Babul (Acacia nilotica)

Recent Research on Babbula

• Saleh, Kassem & Algfri, & Alshakka, Mohammed & Munaiem, Ramzi & Doaa, & Almaqdi, Hussin & Algfri, Saleh. (2015). Antioxidant Activity of The Leaves Of Acacia nilotica subspecies kraussiana. International Journal of Pharmacy and Integrated Life Sciences. 3. 16- 32. The leaves of Acacia nilotica subspecies kraussiana are widely used in Yemeni traditional medicine to treat various types of diseases. This study aimed to investigate the possible antioxidant activity of methanol (70%) extract and its fractions of the leaves of Acacia nilotica subspecies kraussiana. This includes the rapid screening of antioxidants by dot-blot DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl- 2- picryl- hydroxyl) staining, thin layer chromatography analysis of antioxidant constituents, and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In the rapid screening of antioxidants by dot-blot DPPH staining, yellow spots with strong intensity appeared quickly at the concentration of 0.50 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ ml, and 0.125 mg/ ml of the different tested fractions. The 70% methanol extract showed the highest strong dot-blot staining. The result of TLC analysis of antioxidant constituents showed that methanol 70% extract reveals 6 spots, ethyl acetate fraction reveals 6 spots, n- butanol fraction reveals 5 spots, water residue reveals 1 spot, hydrolysate from n butanol reveals 3 spots and hydrolysate from n butanol reveals 7 spots. The eluted spots showed yellow color corresponding with antioxidant behavior. This antioxidant activity is due to the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids that are identified in studied fractions. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of methanol 70% extract was found to be concentration dependent, i.e., the concentration of the extract between 40-100 μg/ ml greatly increasing the inhibitory activity, and the IC 50 value of methanol 70% extract was 6.28 ± 0.30 μg/ mL, while quercetin showed the value of 3.83 ± 0.11 μg/ mL. The results suggested that the studied leaves have strong antioxidant potential. Further studies are being carried out to provide complete data on the antioxidant activity and characterization of the principal antioxidant agents, which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases.
• Natarajan, M. & Srinivasan, Muthuirulappan. (2015). Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Acacia nilotica leaf on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6. B110- B126. In the present study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Acacia nilotica leaf against alloxan-induced diabetic rats was performed. The rats treated with alloxan showed a significant increase in glucose levels and altered levels of lipid profile, antioxidants, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and insulin. The mechanism underlying alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to over-production (excessive hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues. Six weeks of administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Acacia nilotica (300 mg/ kg b. wt.) and standard drug glibenclamide (600 μg/ kg) to the diabetic-induced rats resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reduction in blood glucose level, restored hemoglobin, antioxidants, and lipid profile as compared to untreated diabetic control rats. The study suggests that the Acacia nilotica leaf extract has significant hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic effects. The effect of Acacia nilotica leaves extract showed a better response than the standard drug glibenclamide. This potential activity of Acacia nilotica leaf might be due to the presence of its phytochemicals or the collective action of many active ingredients.
