Parnabeeja (Bryophyllum pinnatum – Kalanchoe pinnata)
Parnabeeja is the ornamental garden plant that belongs to Crassulaceae family. Parna Beeja previously known as the Bryophyllum pinnatum is now known as Kalanchoe pinnata.
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Dr. Madhavi Gupta (B.A.M.S. – Ayurveda)
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ShareParnabeeja – A Green Mother of Millions Known for Ethnobotanical Importance
Introduction
Parnabeeja is the ornamental garden plant that belongs to Crassulaceae family. Parna Beeja previously known as the Bryophyllum pinnatum is now known as Kalanchoe pinnata. Traditionally this plant has been used to treat various conditions like skin diseases, kidney disorders, hypertension, insect stings, bleeding disorder diarrhea, etc. In Bengal region of India this plant is used is used as a source of Pashanabheda, where this plant is famous with name Patharkuchi. Parnbeeja is not mentioned in brihtrayi in Ayurvedic classics and even in Nighantu little description of Parnbeeja is mentioned. Parnabeeja is Kashaya (Astringent) and Amla (sour) in taste with cold potency and Vata-Pitta Shamaka property. There is one another karge variety of Parna Beeja in Bnega that is known as Himsagar. In 1968, Vaidya Bapalal Yadav ji quoted first reference of Parna beeja in Adarsh Nighnatu. Recent studies revealed that Parna Beeja has various active ingredients like Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Tannins, etc. It also contains Bryophyllol, Bryophallenone, Bryophynol, and a cardiac glycoside, Bryohyllin- A due to which it exhibits various activities like hepato-protective, anthi-lithogenic, wound healing, anti-diabetic activity, etc.
Basonym of Parna Beeja
पर्णमेव बीजं यस्य स: |
The new plant of Parna Beeja will grow from its leaf also. Its leaf act as a seed, that’s why called Parna Beeja.
Synonyms of Parna Beeja
According to Habitat
पत्र बीज – The new plant will be produced from the leaf.
रक्त कुसुमा – Flowers of Parna Beeja are reddish purple.
According to Morphology
चतुष्कोणक- Stem of the Parna Beeja are obtusely four-angled.
Regional Names of Parna Beeja
- Fat Hen, Air plant, Mexican love plant, sprouting leaf, miracle leaf (English)
- Zakhme Hayat, Ghava patta (Hindi)
- Asthi Bhakshaka, Parna Beeja (Sanskrit)
- Gandu Kalinga, Kadu Basale (Kannada)
- Ilamullachi, Elamarunga (Malayalam)
- Gayamari (Marathi)
- Koppata, Patharkucchi (Bengali)
- Malaikalli, Ranakalli (Tamil)
- Simajomudu, Ranapala (Telugu)
- Ghaya Maro, Ghaimari (Gujrati)
Botanical Name
Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Kurz. / Kalanchoe pinnata / Sedum madagascaricum Clus. / Cotyledon pinnata Lam. / Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.
Pinnata means featherlike.
Nigrum means black.
Family
Crassulaceae (Parna Beeja Kula)
Ayurveda Reference for Parna Beeja (Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.)
Scientific Classification of Parna Beeja
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Class | Dicotyledonae |
| Sub- Class | Polypetale |
| Series | Calciflorae |
| Family | Crassulaceae |
| Genus | Bryophyllum |
| Species | pinnatum |
Classification of Parna Beeja – As Per Charaka and Sushruta
Charaka: Not included in Mahakshaya.
Sushruta: Not included in Gana.
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi (Controversy)
It has been a drug of considerable controversy for a long time but now the Bergenia species is being widely accepted under this name. Many other diuretic plants such as Aerva lanata Juss., Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb./ Bryophyllum Pinnatum and some others were usually recommended to be used in its place, but the habitat (growing among the rocks) and the clinical efficiency of Bergenia in dissolving the stones formed in the urinary tract fully justify the use of various names (aelgaz, etc.) attributed to it.
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 4/ 35, C. S. Chi. 26/ 60
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 42/ 18, S. S. Chi. 7/ 5
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 11/ 18
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi – As Ashma Bheda (Controversy)
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 23/ 14, C. S. Chi. 26/ 45, 59, 63, 68, C. S. Chi. 29/ 72, C. S. Si. 3/ 63, C. S. Si. 8/ 12, C. S. Si. 9/ 13.
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 38/ 9, S. S. Su. 39/ 6, S. S. Chi. 7/ 9, S. S. Chi. 38/ 64, S. S. U. 58/ 47, S. S. U. 59/ 17.
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 15/ 24, A. H. Sa. 1/ 14, A. H. Chi. 8/ 146, A. H. Chi. 11/ 22, A. H. Chi. 14/ 19
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi – As Shilobheda (Controversy)
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 4/ 49, C. S. S. 8/ 29, 89
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. U. 39/ 169
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi – As Sailabheda (Controversy)
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. U. 10/ 4
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi – As Upal Bhedaka (Controversy)
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Chi. 11/ 2
Parna Beeja’s Description in Brihtrayi – As Pattura (Controversy)
This has been identified by Chakrapapi with Salinccha which is Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) R. Br. While, according to Dalhana it is the same as Sitivara or Kuranto of A. H. Pattura, according to Bopadeva, has no other synonym mentioned in A. H. It might be noted that there is a plant called Silavari belonging to the same family, Amaranthaceae and which has been identified with Aerva lanata Juss. This is being used as Pasanabhedo by the Vaidyas of the South. It may have a chance to be the Pattura of the texts. It has been reported to be anthelmintic and diuretic, the two essential properties of Pattura.
Charaka Samhita: C. S. Su. 27/ 97, C. S. Chi. 3/ 266, C. S. Chi. 26/ 45
Sushruta Samhita: S. S. Su. 39/ 6, S. S. Su. 46/ 274, S. S. Chi. 7/ 10, S. S. Chi. 19/ 35, S. S. U. 9/ 19, S. S. U. 11/ 5, S. S. U. 54/ 26
Ashtanga Hridya: A. H. Su. 6/ 100, A. H. Chi. 1/ 139, A. H. Chi. 11/ 2, 23, A. H. Chi. 20/ 26
Controversy Regarding Parna Beeja
Parna Beeja is considered Pashana Bheda by various authors. Mainly in West Bengal Parna Beeja is considered as Pashana Bheda. So, the controversy of Pashana Bheda also covers the controversy of Parna Beeja.
Pashana Bheda is a highly controversial drug. There has been widespread controversy regarding the exact identity of this plant. Pashana Bheda of North, South, and East are different plants. Here we throw some light on the controversy of Pashanabheda.
