarajan & B, Singh & Khan, Mohammad & Khan, Anish & Khan, Nisha & Mahmoud, Mohamed Hesham & Fouad, Hassan & Ansari, AbuZar. (2023). Antioxidant, Diabetic and Inflammatory Activities of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe Extract. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 21. 10. 1002/ cbdv. 202300970. Alpinia calcarata (AC) Roscoe of Zingiberaceae popularly known as lesser galangal has a widespread occurrence in China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Essential oil (Eoil) was obtained from leaves/rhizomes of AC via a hydro-distillation process. To identify chemical ingredients in oil from leaves/rhizomes of AC through GC/ MS technique for volatile components and their antioxidant, inflammatory/diabetic activities. The 38 and 65 components were found to make up 99.9 and 99.6 %, respectively, of the Eoil composition of AC leaves/ rhizomes. Key chemical constituents were eucalyptol (28.7 % in leaves; 25.4 % in rhizomes), camphor (12.8 % in leaves; 4.2 % in rhizomes), and carotol (9.8 % in leaves; 5.6 % in rhizomes) found in oil of AC leaves/ rhizomes. Colorimetric assay showed antioxidant activities in leaves and rhizomes are IC50 = 71.01± 0.71 μg/ mL and IC50 =73.83± 0.49 μg/ mL, respectively in the Eoils. Eoils had high antioxidant capabilities in IC50 -values of AC- L- Eoil= 43.09± 0.82& AC- Rh- Eoil= 68.11± 0.87 in reducing power in μg/ mL was found. The albumin test of rhizome oil had IC50 -values of 15.19± 0.25 μg/ mL. Concentrations range from 7.81 μg/ mL and 250 μg/ mL in the Eoils of AC leaves and rhizome, respectively by α- α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Our findings demonstrated that leaf oil had slightly more promising results than rhizome oil of AC extract, which ultimately showed the medicinal potential of secondary metabolites with antioxidant, and diabetic/ inflammatory activities. Further, Eoils of AC have a wide range of pharmacological potential and promising anti-diabetic effects.
• Park, Su-Jin & Shin, Kyung-Ok. (2024). Anti-Diabetic and Lipid-Improving Effects of Alpinia galanga Extract and Caffeine in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life. 34. 108- 119. 10. 17495/easel. 2024. 4. 34. 2. 108.
• Verma RK, Mishra G, Singh P, Jha KK, Khosa RL. Anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract of Alpinia galanga Linn. aerial parts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ayu. 2015 Jan- Mar; 36 (1): 91- 5. Doi: 10. 4103/ 0974- 8520.169006. PMID: 26730146; PMCID: PMC- 4687247.
• M.G, Hariprasad & Dhavale, Apurwa & Redhwan, Ali. (2023). Protective effects of Ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizome on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats Protective effects of Ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe rhizome on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. 1365- 1384.
• Wanniarachchi, Binuki & Chathuranga, Uvini & Pasquel Handi, Uddala & Jayawardena, Bimali. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Alpinia calcarata Loaded Nanoparticles to Control Hyperglycemia. American Journal of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2. 21- 31. 10. 54536/ ajcp. v2i1.1293. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) nanoparticles loaded with the bioactive compounds of A. calcarata, which is known to exert its antidiabetic activity through the inhibition of pancreatic enzymes, are a good form of an antidiabetic nutraceutical as they have reduced side effects, protection of active compounds from environmental agents, specific delivery to target sites and prolonged shelf-life. The objective of the present study was to synthesize and characterize A. calcarata-loaded nanoparticles (ALNP) to be used as a powder-form nutraceutical with higher antidiabetic activity. In this study, an aqueous A. calcarata extract (4.00 mL) was added to BSA (20 mg/ mL, 4.00 mL, pH 9) in the presence of citric acid as the cross-linking agent. The ALNP gave an IC50 value of 147 µg/ mL, a glucose (5 mM) uptake percentage of 73.09 % at a 0.5 mg/ mL concentration, a solubility value of 64 %, A. calcarata loading percentage of 6.66 % and A. calcarata entrapment efficiency of 87.71 %. They had a spherical morphology and uniform size with a particle size of 1030.70 nm, PDI of 0.199, and a zeta potential of 2.57 mV. The UV-visible absorbance spectra and FT-IR spectra showed that citric acid had caused conformational changes in the protein structure of BSA and that the active compounds were successfully loaded into the synthesized nanoparticles which interacted with the protein matrix via covalent bonds. Therefore, it can be concluded that the synthesized nanoparticles have an antidiabetic effect and the antidiabetic activity of bioactive compounds of the aqueous A. calcarata extract become enhanced when loaded onto the nanocarriers.