• Msomba, Lusekelo & Bakari, Gaymary & Kanuya, Noel & Max, Robert. (2021). Antifertility effects of crude extracts from Acacia nilotica pods and Albizia lebbeck stem bark in female multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis. Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology. 12. 1- 10. 10. 5897/ JPAP2021. 0137. The study’s main objective was to assess any pathophysiological significance of Acacia nilotica pods aqueous extract and Albizia lebbeck stem bark methanolic extract on the reproductive system of female multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis). A total of 60 sexually mature female rats were randomized into a 2 × 3 factorial experimental design for treatments (Control, A. nilotica, and A. lebbeck) and treatment duration (7 or 14 days). Control rats consumed basal feed only, whereas extract-treated rats consumed the basal feed containing 2% w/w of either of the two plant extracts. At the end of the treatment duration, treated female rats cohabited with males for 16 days and sacrificed 20 days after the first day of cohabitation. Parameters including pregnancy rates, number of fetal implantations, possible resorption sites, and fetal litter size were assessed at necropsy. Further post-necropsy parameters were evaluated in ovaries including the ovarian weights, follicular and corpora lutea numbers, and general histopathology. Results showed that pregnancy percentages, the number of fetal implantations, and fetal litter size were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in rats under the A. nilotica and A. lebbeck extract treatments relative to the control rats. The ovarian weights of rats receiving the extracts did not differ significantly from their control counterparts (P > 0.05). However, the number of corpora lutea in pregnancy was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in the ovaries of rats under extract treatments than in their control counterparts. Instead, the ovaries of rats receiving the two extracts contained a larger number of degenerating follicles, signifying halted ovulation and conception activities. The current study has demonstrated that dietary inclusion of crude extracts from A. nilotica pods and A. lebbeck stem bark can lead to decreased fertility success rates in M. natalensis female rats through suppression of ovulatory activities and induction of follicular atresia.
• Sakthivel, Kunnathur & Narayanan, Kannan & Angeline, A & Guruvayoorappan, Chandrasekharan. (2012). Anticancer Activity of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex. Delile Subsp indica Against Dalton’s Ascitic Lymphoma Induced Solid and Ascitic Tumor Model. Asian Pacific Journal of cancer prevention: APJCP. 13. 3989- 95. 10. 7314/ APJCP. 2012. 13. 8. 3989. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of A.nilotica extract against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) induced solid and ascitic tumors in BALB/ c mice. Experimental animals received A.nilotica extract (10 mg/ kg. bw) intraperitoneally for 10 and 14 consecutive days before induction of solid and ascitic tumors, respectively. Treatment with A.nilotica extract significantly decreased the development of a tumor and the percentage increase in body weight when compared to DAL induced solid tumor control group, also increasing the life span, restoring the total white blood cell count and hemoglobin content and significantly decreasing the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (SGPT), alanine transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and nitric oxide (NO) when compared to DAL induced ascitic tumor controls. The treatment also significantly reduced the cellular glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide levels in treated animals. Histopathological studies also confirmed protective influence. The outcome of the present work indicates that A.nilotica extract could be used as a natural anticancer agent for human health.
• Ayam, Victor & Gogoi, Pinki. (2019). In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile from Lakhimpur District, Assam. 61- 65. Medicinal plants are the sources of almost all types of bioactive compounds that are needed for curing many human diseases. The plant Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile is a shrub grown in wild habitats with beautiful yellow-colored flowers. The plant is well known as “Tarua Kadam ” in the Assamese community of Brahmaputra Valley. Bark of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile plant is used by many people of Assam locally to treat stomach-related disorders like diarrhea, and abdominal pain and in the treatment of female reproductive problems such as menstrual pain, etc. Traditionally, the patient is prescribed to take aqueous crude bark extract orally to cure stomach ailments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the bark of the Acacia nilotica plant. Antioxidants can inhibit the oxidation activity of free radicals that are responsible for various degenerative diseases. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picryl- hydroxyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity method with L- ascorbic acid as a reference compound. Seven different fractions of the sample extract were made in methanol such as 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.562 µg/ ml, and absorbance was taken using Thermo multiclan spectrophotometer at 517 nm wavelength. The antioxidant activity of the crude extract of A. nilotica was calculated as IC 50 value against DPPH free radicals. The result shows a positive correlation between the standard and crude samples with IC 50 of 7.038 µg/ ml and 32.116 µg/ ml respectively. The result indicates the bark of A. nilotica possesses significantly high antioxidant activity.