(Dravya Guna Vigyana, By P. V sharma Vol- 5, Chaukambha Bharti Academy, reprit 2014)
पाषाण भेद काप्राचीन संहिता उक्त भेद
प्राचीन संहिताओं में, पाषाण भेद की रचनात्मक विशेषताओं का कोई उल्लेख नहीं है। यदि पाषाणभेद शब्द ही को आधार मानें तो उससे इतना ही संकेत मिलता है कि यह वनस्पति सम्भवतः पार्वत्य देशों में होती थी और पत्थरों को तोड़ कर बाहर निकलती थी अश्मभित, पर्वत भिद् आदि पर्याय इसके द्योतक हैं | इसके गुण–कर्मों में इसका प्रभाव अश्मरी भेदन कहा गया है जिसके लिए ये द्रव्य प्रसिद्ध रहा है और अद्यावधि चिकित्सा–जगत् में व्यवहत हो रहा है। आयुर्वेद में यदि औषधियों के गुण–कर्म के इतिहास को देखें तो पता चलता है कि अनेक औषधियों के गुणकर्मों एवं प्रयोगों का निरूपण आकृति– साधर्म्य के आधार पर हुआ है। रक्ताशोक का प्रदर में, मंजिष्ठा का रक्त– विकार में, मरोड़फली का प्रवाहिका एवं उदर शूल में प्रयोग इसके उदाहरण हैं| पाषण भीत के संबंध में भी ऐसा ही अनुमान होता है । प्राचीन महऋषियों ने उत्पत्ति काल में ही इसके पाषाणभेदन कर्म को देख कर शरीरस्थ विकारभूत पाषाण के लिए, इसका प्रयोग किया गया होगा । आकृति– साधर्म्य के अतिरिक्त द्रव्यों के लौकिक प्रयोग तथा कर्म के आघार पर शरीर के भीतर उसके प्रभाव का अनुमान किया जाता था । इस आधार पर इसका प्रयोग भी प्रचलित हो जाता था | उदाहरण के लिए, कुलत्थ का प्रयोग लोक में पत्थर तोड़ने के लिए किया जाता रहा है । सम्भवत: इसी आधार पर इसका प्रयोग शरीरस्थ अश्मरी के भेदन के लिए किया जाने लगा हो। वराहमिहिरकृत बृहत संहिता (६वीं शती ) में शिला भेदन के लिए कुलथ का प्रयोग मिलता है ।
इसके प्रयोज्य अंग का कोई निर्देश नहीं मिलता । पाषाणभेद के गुणकर्मों का जहाँ तक प्रश्न है, संहिताओं में इसके निम्नांकित तीन प्रमुख कम उपलब्ध होते हैं –
- मूत्र विरेचनीय–चरक ने दश मूत्र विरचनीय द्रव्यों में इसका उल्लेख किया है। इसके अतिरिक्त अन्य परवर्त्ती निघण्टुओं में यह मूत्रल एवं बस्तिशोधन कहा गया है ।
- वात संशमन– सुश्नुत ने वात संशमन गण में इसका उल्लेख किया है| इसके अतिरिक्त वीरतर्वादि गण में इसका उल्लेख हैं जो वात विकार नुत कहा गया है|
- अश्मरी भेदन– चरक ने अश्मरी भेदन तथा अश्मरीपातन जो प्रयोग बतलाए हैं उनमें पाषाण भेद का प्रमुख स्थान है । सुश्नुत ने भी वीरतर्वादिगण को अश्मरी, शर्करा , मूत्रकृच्छ तथा मुत्राघात का नाशक बतलाया है |
पाषाण भेद का परवर्ती वांग्मय मेंस्वरूप
- बाण भट्ट कृत कादम्बरी ( ७वीं शती ) में पाषाण खण्डों पर फले हुए मंजरी युक्त पाषाण भेद का उल्लेख है |
- माधव–कृत पर्याय रत्नमाला में पाषाण भेद का अत्यंत संक्षित उल्लेख है । इसके पर्यायों में अश्मभेद, अश्मभितु, शिलाभेद, तथा पाषाण भेद पर्याय हैं जो पाषाण का भेदन करने का विशेष रूप से बोध कराते हैं। वटपत्री का भी पृथक वर्णन किया है जिसमें मल्लिकाख्या एक पर्याय है।
- अमरकोष में पाषाणभेद का उल्लेख नहीं है | अभिधान चिन्तामणि में भी ऐसा ही है |
- धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद, तिक्त, शीत, बस्ति शोधन, शूलहर तथा शर्करा (अश्मरी ) और शिश्न शूल (या अश्मरी शिश्न शूल) में उपयोगी कहा गया है ।
- संहिताओं में मध्यकालीन प्रसिद्ध टीकाकार चक्रपाणी (११वीं शती ) और डल्हण (१२वीं शती ) ने भी पाषाणभेद के स्वरूप पर कोई प्रकाश नहीं, डाला ।
- विशेषकर डल्हण ने जबकि अनेक औषध द्रव्यों के स्वरूप पर विस्तृत एवं महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रकाश डाला है उनके द्वारा पाषाणभेद के प्रति उदासीनता यह सूचित करती है कि या तो उस काल में इसका कोई विशेष महत्त्व चिकित्सा में न रहा हो या यह संदिग्धता की इस कोटि में पहुँच गया हो कि उसका निर्णय करना ही कठिन हो |
- निषण्टुशेष जो हेमचन्द्र (१२वीं शती ) द्वारा रचित एक महत्त्वपूर्ण औषधि कोष है, में पाषाण भेद का जो वर्णन उपलब्ध होता है उसमें एक पर्याय चित्र पर्णक है| इस से ग्रन्थकार का अभिप्राय ऐसी वनस्पति से है जिसके पात्र चित्रित हों ।
- सोढलनिघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वट पत्री का स्वतंत्र वर्णन उपलब्ध होता है । इससे भी स्पष्ट होता है कि वट पत्री का प्रयोग पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त स्वतंत्र रूप से चिकित्सा में होने लगा था |
- मदन पाल निघण्टु ने भी ने भी पाषाणभेद भेद के अतिरिक्त वट पत्री का पृथक वर्णन किया है । पुरुषोत्तमदेवकृत त्रि काण्ड शेष (१४वीं शती ) जो अमरकोष का एक परिशिष्ट भाग है उसमें भी पाषाणभेद का उल्लेख नहीं है |कैयदेव निघण्टु (१५वीं शती) में पाषाणभेद को तिक्त– कषाय , शीत वीर्य
- बस्तिशोधन, (अश्मरी ) भेदन तथा मूत्र कृच्छ , अश्मरी, व्रण आदि में उपयोगबताया है | वटपत्री का भी पृथक वर्णन किया है ।
- भावप्रकाश ने पाषाणभेद का इसी प्रकार का वर्णन दिया किन्तु एक अतिरिक्त पर्याय भिनयोजनी दिया है जिससे इस का संधानिया कर्म सूचित होता है । वटपत्री का भी वर्णन पृथक किया है |
- राज निघण्टु में सर्वप्रथम पाषाण भेद के प्रकारों में तीन अन्य वनस्पतियों का वर्णन हुआ है. । ये वनस्पतियां हैं–
- वट पत्री
- श्वेत शिला
- चतुष्पत्री
- वटपत्री के पर्यायों में ऐरावती, श्यामा इत्यादि दिए गए है | श्वेतशिला को शिला वल्का शिलजा आदि तथा चतुष्पत्री को क्षुद्र पाषाणभेद कहा गया है। वटपत्री तथा क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद को अश्मरी और मूत्रकृच्छ के अतिरिक्त व्रण में भी उपयोगी कहा गया है। पाषाणभेद् और श्वेत शिला में इन गुणों का उल्लेख नहीं है ।
- आयुर्वेद विज्ञानम् ( १९वीं शती ) में पाषाणभेद और वटपत्री का पृथक पृथक वर्णन किया है । पाषाणभेद के अन्तर्गत पर्ण यवानी का चित्र दिया है। इससे पता चलता है कि बंगाल में विशेष पर्ण यवानी का ही पाषाणभेद के रूप में प्रचलन था |
- सिद्ध भेषज मणिमाला, जो श्रीकृष्णरामभट्ट द्वारा रचित ग्रन्थ है में भी व्रण में पासन भेद का प्रयोग किया गया है किन्तु आश्चर्य की बात है कि अश्मरी– चिकित्सा में पाषाणभेद का कोई योग नहीं दिया गया है। उसमें केवल एकही योग पाषाणभेद के लिए शरमूल का दिया हुआ है । पाषाणभेद का कोई प्रयोग नहीं है । इससे प्रतीत होता है कि संदिग्धता के कारण या अन्य किसी भी कारण से चिकित्सा में इसका प्रयोग कम होने लगा । अश्मरीभेदन कर्म के लिए लोक में कुलत्थ का विशेष व्यवहार देखने में आता है । वीरतर्वादि गण में वीरतरु भी धीरे शीरे संदिग्ध हो गया ।
- वृन्द माधव की व्याख्या में श्रीकण्ठदत्त ने वीरतरु से शर का ग्रहण किया है |
- भावमिश्र ने वीरतरु के अभाव में शर लेने का उल्लेख किया है । इन प्रतिनिधि द्रव्यों में भी पाषाणभेद का कोई उल्लेख नहीं है। इसके अतिरिक्त, माधव द्रव्य गुण तथा शिवकोष में भी पाषाणभेद अनुपस्थित है । आढमल्ल ने शारङ्गधर की टीका में पाषाणभेद: प्रतीतः वजेति लोके लिखा है ।
पाषाण भेदके नाम से ग्रद्दीत द्रव्य
पाषाण भेद के नाम से निम्नांकित द्रव्य देश के विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में प्रयुक्त हो रहे हैं:-
- Aerva lanata Juss.
- Northosaerva brachiata Wight.
- Ammania baccifera Linn.
- Rotula aquatica Lour.
- Bergenia ligulata Wall. Engle.
- Coleus amboinicus Lour.
- Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Kurz.
- Iris sp.
- Ocimum basilicum Linn.
- Bridelia retusa Linn.
- Homonia riparia Lour.
- Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br.