• Ferdous, Mahmuda & Basher, Mohammad & Khan, Ibrahim & Ahmed, Firoz & Sobuz, Md & Daula, AFM. (2018). Evaluation of Phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of Alpinia calcarata. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 6. Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) has been widely used by Indigenous communities in Sri Lanka, India, and Bangladesh as a traditional remedy for indigestion, impurities of blood, and respiratory ailments. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of leaves of A. calcarata. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total flavonol content (TFlC) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, and anthraquinones with considerable amounts of phenolic compounds. To evaluate the antioxidant activities of the plant extract, 1,1- diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power activity (RPA) assay, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used. The leaf extract also exhibited remarkable antioxidant potentials as compared to the reference standard- ascorbic acid (AA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The disc-diffusion method was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial properties; methanolic extract of leaves had no antibacterial (gram-positive and gram-negative) activity. The results suggest that leaf extract of A. calcarata could be a potential source of natural antioxidants for use in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
• Perveen, Rasheda & Ali, Md Hanif & Yeasmin, Tanzima. (2016). Antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of Alpinia calcarata rhizome. 1. 2455- 4685. To explore antimicrobial and insecticidal effects of ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome and its different fractions. Antibacterial activity test was carried out by disc diffusion method against six different pathogenic bacteria whereas insecticidal activity was evaluated by surface film activity test against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) insect. At a concentration of 800 µg/ disc, the zones of inhibition produced by the crude ethanol extract and its petroleum ether and residual fractions ranged from 6-13 mm, whereas the water fraction showed no antibacterial activity. The crude ethanol extract and water-soluble fraction showed prominent insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum adults after 48 h of exposure with LD50 values of 0.709 and 0.633 mg/cm, respectively. The residual and petroleum ether fraction did not exhibit any toxicity to Tribolium castaneum. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Alpinia calcarata is a potent resource for developing antimicrobial and insecticidal drugs.
• Prabhu, Purushoth & Selvakumari, S & Maheswaran, V & Suriyapadminimoka, & Ragadeepthi, S & Alapatti, Siva. (2012). PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ALPINIA CALCARATA, ROSC. Fons journal of pharmacy research ISSN 2278 – 2818. Natural products of plant origin have played a vital role in the development of new therapeutic agents. The ethanolic extract of the plant Alpinia calcarata, Rosc., (Zingiberaceae) was found to have Anti-oxidant activity.  About 12 species of alpinia are found in India. The plant rhizome was used in stomachic, aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic, expectorant, and useful in headache, lumbago, rheumatic pains, sore throat, sore eructations, stuttering, and diseases of the kidney. Treatment of Male adult albino rats weighing (150- 200 g) with the extract possesses strong antioxidant activity, evidenced by the free radical scavenging property. Further isolation of the bioactive constituent in the plant extract would certainly help to ascertain its potency against various ailments that are induced by oxidative stress. Ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata also exhibits significant activity in quenching 1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, thereby indicating its potent anti-oxidant effects. 
• Arambewela, Lakshmi & Arawwawala, Menuka & Ratnasooriya, Wanigasekara. (2005). Antinociceptive activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 95. 311- 6. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2004. 07. 015. Rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) possess several bioactivities and are used in the traditional medicine of Sri Lanka. However, their antinociceptive activity has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the antinociceptive activity of hot water extract (HWE) and hot ethanol extract (HEE) of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes using rats and three models of nociception (tail flick, hot plate, and formalin tests). Different concentrations of HWE (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/ kg) and HEE (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/ kg) were made and orally administered to rats, and the reaction times were determined. The results showed that the extracts have marked dose-dependent antinociceptive activity when evaluated in the hot plate and the formalin tests but not in the tail flick test. The antinociceptive effect was slightly higher in HEE than that of HWE. The antinociceptive effect was mediated via opioid mechanisms.