• Gilani, Anwar-ul & Shaheen, Shaheen & Janbaz, Khalid & Zaman, & Akhtar, M.. (1999). Studies on the antihypertensive and antispasmodic activities of Acacia nilotica. Phytotherapy Research. 13. 665- 669. 10. 1002 (SICI) 1099- 1573 (199912) 13: 8< 665:: AID- PTR563> 3. 0. CO; 2- T. A methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods (AN) caused a dose-dependent (3- 30 mg/ kg) fall in arterial blood pressure. Treatment of animals with atropine abolished the vasodilator response of acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the plant extract remained unaltered. Phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine (NE), whereas pretreatment of the animal with AN, did not modify the NE response. These results indicate that the antihypertensive effect of plant extract is independent of muscarinic receptor stimulation or adrenoceptor blockade. In the in vitro studies, AN produced a dose-dependent (0.3- 3.0 mg/ mL) inhibitory effect on force and rate of spontaneous contractions in guineapig paired atria. Similarly, it inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum in a concentration-dependent (0.1- 3.0 mg/ mL) manner, AN also inhibited K+-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum at a similar concentration range, which suggests that the antispasmodic action of AN is mediated through calcium channel blockade, and this may also be responsible for the blood pressure lowering effect of AN, observed in the in vivo studies.
• Wati, Mukhan. (2017). Compositional Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Acacia nilotica from Two Locations. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 29. 888- 892. In this study, the oils and defatted seed cake of Acacia nilotica from two locations were used to evaluate physiochemical characteristics, fatty acids, mineral content, total phenols, flavonoids, total tocopherol, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The peroxide value of fresh oil was higher (1.6± 0.1meq/kg) in the Hisar location, the iodine value was higher (144.7± 0.3g/ 100 g) in the Hisar location, free fatty acid was higher (as % oleic acid) (0.9± 0.1 %) in Palwal location, saponification value higher (219.4 ± 0.7 mg/ g KOH) in Palwal location, unsaponifiable matter higher (7.2 ± 0.1 %) in Hisar location. In different fatty acids, the highest composition was found in linolenic acid (40.5 ± 0.4 %) in the Palwal location. In mineral composition calcium was found highest (203.0 ± 2.2 mg/ 100 g) in the Hisar location and potassium & phosphorus were found highest (110.0 ± 1.1 mg/ 100 g, 51.4 ± 1.5 mg/ 100 g) in the Palwal location. From the data of two locations, it is inferred that phenolics and flavonoid content in the seed oil of Acacia nilotica was higher in the oil of the seeds collected from the Hisar (87.2 ± 0.2 mg GAE/ g & 11.9 ± 0.4 mg CAE/ g) than Palwal (80.1 ± 0.2 mg GAE/ g & 11.3 ± 0.3 mg CAE/ g), while in methanol extract of defatted seed cake of phenols higher in Palwal (18.2 ± 0.3 mg GAE/ g) and flavonoid in Hisar (6.3 ± 0.5 mg CAE/ g). The total tocopherol in the methanol extract of defatted seed cake (15.5 ± 0.3 mg/ g) and carotenoids in the oil (78.4 ± 0.1 mg/ kg) were higher in the Palwal location as compared to the Hisar location. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method in which the methanol extract of defatted seed cake had a maximum antioxidant activity that is 87% at a concentration of 0.06mg/ml from Palwal. 
• Rasool, Nasir & Tehseen, Hifza & Riaz, Muhammad & Rizwan, Komal & Zubair, Muhammad & Mahmood, Yasar & Bukhari, Iftikhar. (2013). Cytotoxicity studies and antioxidant potential of Acacia nilotica roots. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences. 3. 34- 41. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Acacia nilotica root extracts were evaluated in the present research work. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the measurement of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and antioxidant activity in linoleic acid oxidation. The tested plant material contained the TPC (1.47- 6.61 GAE mg/ g of dry matter), TFC (2.31- 6.42 CE mg/ g of dry matter), DPPH radical scavenging activity the IC 50 value (10.53- 70.23) and % inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (33.8- 86.61 %). Furthermore, the antioxidant effects of extracts and fractions were assessed using corn oil (CO) as the oxidation substrate. The oxidative alterations were evaluated by analysis of conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trienes (CT), p- anisidine, free fatty acid (FFA), and peroxide (PO) values. The plant extract and fraction were assessed against human blood erythrocytes (RBCs) for cytotoxic studies by hemolytic activity and the percentage lysis was found to be in the range of 1.27- 3.59%. It was concluded that plant roots may be used as a potential source of antioxidant agents.