विमर्श
- प्राचीन संहिताओं में पाषाणभेद का कोई भेद नहीं कहा गया, इस से स्पष्ट है कि उस काल में असंदिग्ध रूप से एक द्रव्य लिया जाता था | पाषाण भेद शब्द का अर्थ पत्थर को विदीर्ण करने वाला है । यह वनस्पति के उद्भव का बोधक तथा कर्म का भी घोतक हो सकता है | सम्भवतः यह पत्थरों ( चट्टानों ) को फोड़ कर निकलने वाली वनस्पति हैं ( धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में नग भीद पर्याय आया है ) जो रूपसाधर्म्य के अनुसार अश्मरीरोग में प्रयुक्त होने लगी | निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वटपत्रा या वटपत्री का वर्णन भी
- पृथक किया गया है। पर्याय रत्न माला में वट पत्रा हैं जिसे मल्लिकाखय पर्याय दिया गया है । इससे यह मल्लिका (बेला ) की कोई जाति प्रतीत होती है | धन्वंतरि निघण्टु में भी यह मल्लिका का पर्याय है । वटपत्री सर्व प्रथम सोढलनिधण्टु में दृष्टि गत होती है । यह कषाय, शीत और स्तम्भन कही गई है तथा रक्तस्राव एवं अतिसार आदि में प्रयुक्त है । पाषाणभेद के अतिरिक्त वटपत्री का पृथक वर्णन मदनपाल, कैयदेव तथा भावमिश्र ने भी किया है । मदन पाल ने इसे कषाय, उष्ण वीर्य तथा योनिरोगनाशक कहा है । कयदेव निघण्टु में इसी के अनुसार कषाय , उष्ण एवं योनि– रोग तथा मूत्र रोगों का नाशक कहा गया है। साथ ही पाषाणभेद के आमयिक प्रयोगों में भी योनिरोग, मूत्र रोग तथा व्रण का समावेश किया गया।
- भावप्रकाश निघण्टु में इसी का अनुसरण किया गया है केवल पाषाण भेद में भिन्न योजिनी पर्याय विशिष्ट दिया हैं जिससे व्रण आदि में इसका विशेष प्रयोग सूचित होता है । राज निघण्टु ने वट पत्री को पाषाण भेद का ही एक भेद मान लिया है | इस प्रकार सोढल निघण्टु से राज निघण्टु तक के विकासक्रम को देखने से पता चलता है कि वट पत्री के कषाय, शीत, स्तम्भन आदि गुण कर्म क्रमशः पाषाणभेद में आरोपित होते चले गये और अंतत: यह वनस्पति पाषाणभेद के एक भेद के रूप में परिणित हो गई । का ध्यान देने की बात है कि प्राचीन ग्रंथों एवं पूर्व मध्यकाल तक के निघण्टुओं में पाषाणभेद के आमयिक प्रयोगों में व्रण का उल्लेख नहीं है | यह कयदेव निघण्टु से प्रारम्भ हुआ |
- ब्रजख्मे हयातनेटम नामक वनस्पति कहीं–कहीं पथरचूर कही जाती है तथा वह विशेषतः रक्त स्त्राव, व्रण आदि में सन्धानीय के रूप में उपयोगी है जिस कारण वह जख्मे हयात कही जाती है | सोढल निघण्टु के वर्णन (कषाय, शीत, रक्त स्तम्भन) के अनुसार यह वट पत्री रूप में स्वीकृत हुई ओर आगे चल कर जब यह पाषाणभेद के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में व्यवहृत होने लगी तो वटपत्री के मौलिक गुणकर्म पाषाणभेद में आरोपित हो गये यद्यपि बटपत्री का अस्तित्व पृथक बना रहा जिसे राज निघण्टु ने स्पष्टतः एक प्रकार का पाषाणभेद मान लिया । वट पत्रा तथा वटपत्री के अतिरिक्त वटपत्र पर्याय कुठेरक या अर्जक भेद के लिए आता है। सम्भवतः वटपत्री से भ्र्म होने के कारण बर्बरी को भी कुछ लोग पाषाणभेद मानने लगे । राज निघण्टु कार पण्डित नरहरिं कश्मीर निवासी थे। उन्होंने पाषाण भेद को चट्टानों के भीतर से निकलते देखा था अतः शिल गर्भजा पर्याय दिया । अबविचारणीय है कि इस निघण्टु में पाषाणभेद के अन्तर्गत जिन चार वनस्पतियों (पाषाण भेद, वटपत्री, श्वेत शिला या शिलावल्का और चतुष्पत्री या क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद ) का वर्णन किया वे क्या हैं? उद्धवस्थान की दृष्टि से पर्यायों के आधार पर यह स्पष्ट है कि इनमें तीन ( पाषाणभेद, श्वेतशिला तथा चतुष्पत्री) चट्टानों पर होने वाली वनस्पतियाँ हैं । वटपत्री में नगभित्तु या पाषाण भेद आदि विशेषण किसी ग्रन्थ में नहीं दिया गया है जिससे यह भी स्पष्ट होता है कि वटपत्री पाषाणभेद से भिन्न वनस्पति है । इसके गुणकर्म भी भिन्न बतलाये गये हैं । वटपत्री को कतिपय आचार्य पाषाणभेद की ही प्रजाति मानते, हैं जिसके पत्र बड़े, वटपत्रवततु होते हैं किन्तु पाषाणमिद आदि पर्याय न होने से इसकी सम्भावना अत्यल्प है । वटपत्री (पर्ण बीज ) है, जो पाषाणभेद से भिन्न होते हुए भी उसके प्रतिनिधि रूप में कई प्रदेशों में व्यवहत होता रहा फलतः कालान्तर में उसके गुणकर्म पाषाणभेद में आरोपित होते चले गये और स्वयं वट पत्री पाषाण भेद का एक भेद बन गयी |
- राज निघण्टु में वर्णित अन्य तीन वनस्पतियों पर विचार करने से यह पता चलता है कि ये ऊंचाई पर पहाड़ों पर होनेवाली वनस्पत्तियाँ. हैं । पाषाण भेद Bergenia ligulata है। श्वेता या शिलावल्का Didymocarpus की प्रजाति Didymocarpus pedicellata जिसमें काण्ड शून्य प्राय होने के कारण यह चट्टानों पर वल्कलवत फैली रहती है। इसमें पत्तियाँ चार या छ: होती है | इसी की चार पत्ती वाली प्रजाति प्रतीत होती है जिसे क्षुद्र पाषाण भेद गया है |
- चतुष्पत्री प्रजातियों में D. oblonga, D. aromatica, D. podocarpa, D. villosa प्रमुख है जो नेपाल तथा सिक्किम में ७–११००० फीट की ऊँचाइयों पर होती है |
- जहाँ तक सम्प्रति पाषाणभेद से गृहीत द्रव्यों का प्रश्न है, गुणकर्मात्मक अनुसन्धान द्वारा गोरखगाँजा ( एवं लेनाटा ) में (अश्मरी भेदन) तथा बर्जीनिया लेगुलाटा में मूत्रल कर्म अधिक पाया गया है । किन्तु उपर्युक्त सभी तथ्यों पर समष्टि रूप से विचार करने पर बर्जीनिया लिगुलाटा के पक्ष में ही निर्णय जाता है।
- भारत भौगोलिक दृष्टि से विविध जलवायु सम्पन्न एक विशाल देश है । अतः बर्जीनिया लिगुलाटा (Bergenia ligulata) को मूलतः पाषाणभेद स्वीकृत करना चाहिए एवं गोरक्ष गांजा (Aerva alanata) का प्रतिनिधि रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है | क्योंकि अश्मरीघन कर्म इसमें विशिष्ट पाया गया है और दक्षिण भारत में इसका प्रचार भी है। भारत सरकार द्वारों नियुक्त सन्दिग्ध द्रव्य निर्णय समिति ने भी इस आधार पर ऐसा ही निर्णय दिया है |
Historical Background of Parna Beeja
We do not come across its description in the Samhitas and Nighantus. Many authors consider it the source of Pashana Bheda. It is a fleshy perennial herb which grows up to 1 meter and the flowers are purple colored. It is found commonly in India. Pashanabeda has been a drug of considerable controversy for a long time but now Bergenia ligulata is being widely accepted under this name. Other diuretic herbs such as Aerva lanata Juss., Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb/ Bryophyllum pinnatum are also used under the same name. Some scholars recommended that the plant which grows by breaking through the rocks or growing among the rocks may be Pasanabheda.
The Following are the Possible Sources of Pashanabheda:
- Aerva lanata Juss (AMARANTHACEAE) – Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.
- Aerva javanica Juss (AMARANTHACEAE) – Gujarat
- Ammania baccifera Lin (LYTHRACEAE) – Kerala
- Rotula aquatica Lour (BORAGINACEAE) – Karnataka & kerala
- Coleus aromaticus (LAMIACEAE) – West Bengal
- Bryophyllum calicynum Salisb (CRASSULACEAE) – West Bengal
- Ocimum basillicum (LAMIACEAE) – Gujarat
- Homonoia riparia Lour (EUPHORBIACEAE)
- Bergenia ligulata (SAXIFRAGACEAE) – A.F.I.