• v nampoothiri, Suresh & Menon, A. & Esakkidurai, T. & Pitchumani, Kasi. (2016). Essential Oil Composition of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga Rhizomes-A Comparative Study. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants. 19. 82- 87. 10. 1080/ 0972060X. 2015. 1126534. Essential oils obtained by the hydrodistillation of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga rhizomes were analyzed by Gas chromatography- Mass spectroscopy. Fifty constituents comprising 94.7 % of rhizome oil were obtained from A. calcarata and fifty-one components of 93.1 % of A. galanga were identified. The major components in the A. calcarata were α- and β- ethyl acetates (12.9 and 9.7 % respectively), cubenol (15.0 %), and 1,8-cineole (12.1 %) and that of A. galanga were 1, 8 -cineole (32.9 %), α-terpineol (12.7 %) and germacrene-D (6.1 %).
• Eram, Shimaila & Mujahid, Mohd & Bagga, Paramdeep & Ansari, Vaseem & Ahmad, Md & Kumar, Arun & Ahsan, Farogh & Akhter, Md. (2019). A REVIEW ON PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ALPINIA GALANGA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6- 11. 10. 22159/ ijpps. 2019v11i3. 31352. The Alpinia galanga plant which is associated with the family Zingiberaceae is mainly scattered in tropical areas and widely known for ethnomedicine. Against fungi and bacteria, rhizome extract has a maximum inhibitory effect. Alpinia galanga plant is used in medicine and food preparation. Rhizome extract of Alpinia galanga has high phenolic and flavonoid contents when compared to leaf extract. Because of elevated phenolic and flavonoid content in the rhizome extract of Alpinia galanga, there is noticeable antimicrobial as well as radical scavenging potential. It is a well-known official drug throughout the country as the integrated contribution of nature. It is commonly used for the management of eczema, coryza, bronchitis, otitis interna, gastritis, ulcers, morbilli and cholera, pityriasis versicolor, to clear the mouth and emaciation. The different parts of the plant have various effects like antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiplatelet, antiviral, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant effects, hypolipidemic and many others. The essential oil of A. galanga identified 1, 8-cineole as a bioactive agent having antifeeding activity. An aqueous acetone extract of the fruit of Alpinia galanga shows an inhibitory effect on melanogenesis (formation of melanin). By using different methods, the active constituent namely, 1′-acetochavicol acetate in hexane extract of Alpinia galanga rhizome was investigated for its corrosion inhibition properties. The current review adds significant information about its, pharmacological activities, medicinal properties, and phytochemical investigations as a traditional drug to cure several diseases. Every fraction of the plant has valuable properties that can deliver humanity. The complete plant will be broadly investigated for further prospects.
• Singh, Shivam & Kar, Nihar & Kaur, Ajit & Jaiswal, Meenakshi & Srikanth, & Kumar Ashok, Praveen & Kolgi, Rajeev & Velumani, Arun Nivas. (2023). A pharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizome for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-asthmatic properties. Journal Of Advanced Zoology. 44. 917- 928. Alpinia calcarata rhizome ethanolic extract was tested for anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Adaptogens normalize leukocytosis after milk consumption. Eosinophils are necessary for allergic illness development. The plant extract significantly reduced allergic asthma-related eosinophil cell count compared to the control group. Eosinophil count decreases cell recruitment and IL- 4, IL- 5, and IL- 13, which affect cell count. Studies on milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophils verified the plant extract’s anti-asthmatic capabilities. In guinea pigs, goats, horses, dogs, and humans, histamine contracts trachea and bronchial muscles. Tracheas in guinea pigs test asthma drugs. The isolated guinea pig trachea contracts dose-dependently after H1 receptor stimulation. Alpinia calcarata reduced histamine-induced trachea constriction in solitary guinea pigs, proving its anti-asthmatic and H1 receptor antagonist capabilities. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging and reduction were used to test antioxidants. Hydrogen peroxide-scavenging Alpinia calcarata rhizome ethanol extract. Hydrogen peroxide scavenged less than ascorbic acid. Increasing Alpinia calcarata rhizome ethanolic extract dramatically lowered power. In vitro, ethanolic Alpinia calcarata rhizome extract stabilized rabbit red blood cell membranes and prevented protein denaturation. The ethanolic Alpinia calcarata rhizome extract was anti-asthmatic. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics aid the plant’s anti-astatic effects. Most asthma medications are steroidal. The phytochemical study identified steroids and flavonoids. Chemical moieties may make the plant anti-asthmatic. The findings support the conventional and advise more anti-asthmatic active component study.
• Robinson, J.P. & Balakrishnan, Veluchamy & Raj, J. S. & Britto, S. J. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. And characterization of new a, β unsaturated carbonyl compound. Adv Biol Res. 3. 185- 187.