• Oladosu, Peters & Samuel, B & Okhale, Samuel & Ibrahim, Karrar & Okogun, Joseph. (2008). The antitubercular activity of the dried fruits of Acacia nilotica Linn Willd. Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics. 12. 10. 4314/ jopat. v12i1. 41370. The ethnobotanical survey revealed that the dried fruits of Acacia nilotica Linn Willd of the family Mimosaceae are used locally in various parts of Nigeria for the treatment of boil, cough, and chest infections. This prompted the phytochemical and antitubercular screening of its fruit extracts. Preliminary Antitubercular activity of its aqueous methanolic extract was carried out by the use of BCG as a test organism. It showed antitubercular activity with MIC of 1250 μg/ ml. Gradient column chromatographic separation of the whole extract yielded six fractions (FR1- FR6). These fractions were evaluated for antitubercular activities. Fractions FR2, FR3 & FR4 showed significant antitubercular activities with MIC of 78 μg/ ml. Phytochemical spray with ferric chloride solution showed that the active fractions (FR2- FR4) are mainly polyphenolics (tannins). The antitubercular activity of this extract is being reported for the first time. 
• Alli, Adewale & Mikhail, Nafiu & Adesokan, Abdulfatai & Akanji, Musbau & Tijani, Adeniyi & Salawu, O.A. & Lukman, Alli. (2014). Antipyretic and analgesic activities of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root. Biochemistry. 26. 55- 62015. This study was designed to investigate the scientific basis for the use of Acacia nilotica root extract for the treatment of fever and pain in traditional medical practice. An antiPyretic study was carried out using Brewerʼs yeast suspension to induce pyrexia. The hot plate, tail immersion, and acetic acid-induced writhing tests were the nociceptive models used for the analgesic study. Antipyretic and analgesic activity of the extract was compared with acetaminophen which was used as a control drug. Five groups comprising five animals per group were used for each study. Group 1 was administered 10 ml/ kg body weight of distilled water, Group 2 was administered 150 mg/ kg body weight of acetaminophen while groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered 100, 200, and 400 mg/ kg body weight of extract respectively as a single oral dose. The extract produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in the rectal temperature of rats at 200 and 400 mg/ kg body weight. Significant analgesic activities were also observed in the hot plate, tail immersion, and acetic acid-induced writhing, after administration of 200 and 400 mg/ kg b.w of extract which is comparable to the control drug, acetaminophen. The results from this study showed that aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root at 200 and 400 mg/ kg body weight possess significant antipyretic and analgesic activities. This provides scientific support for its traditional medical use in the treatment of fever and pain.
• Foyzun, Tahira & Mahmud, A.Abdullah & Ahammed, Md Salim & Manik, Md & Hasan, Md & Islam, Km & Lopa, Simin & Amin, Md Yusuf Al & Biswas, Kushal & Afrin, Mst. Rejina & Alam, Khurshid & Sadik, Md. (2022). Polyphenolics with Strong Antioxidant Activity from Acacia nilotica Ameliorate Some Biochemical Signs of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Molecules. 27. 1037. 10. 3390/ molecules. 27031037. Neurotoxicity is a serious health problem for patients chronically exposed to arsenic. There is no specific treatment for this problem. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathological process of neurotoxicity. Polyphenolics have proven antioxidant activity, thereby offering protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we have isolated the polyphenolics from Acacia nilotica and investigated its effect against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Acacia nilotica polyphenolics prepared from column chromatography of the crude methanol extract using diaion resin contained a phenolic content of 452.185 ± 7.879 mg gallic acid equivalent/gm of sample and flavonoid content of 200.075 ± 0.755 mg catechin equivalent/gm of the sample. The polyphenolics exhibited potent antioxidant activity concerning free radical scavenging ability, total antioxidant activity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Administration of arsenic in mice showed a reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain which was counteracted by Acacia nilotica polyphenolics. Similarly, the elevation of lipid peroxidation and depletion of glutathione in the brain of mice was effectively restored to normal levels by Acacia nilotica polyphenolics. Gallic acid methyl ester, catechin, and catechin- 7- gallate were identified in the polyphenolics as the major active compounds. These results suggest that Acacia nilotica polyphenolics due to its strong antioxidant potential might be effective in the management of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity.