- Bridelia montana (EUPHORBIACEAE) – Goa
External Morphology of Parna Beeja
External Morphology of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Lam. Kuntz / Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. (Parna Beeja)
Habit: Bryophyllum pinnatum is a herb, up to 75 cm. high, young stems often green with deep purple blotches.
Leaves: Leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum is simple or compound, upper usually 3- 5 (-7)- foliolate, leaflets of B. pinnatum are 5- 20 × 25- 5 cm., ovate or elliptic, margin create or serrate. Flowers pendant in 10- 40 cm. long panicles, pedicels slender.
Inflorescence: Calyx 2- 4 cm. long, green with purple tinge segments ovate-triangular. The Corolla of B. pinnatum flower is green in the lower half, red in the upper half; base swollen, constricted in the middle lobes triangular. Anthers black, hastate. Hypogynous scales adhering at the base of ovaries, sub-rectangular, yellow. Ovaries ovoid-oblong, free or connate at the base, narrowed- into 2.5- 3.5 cm. long, styles.
External Morphology of Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers. var. glandulosa (Hochst ex A. Rich.) Cufed. syn. K. glandulosa Hochst.
Habit: K. lanceolata is a perennial glandular-hairy herb, up to 75 cm. high.
Leaves: Lower leaves of K. lanceolata are obovate, almost entire, more or less pubescent, amplexicaul, upper cauline. Leaves densely glandular-pubescent, lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse.
Inflorescence: Flowers of K. lanceolata are densely paniculated glandular-pubescent cymes. Calyx up to 1 cm. long, glandular-pubescent divided about halfway down into 4 segments, acute or acuminate. The corolla of the flower of K. lanceolata is yellow, 1- 1.5 cm. long, tube glandular- pubescent in the upper part, segments ovate-oblong, acuminate. Hypogynous scales are narrow, linear, whitish, membranous. carpels glabrous.
Flowering and fruiting time
It bears flowers during the period from October to February. Flowering in the cold season and fruiting in the summer season.
Distribution of Parna Beeja
- Parna Beeja is native to South Africa, Madagascar and neutralized throughout the tropics of the world.
- It is planted and found as an escape on the border of forests and other places in hot and moist regions, especially in Bengal. It is grown in various states of India.
The Useful Part of Parna Beeja
Leaves (Patra)
Parna Beeja as a Substitute
Below is the list of the herb, which is used as a substitute for each other.
- Aerva lanata Juss.
- Northosaerva brachiata Wight.
- Ammania baccifera Linn.
- Rotula aquatica Lour.
- Coleus amboinicus Lour.
- Iris sp. like Iris ensata
- Ocimum basilicum Linn.
- Bridelia retusa Spreng.
- Homonoia riparia Lour.
- Didymocarpus pedicellata R. Br.
Important Phytoconstituent of Parna Beeja
Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Tannins, etc. It also contains Bryophyllol, Bryophallenone, Bryophynol, and a cardiac glycoside, Bryohyllin- A.
Recent Research on Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. Kuntz
- The juice obtained by pressing the leaves of Bryophyl-lum calycinum (Crassulaceae) exhibited histamine-blocking activity. The juice contains flavonoid compounds, carbohydrates, and mineral salts. A flavonoid fraction (fraction B) obtained by partitioning the juice between n-butanol and water contained the substance responsible for the antihistamine activity. Nassis CZ, HaebischEM, Giesbrecht AM. Antihistamine activity of Bryophyllum calycinum. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1992; 25 (9): 929- 36.
- Superoxide dismutase activity in virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was found to be higher than that in virulent strains. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two isoenzymes in both these strains. These isoenzymes are suggested to be iron and manganese-containing superoxide dismutases. Crown gall tumor cells of the plant Bryophyllum calycinum were found to have higher superoxide dismutase activity than the normal plant cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two isoenzymes in both normal and crown gall tumor cells. Banerjee D, Basu M, Choudhury I, Chatterjee GC. Studies on superoxide dismutase activities in virulent and avirulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and also in normal and crown gall tumor cells of Bryophyllum calycinum. Acta Microbiol Pol. 1982; 31 (2): 145- 51.
- Ojewole, John. (2005). Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 99. 13- 9. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2005. 01. 025. To scientifically appraise some of the ethnomedical uses of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the plant’s leaf aqueous extract in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive effect of the herb’s leaf extract was evaluated by the ‘hot- plate’ and ‘acetic acid’ test models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the plant’s extract were investigated in rats, using fresh egg albumin-induced pedal (paw) edema, and streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes mellitus. Diclofenac (DIC, 100 mg/ kg) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/ kg) were used respectively as reference drugs for comparison. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract (BPE, 25- 800 mg/ kg i.p.) produced significant (P< 0.05- 0.001) antinociceptive effects against thermally- and chemically induced nociceptive pain stimuli in mice. The plant extract (BPE, 25- 800 mg/ kg p. o. or i. p.) also significantly (P< 0.05- 0.001) inhibited fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation and caused significant (P< 0.05- 0.001) hypo-glycemia in rats. The results of this experimental animal study suggest that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf aqueous extract possesses antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycaemic properties. The different flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and other chemical constituents of the herb are speculated to account for the observed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the plant.
- Mohan, Pritom & Nagar, R & Kanti Pal, Saumen & Lahon, L. (2020). The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and local anesthetic activity of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 7- 11. In order to scientifically evaluate some of the ethnomedical uses of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, the present study was undertaken to explore the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and local anesthetic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves methanol extract (BPME) in experimental animal models. The analgesic effect of the herb’s methanol leaf extract was evaluated by the ‘hot-plate’ and ‘acetic acid’ test models of pain in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extract were investigated using Carageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and local anesthetic activity was studied using foot withdrawal reflex in frogs. Methanol extract of the plant showed significant dose depended on analgesic activity up to 83.79 % against chemically induced pain in mice compared to 97.93 % produced by piroxicam and showed mild anti-inflammatory activity up to 43.10 % against Carageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats compared to 75.66% produced by piroxicam but failed to reveal any analgesic activity against thermal stimuli using hot plate method and did not show any local anesthetic activity. The antihistaminic activity and different chemical constituents (flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids) of the herb might have been attributed to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
- Gupta, R. & Lohani, M. & Arora, Satish. (2010). Anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf extracts/fractions of Bryophyllum pinnatum Saliv. Syn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 3. 16- 18. The various extracts/fractions of leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum were investigated in a chemically-induced inflammation rodents model. The extracts/fractions inhibited formaldehyde-induced paw edema in rats. These inhibitions were statistically significant (p< 0.05- 0.01, 0.001) as compared to control. Methanolic extract showed the highest activity.
- Onwubuya, Emmanuel & Ogbunugafor, Henrietta & Okafor, Chike & Oladejo, Afees Adebayo. (2021). Acute and Chronic Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract on Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6- 14. 10. 9734/ ejmp/ 2021/ v32i630395. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae) is used traditionally to treat many ailments. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of hydro-ethanol leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on Wistar rats using acute and chronic models and also evaluated the bioactive compounds of the leaf extract. The phytochemical constituents of the plant extract were quantitatively determined by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and acute anti-inflammatory activity was carried out with the aid of a plethysmometer while chronic anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using cotton pellet. Results showed that the leaf extract of B. pinnatum was rich in kaempferol (7.006 ± 0.02 μg/g), sapogenin (3.372 ± 0.02 μg/ g), rutin (1.837 ± 0.01 μg/ g) and luna marine (1.359 ±0.01 μg/ g). The findings showed that the plant had considerable anti-inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent manner, returning edema in carrageenan-induced and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in Wistar rats to normal within 120 minutes and 7 days respectively. The findings of this work have shown that the leaf of B. pinnatum was rich in bioactive compounds which could be synthesized to produce new plant-based products to fight inflammatory disorders with fewer side effects.
- Pandhare, R.B. & Shende, R.R. & Avhad, M.S. & Deshmukh, V.K. & Mohite, P.B. & Sangameswaran, B. & Daude, R. B. (2021). Anti-urolithiasis activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. hydroalcoholic extract in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 11. 10. 1016/ j. time. 2021. 06. 002. Background and Aim: Despite advances in modern medicine, the development and growth of calculi continue to be a source of concern for mankind, as there is no effective treatment for kidney stones. In the present study, we investigated the antiurolithiatic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam against sodium oxalate (NaOx) induced urolithiasis in rats. Experimental procedure: In rats with renal calculi caused by sodium oxalate (NaOx, 70 mg/ kg, i.p.); the anti- urolithiatic action of Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BPHE) was studied. BPHE was given every day orally at doses of 50, 200 mg/kg for 14 days to rats to examine activity against sodium oxalate (NaOx) mediated urolithiasis, with Cystone (500 mg/ kg, p.o.) as a reference standard. The effect of the extract on urine oxalate, creatinine, and phosphate retention and excretion in the kidney, as well as serum and biochemical analysis of kidney homogenate and histopathological examinations, were studied. Results and conclusion: Oral administration of BPHE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg to rats with sodium oxalate-mediated renal calculi showed dose-dependent substantial (P< 0.05) anti- urolithiatic potential, with notable reversal of NaOx-induced ion excretion and urinary CaOx concentration. These findings justify the traditional use of Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BPHE) in the treatment of renal calculi.