• Revathi, Seemaisamy & R K Govindarajan, R K & Rameshkumar, Neelamegam & Hakkim, Lukmanul & Mohammed, Al-Buloshi & Krishnan, Muthukalingan & Nagarajan, Kayalvizhi. (2017). Anti-cancer, anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of Acacia nilotica and their chemical profiling. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 11. 10. 1016/ j. bab. 2017. 08. 005. The plant leaf extracts of Acacia nilotica were investigated for their antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and their chemical profiling. The Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Bacillus megaterium MTCC 441, Bacillus cereus MTCC 6840, Bacillus aryabhattai MTCC 14579 and gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1194, Escherichia coli MTCC 1302, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 4727, Serratia marcescens MTCC 4822 were tested for their sensitivity towards methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. nilotica. Gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive for all the extracts tested, whereas gram-negative bacteria showed less sensitivity. A. nilotica extracts were able to scavenge the DPPH radicals in the order of acetone < methanol < ethanol < chloroform. The acetone and methanol extract of A. nilotica was observed to be an effective antibacterial and antioxidant agent compared to other extracts. We tested both acetone and methanol extract for anti-cancer activity on MDA- MB- 231 (breast cancer), HEp-2 (cervical cancer), and normal Vero cells, the result found that both acetone and methanol extract for A. nilotica showed significant MDA- MB- 231 and HEp- 2 cell death by sparing normal Vero cells. Interestingly, GC- MS analysis chemical profiling revealed the presence of a potent active principle compound which might be a possible reason to exhibit anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activity.
• Kankara, Sulaiman & Sani, Dahiru & Mustafa, Muskhazli & Go, And. (2018). ACACIA NILOTICA PODS’ WATER EXTRACT ENHANCES WOUND HEALING IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS BY ALLEVIATING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND SUPPRESSING PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES. This study validates the folkloric use of Acacia nilotica pods as a wound-healing agent. Full-thickness excision wounds of 6 mm diameter were created on Sprague-Dawley rats. Before the wound healing assessment, the antioxidant activity of the extract was determined in vitro using 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picryl- hydroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Six groups of 6 wounded rats were formed. In each group, the wounds were topically treated with either petroleum jelly (vehicle control), silver sulfadiazine (positive control), 0.5%, 1%, or 2% Acacia nilotica cream (treatment groups) prepared by mixing an appropriate quantity of A. nilotica pods’ aqueous extract with petroleum jelly. The negative control group received no treatment. Parameters assessed include wound contraction rate, pro-inflammatory cytokines [Interleukin 1β (IL-1 β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF- α)], and histopathological analysis of the wound area. Wounds were assessed on the 7th  and 14th  days post-wounding. The extract showed a good, dose-dependent DPPH-radical scavenging activity comparable to trolox. Topical application of A. nilotica cream significantly (P <  0.05) enhances wound contraction rate compared to the control groups in both the 7th  and 14th  days of evaluation. The extract significantly suppressed the expression of both IL- 1β and TNF- α in a dose-dependent manner throughout the study period. The histological analysis showed that treatment with the extract enhanced cellular proliferation as evidenced by the increased capillary vessels, re-epithelization, and dermal tissue regeneration. The overall study suggests that A. nilotica pods’ water extract promotes wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats by ameliorating oxidative stress and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study provides the mechanism of action of A. nilotica pods in wound healing for the first time. 