- Devi, Sruchi & Garg, Sourbh & Kumar, Arvind & Kaushal, Nitish. (2021). Plant Archives ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LECTIN ISOLATED FROM LEAVES OF BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM. PLANT ARCHIVES. 21. 10. 51470/PLANTARCHIVES. 2021. v21. no1. 136. The Bryophyllum Pinnatum refers to the family Crassulaceae. The glycoprotein from the 0.9% of normal saline extracts of Bryophyllum Pinnatum leaves was refined by dialysis with 50% ammonium sulfate. Protein concentration was invented by Lowry’s method. The dialyzed sample allowed for SDS- PAGE to determine the molecular weight (M r). The antioxidant activity of crude lectin extract has been assessed by the DPPH (1, 1- Diphenyl- 2- picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS methods. The present study aims to verify the antioxidant activity of lectins detached from the leaves of Bryophyllum Pinnatum.
- Nagarajan, Yogananth & Boopathi, Rajesh & Ali, M. & Yahoob, Mohamed & Venkatraman, Anuradha. (2019). In Vitro Evaluation of Anti Urolithiatic Activity of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Lam. Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb, widely used in the treatment of several conditions in folklore medicine, including Urolithiasis. The ethanol extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum stem, leaf, and root were evaluated on preliminary phytochemical analysis by using a standard protocol and the analysis of antiuroliathiasis potency of the plant extracts on in vitro crystallization of calcium oxalate through analyzing nucleation, aggregation assays and extracted kidney stone weight reduction assay. Bioactive ingredients such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, and proteins were detected in most of the plant parts tested. In uroliathiasis activity, the maximum inhibition of CaOx crystal formation and its aggregation was detected in the following sequential order; leaf > stem > root. Also, the leaf extract of B. pinnatum significantly reduced the weight of extracted CaOx kidney stone (% reduction) when compared with stem and root extracts. This study has given primary evidence for B. pinnatum as the plant which possesses anti- urolithiasis properties.
- Dhurairaj, Satheesh & M, Andrew & Megharethnam, Kaviraj. (2022). In-vitro investigation on anti- urolithiatic activity and phytochemical examination of Aerva lanata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: A comparative study. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 10. 1016/ j. jics. 2022. 100487. Using the titrimetry method, the researchers hope to discover the kidney stone-dissolving properties of the ethyl acetate extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Aerva lanata. The ethyl acetate extract of B. pinnatum has the ability to dissolve calcium oxalate crystals and exhibits strong anti- urolithiatic properties, according to the findings. Both extracts outperformed the conventional medication Neeri in terms of anti- urolithiatic activity. The phytochemicals included in both plant extracts were studied using HPLC analysis. As a result, ethyl acetate extract of B. pinnatum can be used as an alternative for the treatment of kidney stones in this investigation.
- Shukla, Apexa & Mandavia, Divyesh & Barvaliya, Manish & Baxi, Seema & Tripathi, Chandrabhanu. (2014). Evaluation of the anti-urolithiatic effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 4. 151- 9. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six Wistar male rats were randomly divided into six equal groups. Group A animals received distilled water for 28 days. Group B to group F animals received 1% v/v ethylene glycol in distilled water for 28 days and group B served as ethylene glycol control. Groups C and D (preventive groups) received aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum 50 and 100 mg/ kg intraperitoneally, respectively for 28 days. Groups E and F (treatment groups) received aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum 50 and 100 mg/ kg intraperitoneally, respectively from the 15th to 28th day. On days 0 and 28, 24 hrs urine samples were collected for urinary volume and urinary oxalate measurement. On day 28, blood was collected for serum creatinine and blood urea level monitoring. All animals were sacrificed, and kidneys were removed, weighed, and histopathologically evaluated for calcium oxalate crystals deposition. Results: Administration of aqueous extract of leaves of B. pinnatum reduced urine oxalate level significantly, as compared with Group B (p< 0.001). Serum creatinine and blood urea level were improved significantly in all aqueous extracts of leaves of B. pinnatum-treated groups. Relative kidney weight and calcium oxalate depositions were found significantly reduced in animals that received ABP as compared with Group B (p< 0.001). Conclusions: B. pinnatum is effective in the prevention and treatment of ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis.
- Lahon, L & Kanti Pal, Saumen. (2020). Effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in adult male albino rats. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 782- 786. Methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum was used to evaluate its antilithic property in adult male albino rats. Experimental urolithiasis was induced by oral administration of ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride with drinking water for 7 days. The treatment with methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum and cystone by oral administration continued for 14 days. Fresh urine samples were collected daily for urine crystal counts. On the 14th day, fresh urine and serum samples were collected for creatinine estimation and rats were sacrificed for kidney histopathology. Increased serum creatinine and decreased urine creatinine level were observed in the urolith group, whereas the findings did not differ significantly in the Bryophyllum pinnatum extract and cystone-treated groups with the control group. Urine crystal counts were significantly reduced and histopathology of the kidney showed normal architecture with very less crystal deposition in the kidneys of the Bryophyllum pinnatum extract and cystone-treated groups.
- Okpoho, Jacinta & Lucky, Evbuomwan & Ebiala, Fortune. (2018). Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ AJI/ 2018/ v1i130092. This study was carried out to investigate the antifungal and immunomodulatory activities of Bryophylum pinnatum. Both aqueous and ethanol solvents were used for extraction. Five fungal species including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cladosporium herbarium, Candida albicans, and Penicillium italicum were obtained from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and they were preliminarily identified using standard microbiological methods. Wistar rat models for the study were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks. The rats were divided into five groups and orally administered the ethanol extract of the plant while one group served as control. Antimicrobial and hematological parameters including packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin, white blood cell counts, platelets, and CD 4 count were assayed using standard methods. The only fungus sensitive to aqueous extract was Aspergillus niger, with the zone of inhibition ranging from 6.00± 0.58- 11.33± 0.33 mm at the concentration range of 50-100 mg/ml. Mean zones of inhibition of ethanolic extract ranged from 11.67± 0.67- 20.33± 0.33 mm against Original Research Article Okpoho et al.; AJI, 1 (1): 1- 8, 2018; Article no.AJI.46581 2 Cladosporium herbarium at a concentration range of 6.25-100 mg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethanol extract ranged from 6.25- 50 mg/ ml against fungal isolates. While MIC of aqueous extract was 50 mg/ ml against susceptible fungal isolates. Minimum fungicidal concentrations of ethanol and aqueous were 25-100 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively. A significant difference was observed between the treatment and control groups in platelet counts (range: 95.40± 1.86- 126.20± 5.40 % and control: 108.60± 4.19 %), PCV (range: 39.00± 0.71- 44.20± 0.58 %, control: 39.00± 0.71 %) and hemoglobin (range: 12.94± 0.21- 14.62± 0.24 g/ dl; control: 12.94± 0.21 g/ dl). There was no significant difference between the treatment and control groups in CD 4 counts (75.40± 19.32- 99.00± 6.33 cells/ ml and control 75.4± 19. 32 cells/ ml). Bryophylum pinnatum has been shown in this work to possess both antimicrobial and hematological properties.
- Lunkad, A. & Agrawal, M. & Kothawade, Sachin. (2016). Anthelmintic Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8. 21. 10. 5958/ 0975- 4385. 2016. 00005. 4. The Pet ether, chloroform, methanol, and water extract of dried leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum Linn. (Crassulaceae) were investigated for activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma. Various concentrations (30 and 50 mg/ml) of each extract were tested, which involved the determination of the time of paralysis and the time of death of the worms. Methanolic extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity (p< 0.01) when compared with piperazine citrate (15 mg/ ml) which is included as standard reference and normal saline as control. The present study indicates the potential usefulness of Bryophyllum pinnatum whole plant as an anthelmintic.