• Imran, Imran & Hussain, Liaqat & Ahmad, Sagheer & Rasool, Nasir. (2012). Antiplatelet activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea bark. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6. 4185- 4188. 10. 5897/ JMPR12. 010. The anti-aggregatory property of platelets by many plant extracts and natural products are being explored as cardioprotective drugs because of their relative effectiveness, limited side effects, and low cost. The current study has been designed to evaluate the platelet aggregation inhibition potential of the bark of Acacia leucophloea, a traditional medicinal plant used by indigenous communities of Pakistan for this purpose. A. leucophloea bark crude methanolic extract (Al. Cr) exhibited potent platelet aggregation inhibitory activity and dose-dependent inhibition was observed against adenosine 5′ diphosphate (ADP)- induced human platelet aggregation with concentration range (0.3 to 3.00 mg/ ml). This preliminary screening suggests that Al. Cr may be taken as a candidate for the isolation of natural compounds with beneficial effects on aberrant platelet activation-mediated cardiovascular disorders.
• Hassan, Fadlelmoula & Abdel- Rhim, & Y. A, Wafa. (2012). Antifungal Activity of the Extracts of Garad (Acacia nilotica L.). Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied. sciences. 7. 1- 18. Plants may represent a potential source of antimicrobial compounds as evidenced by the huge studies dealing with antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants. However, Sudan possesses an immense wealth of medicinal plants that are still unexploited. The present study was mainly conducted to investigate the antifungal of the most important and widely distributed Garad tree (Acacia nilotica L.) in the country. The extracts of the different parts of the tree were tested against the mycelial growth, mycelial weights, and spore germination of two fungi (Penicillium italicum and Aspergillus niger). The inhibition zone and the radial growth methods were used for mycelial growth using PDA media. Extraction with different solvents confirmed that Methanol, Diethyl ether, Acetone, and the aqueous extracts were found highly effective in inhibiting the growth of both fungi. The results also showed that the different tree parts had different effects with the extracts of both the tree bark and pods as the best effective. It is also clear that the extracts reduced both fresh and dry weights of the mycelia of the two fungi. However, A. niger was found more sensitive to the extracts compared to P. italicum. The extracts reduced germination effectively, where only 23% and 37.7% of the spores of A. niger and P. italicum germinated, respectively, at the higher concentration of the extract (100 mg/ ml). It could be concluded that the extracts of Garad are highly effective as antifungal agents, especially the bark and pods of the tree. It could be recommended that the test should be carried out on other microorganisms.
• Kumari, Rosy & Mishra, Ratish & Yadav, J. P. (2020). Antioxidant and cytotoxic studies of Acacia nilotica twig extract and their green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Letters in Applied NanoBioScience. 9. 975- 980. 10. 33263/ LIANBS92. 975980. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile is well known as “Desi Kikar” or Babul in India and possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities. In the present study, Acacia nilotica twig extract and its synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effects. Characterization of AgNPs was done by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) techniques. Antioxidant potential was determined using different assays including 2, 2- diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and β-carotene linoleic acid. Cytotoxicity was tested by 3- (4, 5- dimethyl- 2- yl)- 2, 5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Human embryonic kidney (HEK)- 293 cell lines. The results indicated that AgNPs exhibited higher antioxidant activity (81.11 %) and TPC (57.35 mg of GAE/ mL of extract) as compared to plant extract. A positive correlation was observed between the TPC and antioxidant activities. The inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of A. nilotica extract and AgNPs was 52.08 µg/ mL and 56.82 µg/ mL respectively. Cytotoxicity against HEK-293 cell lines was dose-dependent. Accordingly, it is summarized that A. nilotica-based AgNPs could serve as a potential antioxidant for therapeutic purposes.