- Sharma, Abhishek & Chandra, Naresh. (2017). Isolation and Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid from Roots of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 29. 267- 270. 10. 14233/ ajchem. 2017. 20143. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. (Crassulaceae) is a perennial shrub, which possesses bioactive phytoconstituents viz. terpenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoid, anthraquinone, saponin and is known to cure diabetes, cancer and acts as an anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti- hyperlipidemia. In the present study, isolation and antioxidant activity of caffeic acid from roots of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. was carried out. Caffeic acid was characterized by TLC, and FTIR and was elucidated by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR techniques. DPPH radical scavenging power of isolated caffeic acid showed IC50 value 66.58 ± 0.49 μg/ mL in comparison to the aqueous extract of root (139.52 ± 2.62 μg/ mL).
- Hazarika, Nayana & P, Singh & Hussain, Anowar & S, Das. (2012). Phenolics content and Antioxidant activity of Crude Extract of Oldenlandia corymbosa and Bryophyllum pinnatum. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 3. 297- 303. Oldenlandia corymbosa (Rubiaceae) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) are two common medicinal plants widely distributed in Northeast India and used by many ethnic groups of people in traditional systems of medicines for different purposes. The antioxidant potential of the crude methanolic extracts of both plants was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and hydroxyl radical scavenging method. IC50 value for DPPH free radical scavenging activity of MEO and MEB was found at 729.91 and 774.74 mg/ gm respectively. IC50 value for H2O2 scavenging activity of MEO and MEB was found to be 705.38 and 632.31 mg/gm respectively whereas for standard ascorbic acid, it was 583.949 and 56.18 mg/ gm respectively. The polyphenolics content of MEO and MEB were found 15.6 and 63.3 mg/ gm (gallic acid equivalent).
- Ojo, Oluwafemi & Ojo, Adebola & Basiru, Ajiboye & Olaiya, Oluranti & Akawa, Ayodeji & Olaoye, Oyindamola & Omosola, Anifowose & Idowu, Olajumoke & Olasehinde, Oluwaseun & Obafemi, Olabisi & Joseph, Awe & Oyinloye, Babatunji. (2018). Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaf extract and their fractions on α- amylase, α- glucosidase, and cholinesterase enzyme. Pharmacognosy Journal. 10. 497- 506. 10. 5530/ pj. 2018. 3. 82. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaves are employed as food and as traditional medicines. This study investigates the antioxidant activity (reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging ability, and metal ion chelating), carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity, and inhibitory activity of the cholinergic enzyme of aqueous extract and fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n- butanol, residual aqueous fraction) of B. pinnatum leaves was investigated. Results showed that the aqueous extract of B. pinnatum exhibited DPPH radical scaven ging abilities, iron chelation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+). B. pinnatum aqueous extract also had considerably α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 149.20 ± 14.44 μg/ mL and 126.15 ± 9.76 μg/ mL respectively. Our findings indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction contained a considerably higher (p < 0.05) amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant, FRAP, metal ion, ABTS, and DPPH radical scavenging activity than other solvent fractions. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a significantly higher (p < 0.05) inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.90 ± 1.23 μg/ ml), α-amylase (IC50 = 62.45 ± 1.22 μg/ ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 66.75 μg/ mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 62.97 μg/ mL) activities than other fractions. Hence, B. pinnatum leaves were rich in biologically active components; thus, could be employed to formulate new plant-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical drugs to improve human health.
- Gupta, Suneel & Adak, Sunita & Rajak, Rajiv Chandra & Banerjee, Rintu. (2015). In-vitro efficacy of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extracts as potent therapeutics. Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology. 46. 10. 1080/ 10826068. 2015. 1084515. Leaf extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum (BPEs) are used in several countries. Contextual evaluation of the therapeutic potential of the same was carried out in the present study to explore antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase potential through different in-vitro methods. The radical scavenging properties of BPEs were studied using various techniques viz. based on DPPH dot blot TLC method; EPR spectroscopy; metal chelation; β- carotene bleaching; inhibition of DNA breakage on agarose gel and lipid peroxidation inhibition using liver and brain microsomes. EC50 values of the results reflected that aqueous-methanolic BPE was the most active one. The anti-browning potential of the fresh leaf extract showed antityrosinase properties with EC50 values of enzymatic assay of tyrosinase inhibitory activity further advocating the findings.
- Oluronke, Osunlana & Bello, Muibat & Jonathan, Johnson & B, Afolabi. (2018). Antioxidant, compositional evaluation, and blood pressure modulating potentials of Bryophyllum pinnatum (LAM.), Viscum album (L.), and Artocarpus altilis (PARKINSON) leave extracts. Potravinarstvo. 12. 10. 5219/ 912. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Viscum album (L.), and Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) are medicinal plants widely used based on their ethnomedicinal properties in the regulation of blood pressure. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activities and compositional constituents of these plants. The antioxidant potentials were analyzed using DPPH and FRAP assays, while the Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed in the determination of the total phenolic antioxidant contents. Compositional analyses of the leave extracts were determined using Gas Chromatograghy- Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The total phenolic contents in Bryophyllum pinnatum, Artocarpus altilis, and Viscum album were revealed as; 659.50 ± 0.02, 1667.50 ±0.03, 1232.00 ±0.02 mg GAE.100 g- 1 respectively. Considering the antioxidant activities, Artocarpus altilis leaf extract showed inhibitory activity on DPPH with IC50 of 2.24 ±0.26 mg. mL-1, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Viscum album with IC50 values 3.63 ±0.07 and 4.65 ±0.06 mg.mL-1respectively.The FRAP in mg.GAE-1 for Artocarpus altilis, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Viscum album revealed; 2505.20 ±0.04, 1561.80 ±0.01, and 1698.00 ±0.03 respectively. GC- MS identified some vital phenolic components and essential fatty acids in the plants. The findings therefore suggest that; the plants if properly utilized, it could serve as alternatives for regulating blood pressure.
- Aejazuddin, Dr. Quazi Majaz & Khurshid, Molvi & Nazim, Sayyed & Rahil, Khan & Siraj, Shikh. (2011). EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KALANCHOE PINNATA ROOTS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2. 1772- 1775. The plant Kalanchoe pinnata is widely used in the ayurvedic system of medicine as an astringent, analgesic, carminative, and also useful in diarrhea and vomiting. Naturalized throughout the hot and moist parts of India. In this first root is subjected to a pet. ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous solvent respectively for extraction. An evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by DPPH scavenging, Nitric oxide scavenging, and reducing power assay. Methanolic extract from the roots of K. pinnata was found to be most effective as an antioxidant as compared to others.
- Akacha, Linus & Dikko, Jatau & Khan, Muluh & Anyam, John & Igoli, John. (2016). Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Extracts. British Biotechnology Journal. 16. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ BBJ/ 2016/ 28905. The hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the wood and stem bark of Bryophyllum pinnatum were investigated for their phytochemical constituents and activity against selected microorganisms. Phytochemicals found present were reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols. The test microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum spp, and Trichophyton rubrum. The Ethyl acetate extracts were the most effective against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. Pneumonia (MIC 5.0 mg/mL) and S. dysenteriae, C. albicans, Microsporum spp, and T. rubrum (MIC 10 mg/ mL).
- Okwu, Donatus & U. Ph. D, Nnamdi. (2011). Two novel flavonoids from Bryophyllum pinnatum and their antimicrobial Activity. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 3. 1-10. Chemical investigation of the bioactive constituents from the leaf of a versatile Nigerian medicinal plant Bryophyllum pinnatum resulted in the isolation of two new novel flavonoids; 5 I Methyl 4 I, 5, 7 trihydroxyl flavone 1 and 4 I, 3, 5, 7 tetrahydroxy 5- methyl 5 I-propenamine anthocyanidines 2. The structure of these compounds was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy in combination with UV, IR, and MS spectra data. Antimicrobial studies showed that the isolated compounds successfully inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial observation of the above compounds could be responsible for the activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum and its use in herbal medicine in Nigeria.
- Ndendoung, Simplice & Tamokou, Jean De Dieu & Havyarimana, Léopold & Dezso, Csupor & Forgo, Peter & Hohmann, Judit & Kuiate, Jules- Roger & Tane, Pierre. (2012). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of kaempferol rhamnoside derivatives from Bryophyllum pinnatum. BMC research notes. 5. 158. 10. 1186/ 1756- 0500- 5- 158. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lank.) Oken (Crassulaceae) is a perennial succulent herb widely used in traditional medicine to treat many ailments. Its wide range of uses in folk medicine justifies its being called “life plant” or “resurrection plant”, prompting researchers’ interest. We describe here the isolation and structure elucidation of antimicrobial and/or antioxidant components from the EtOAc extract of B. pinnatum. The methanol extract displayed both antimicrobial activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 32 to 512 μg/ml and antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 52.48 μg/ ml. Its partition enhanced the antimicrobial activity in EtOAc extract (MIC = 16- 128 μg/ml) and reduced it in hexane extract (MIC = 256- 1024 μg/ ml). In addition, this process reduced the antioxidant activity in EtOAc and hexane extracts with IC50 values of 78.11 and 90.04 μg/ ml respectively. Fractionation of EtOAc extract gave seven kaempferol rhamnosides, including; kaempferitrin (1), kaempferol 3- O- α- L- (2- acetyl) rhamnopyranoside- 7- O- α- L-rhamno- pyranoside (2), kaempferol 3- O- α- L- (3- acetyl)rhamnopyranoside-7- O- α- L- rhamnopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3- O- α- L- (4-acetyl) rhamnopyranoside- 7- O- α- L- rhamnopyranoside (4), kaempferol 3- O- α-D- glucopyranoside-7- O- α- L- rhamnopyranoside (5), afzelin (6) and α-rhamnoisorobin (7). All these compounds, except 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 7 was the most active, with MIC values ranging from 1 to 2 μg/ ml and its antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.71 μg/ ml) was higher than that of the reference drug (IC50 = 0.96 μg/ ml). These findings demonstrate that Bryophyllum pinnatum and some of its isolated compounds have interesting antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, therefore confirming the traditional use of B. pinnatum in the treatment of infectious and free radical damages.
- Agarwal, Happy & Kumar, Venkat. (2019). Anti-inflammatory activity screening of Kalanchoe pinnata methanol extract and its validation using a computational simulation approach. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked. 14. 10. 1016/ j. imu. 2019. 01. 002. Anti-inflammatory activity possessing bio-compounds was identified from Kalanchoe pinnata methanolic leaf extract using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) analysis and their anti-inflammatory potential was checked using inhibition of albumin denaturation assay, anti-proteinase activity assay, and heat and hypotonicity induced hemolysis assay. GC- MS analysis revealed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acid in the crude. Antioxidant activity analysis using 2, 2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC- 50) value of methanol crude leaf extract as 100 μg/ mL. The biocompatibility of the methanol extract was determined using 3- (4, 5- Dimethylthiazol- 2- yl)- 2, 5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay.
- The anti-inflammatory property of identified bio-compounds was also validated using a computational approach. Drug likelihood properties of phyto-compounds were analyzed by predicting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADMET) score and the bioactivity score. Six chemical compounds with excellent drug-relevant properties and availability were selected for a molecular docking study versus a common inflammatory molecular target COX-2 protein. The present study showed that the anti-inflammatory properties of phyto-compounds from methanol crude leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata can be exploited for novel drug design to treat inflammatory disorders.
Recent Research on Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers. var. glandulosa (Hochst ex A. Rich.) Cufed. syn. K. glandulosa Hochst.
- Aejazuddin, Dr. Quazi Majaz & Khurshid, Molvi & Nazim, Sayyed & Rahil, Khan & Siraj, Shikh. (2011). EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KALANCHOE PINNATA ROOTS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2. 1772- 1775. The plant Kalanchoe pinnata is widely used in the ayurvedic system of medicine as an astringent, analgesic, carminative, and also useful in diarrhea and vomiting. Naturalized throughout the hot and moist parts of India. In this first roots are subjected to pet ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous solvent respectively for extraction. An evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by DPPH scavenging, Nitric oxide scavenging, and reducing power assay. Methanolic extract from the roots of K. pinnata was found to be the most effective antioxidant as compared to others.
- Akentieva, Natalia & Shushanov, Sain & Rasimovich, Artur & Tat’yana, R & Prikhodchenko, & Shkondina, Natalia & D’agaro, Edo. (2021). The Effect of Plant Extracts Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Aloe arborescens on the Metabolism of Human Multiple Myeloma Cells. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 11. 13171- 13186. 10. 33263/ BRIAC- 115. 1317113186. The effect of plant extracts Kalanchoe daigremontiana, and Aloe arborescens on human multiple myeloma cells’ viability was investigated. It was shown that plant extracts of kalanchoe and aloe reduced tumor cell viability by 13 and 46 %, respectively. The combination of plant extracts with doxorubicin showed an additive synergism of action, enhancing the antitumor effect. Treatment of multiple myeloma cells with plant extracts led to a decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione levels. The intracellular glutathione level decreased by 25 % under the action of kalanchoe extract and by 63 % under the action of aloe extract. Extracts from kalanchoe and aloe decreased mitochondrial membrane potential by 19 and 53 %, respectively. The results of the study showed that kalanchoe extract increased ATPase activity, but aloe extract did not affect the level of ATPase activity. The results showed that plant extracts of kalanchoe and aloe affect tumor cells’ metabolism and contribute to their death. It was concluded that herbal extracts Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Aloe arborescens have antitumor activity, and aloe extract is more effective than kalanchoe.
Rasa Panchaka of Parn Beeja
| Rasa (Taste) | Kashaya (Astringent), Amla (Sour) |
| Guna (Virtue) | Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) |
| Virya (Potency) | Sheeta (Cold Potency) |
| Vipaka (Post-Digestion) | Madhura (Sweet) |
Dosha Karma of Parna Beeja
Vata- Pitta- Shamaka.
Vata Shamaka due to Madhura Vipaka. Pitta Shamaka due to Sheeta Virya, Madhura Vipaka and Kashaya Rasa.
Karma (Actions) of Parna Beeja
Rakta skandana, Rakta Rodhaka, Rakta Stambhaka, Vrana Shodhana, Vrana Ropana, Rakta Pitta Shamaka, Mutrala.
Prayogarha Vyadhi (Therapeutic Indications) of Parna Beeja
Abhighata, rakta Strava, Abhighata, Kshata, Shothaja, Vranaja Strava, Rakta Arsha, rakta Parvahika, Mutra Kricha, Rakta Pradara.
Aamyik Paryog (Therapeutic Uses) of Parna Beeja
Sotha (Oedema)
- Leaves of Parna Beeja (Bryophyllum pinnatum) are crushed to prepare a paste and this paste is applied over the Sotha (Oedema). It reduces Sotha (Oedema).
- Leaves of Parna Beeja are roasted over the fire and then pounded to extract the juice. This juice, if applied also, is very useful in the case of Sotha (Oedema).
Raktarsas (Haemorrhoids): Paste prepared from leaves of Parna Beeja (Bryophyllum pinnatum) if applied over bleeding piles, it stops bleeding as it is very good Rakta Stambhaka.
Folklore Uses of Parna Beeja
Atisara (Dysentery): Patra Swarasa of Parna Beejawith Ghrita (Clarified Butter) is used to cure Atisara (Dysentery) in Konkan.
Apana Vayu Dushti (Flatulence): In Orissa, Parna Beeja is known as Basam Patri, and its Patra is used to cure Apana Vayu dushti (Flatulence).
Vrana (Burn Wound): In Kerala, it is famous locally with the name Thukotali, and its Patra is applied externally over the burn wound after crushing. In Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, its leaves are made warm and used externally over the wound.
Ashmari (Renal Stone): In Ashmari (renal stones), two teaspoons of Patra Swarasa of Parna beeja are given.
Kasa (Cough): The steamed leaf juice of Parna beeja along with Ghrita (Clarified butter) and Garlic (Rasona) is given in a cough in Chota Nagpur. Also, its leaves are used to treat sore eyes externally by treating them with Palm oil.
Benefits of Parna Beeja
- Parna Beeja is a diuretic herbal agent which has been considered and employed in certain regions as one of the plant sources for Pasanabheda (Bergenia ligulata Stapf.). Besides the diuretic, it is Rakta Stambhaka, or haemostatic and astringent drug which is specifically used as a wound healer drug.
- The paste of leaves of Parna Beeja is applied over incised wounds, bleeding lesions, bruises, cuts, ulcers, and traumatic swelling.
- Patra Swarasa (Leaves juice) is used in incised wounds (Ksataja Vrana).
- The application of leaves in the form of paste or juice (patrakalka or svarasa) acts as a hemostatic agent, coagulating the blood hemorrhage and it heals the wound gradually on account of its Rakta Stambhana, Vrana- Shdhana and Ropana action of plant drug.
- The leaves juice of Parna Beeja is internally given in blood dysentery (Sarakta Parvahika), bleeding piles or haemorrhoids (Rakta Arsha), and menometrorrhagia (Rakta Pradara- Asrigdara).
- The plants of some other species of Kalanchoe are used in the same way as Bryophyllum species or Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk.) Pers. syn. Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb, principal source plant for Parnabija.