• Sokeng, Selestin & J., Koube & F., Dongmo & S., Sonnhaffouo & Nkono Ya Nkono, Barnabe Lucien & Sotoing Taiwe, Germain & Cherrah, Yahia & Kamtchouing, Pierre. (2012). Acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Fabaceae) pods. Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1. 1- 5. Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Fabaceae) is traditionally used in Northern Cameroon to treat various inflammatory affections, such as asthma, cough, gastric ulcers, hemorrhoids, fever, etc. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods. The anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods, administered orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/ kg, were evaluated in vivo using various models of both acute and chronic inflammations. Xylene-induced ear edema in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to evaluate the acute effect of the plant extract. Chronic inflammation was evaluated using cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods decoction produced a significant inhibition (44.16 %) of xylene-induced ear swelling in mice as compared with untreated mice. On the other hand, the plant extracts also inhibited rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and the granuloma formation induced by the cotton pellets in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose of A. nilotica extract (100 mg/ kg) produced a maximum inhibition of 64.41 and 25.62 % respectively for the carrageenan-induced paw edema and the cotton pellet- induced granuloma in rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and alkaloids. Based on these results, the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods may contain orally effective anti-inflammatory principles, justifying its use in folklore medicine.
• Asad, Munazza & Aslam, Muhammad & Munir, Tahir & Nadeem, Amina. (2011). Effect of Acacia nilotica leaves extract on hyperglycemia, lipid profile, and platelet aggregation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC. 23. 3- 7. To consider new hypoglycaemic, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-platelet aggregation sources, aqueous methanol extract of Acacia Nilotica (AN) leaves was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 90 out of 120 male albino rats by administering 50 mg/Kg bodyweight (bw) streptozotocin intraperitoneally and was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level > 200 mg/dL on the 4th post-induction day. The rats were equally divided into 4 groups, A (normal control), B (diabetic control), C (diabetics rats treated with plant extract), and group D (diabetics rats treated with glyburide). The rats of groups C and D were given a single dose of 300 mg/ Kg, AN extract, and 900 microg/Kg bw glyburide respectively for 3 weeks. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer, platelet aggregation by DiaMed method, beta- thrombo- globulin and insulin by ELISA technique, and lipid components were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in blood glucose, serum insulin, platelet aggregation, and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats treated with AN extract and glyburide as compared to diabetic-controlled rats. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in beta- thrombo- globulin and LDL levels was also noticed in rats treated with glyburide than in the diabetic-controlled rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, beta- thrombo- globulin, and platelet aggregation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats treated with glyburide than An extract-treated rats. Administration of AN leaves extract showed hypoglycemic and anti-platelet aggregation activity in diabetic rats as that of glyburide.
• Lampiao, Fanuel. (2013). The Anti-fertility Effects of Acacia nilotica in Male Wistar Rats. Journal of reproduction & infertility. 14. 39- 42. A bulk of contraceptives on the market are women-oriented today. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a medicinal herb, Acacia nilotica on various parameters of male fertility using a rat model.  Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly divided into two groups. One group received Acacia nilotica, while the other acted as controls. Ten animals from each group were sacrificed after 16 weeks. Treatment was withdrawn for the remaining animals for 8 weeks. Blood was collected for hormonal analysis. The testis was removed for histological examination, while epididymal spermatozoa were retrieved for motility and morphological analysis. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. A value of p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sperm motility, progressive motility, and sperm concentration significantly decreased in treated animals compared to the controls (p< 0.05). Withdrawing the treatment did not restore these parameters (p< 0.05). Abnormal sperm morphology significantly increased in both the treated and treatment-withdrawn groups when compared to the controls (p< 0.05). Testosterone concentrations were significantly lower in the treated group when compared to the controls (p< 0.05) and no significant differences were observed between the controls and the treated animals when treatment was withdrawn. Histological observations showed that Acacia nilotica treatment disrupted seminiferous tubule architecture and consequently the spermatogenesis process. These results show that Acacia nilotica severely affects sperm morphology, progressive motility, and sperm concentration irreversibly in Wistar rats.