- For instance, Kalanchoe integra (Medic) Kuntze. (syn. Kalanchoe spathulata Dc., K. brasiliensis Cambess) is medicinally in the same manner as Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamk.) Pers. The leaves of Parna Beeja are ground for obtaining juice (of a bitter variety) that is antiperiodic, tonic, and purgative. Leaves are reported to possess insecticidal properties, they are burnt and applied to abscesses.
- Similarly, Kalanchoe laciniata (Linn.) Dc. is also used medicinally. The leaves are considered styptic, astringent, and antiseptic. Roasted or crushed leaves of Parna Beeja are applied as a poultice to wounds, cuts, abrasions, ulcers, bites of venomous insects, gnats, etc.
- Internally the leaf juice is given in diarrhea, dysentery, lithiasis and phthisis.
- The leaves of Parna Beeja are also reported to be useful in coughing and colds while applying as a poultice.
- Leaves of Parna Beeja are used in lotions for smallpox.
Matra (Therapeutic Administration and Dosage) of Parna Beeja
- Patra Swarasa (Leaves Juice) – 10- 20 ml
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Classical Reference of Parna Beeja
Dravya Guna Vigyana, Part- II, 788
पर्ण बीजंकषाय अम्लम मधुरं शीतमेव च |
वात पित्त हरम रक्त स्तम्भनं वर्ण रोपणम |
आपित रक्त कुसुमा पर्ण बीज अस्थिभक्षका |
पत्र बीजं चतुष्कोण उक्तं च सा सुमना |
मधुरा अम्ल पर्ण बीजा लघु: सनिग्धच शीतला |
ग्राही तुवरा वर्ण्यापिच्छिल शुद्धिकृत ||
प्रवाहिका रुक रक्त पित्त अतिसार नाशिनी |
त्व्चया वात रक्ते अपि अभिघात समुध्भवे ||
As various authors consider Parna Beeja as Pashana Bheda so in all the references where Pashana Bheda is mentioned, Parna Beeja is taken by some authors and Vaidyas.
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Haritkyadi Varga. 184
Synonyms
पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नो गिरिभिद्भिन्नयोजिनी |
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu Vatadi Varga- 184, 185
Properties and actions
अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः कषायो बस्तिशोधनः |
भेदनो हन्ति दोषार्शोगुल्मकृच्छ्राश्महृद्रुजः |
योनिरोगान्प्रमेहांश्च प्लीहशूलव्रणानि च ||
Dhanwantri Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, 154
पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नः शिलाभेदोऽश्मभेदकः |
स चैवोपलभेदश्च नगभिद्दृषदश्मजित् ||
पाषाणभेदकः शूलकृच्छ्रमेहत्रिदोषजित् |
अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः शर्कराशिश्नशूलजित् ||
अश्मभेदो दृषद्भेदः प्रस्तरो नगभेदकः ||
Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1145- 1146
पाषाणभेदो नगदिदश्महोश्मरिभेदनः |
अश्मभेदो हिमस्तिक्तः कषायो वस्तिशोधनः ||
भेदनो हन्ति दोषार्शोगुल्मकृच्छ्राश्महृद्रुजः |
योनिरोगप्रमेहांश्च प्लीहशूलव्रणानपि ||
Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1099- 1101
Vata Patri
खट्वङ्गनामिका गोध्यवति श्यामा तु मोहनी |
वटपत्री रैवतिका तुतः कैरान्तकोमतः ||
वटपत्री कषायोष्णा योनिमूत्रगदापहा |
Kaiydeva Nighantu Aushadhi Varga- 1099- 1101
Vata Patri Phalam
तत्फलं मधुरं रूक्षं कषायं स्तम्भनं हिमम् ||
Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 39- 40
पाषाणभेदकोऽश्मघ्नः शिलाभेदोऽश्मभेदकः |
स चैवोपलभेदश्च नगभिढ्दृषदश्मजित् |
श्वेता चोपलभेदी च नगजिच्छिलिगर्भजा ||
पाषाणभेदो मधुरस्तिक्तो मेहविनाशनः |
तृड्दाहमूत्रकृच्छ्रघ्नः शीतलश्चाश्मरीहरः ||
Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 41- 42
Vat Patri
अन्या तु वटपत्री स्यादन्या चैरावती च सा |
गोधावतीरावती च श्यामा खट्वाङ्गनामिका ||
वटपत्री हिमा गौल्या मेहकृच्छ्रविनाशिनी |
बलदा व्रणहन्त्री च किञ्चिद्दीपनकारिणी ||
Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 43- 44
Shweta shila
अन्या श्वेता शिलावल्का शिलाजा शैलवल्कला |
वल्कला शैलगर्भाह्वा शिलात्वक् सप्तनामिका ||
शिलावल्कं हिमं स्वादु मेहकृच्छ्रविनाशनम् |
मूत्ररोधाश्मरीशूलक्षयपित्तापहारकम् ||
Raja Nighantu Parpatadi Varga, 45- 46
Khudra Pashan Bheda
क्षुद्रपाषाणभेदान्या चतुष्पत्री च पार्वती |
नागभूरश्मकेतुश्च गिरिभूः कन्दरोद्भवा ||
शैलोद्भवा च गिरिजा नगजा च दशाह्वया |
क्षुद्रपाषाणभेदा तु व्रणकृच्छ्राश्मरीहरा ||
Priya Nighantu, Shatpushpadi Varga, 85- 86
उद्भिन अस्ति शिला खंड वर्धतेप्रस्तर अपि | अश्मरीम च भींत्याशु तत: पाषाण भेदक:||
पाषाणभेद इति लोकप्रसिद्धा नाम्ना ख्यातो भवेद चिर लोहित मूल दंड: | शीतो हिमाचल तलस्थ प्रदेश जात: बस्तय अश्मरी हनन कर्म करो अद्वित्य: ||
Bhava Parkasha, Mutra Ghata Adhikara, 36- 40
मूत्र कृच्छादि रोग शिला उद्भिदादि तैलं
तैलं शृतं क्षीरं अत्था अनुपानं कालेषुकृच्छादिषु सम्प्रयोज्यं |
Bhava Parkasha, Ashmari Roga Adhikara, 37/ 16- 18, Chakra Dutta. 34/ 8- 10
वात जन्य अश्मरी रोग पाषाण भेद आद्यं घृतम
Chakra Dutta, Ashmari Chikitsa, 34/ 36- 37
पाषाण भेदा आद्यं चूर्णमघृतञ्च |
Chakra Dutta, 38- 7/ 9
अश्मरी, मूत्रघाते, मूत्रकृच्छच
नलाशम भेदक दर्भे खुटरपुसे एरवारु बीजकम |
क्षीरं परिश्रितान तत्र पिबेत सर्पि: समायुतां ||
पाषाण भेदा आद्यं घृतम |
Chakra Dutta, 34- 35/ 36
पाषाण भेदा आद्यं चूर्णमघृतञ्च |
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. 4/ 35
वृक्षादनी श्वदंष्ट्रा वसुक वशिर पाषाणभेद दर्भ कुश काश गुन्द्रेत्कट मूलानीति दशेमानि मूत्र विरेचनीयानि भवन्ति, इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः||
Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 26/ 60
Ashmri Chikitsa
क्रिया हिता साऽश्मरिशर्कराभ्यां कृच्छ्रे यथैवेह कफानिलाभ्याम्|
कार्याऽश्मरीभेदनपातनाय विशेषयुक्तं शृणु कर्म सिद्धम्||
पाषाणभेदं वृषकं श्वदंष्ट्रापाठाभयाव्योषशटीनिकुम्भाः|
हिंस्राखराश्वाशितिवारकाणामेर्वारुकाणां त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||
उत्कुञ्चिका हिङ्गु सवेतसाम्लं स्याद्द्वे बृहत्यौ हपुषा वचा च|
चूर्णं पिबेदश्मरिभेदपक्वं सर्पिश्च गोमूत्रचतुर्गुणं तैः||
मूलं श्वदंष्ट्रेक्षुरकोरुबूकात् क्षीरेण पिष्टं बृहतीद्वयाच्च|
आलोड्य दध्ना मधुरेण पेयं दिनानि सप्ताश्मरिभेदनाय||
क्षीराम्बुमद्येक्षुरसैः सुपिष्टं पेयं भवेदश्मरिशर्करासु||
त्रुटिं सुराह्वं [२] लवणानि पञ्च यवाग्रजं कुन्दुरुकाश्मभेदौ|
कम्पिल्लकं गोक्षुरकस्य बीजमेर्वारुबीजं त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||
चूर्णीकृतं चित्रकहिङ्गुमासीयवानितुल्यं त्रिफलाद्विभागम्|
अम्लैरशुक्तै रसमद्ययुषैः पेयं हि गुल्माश्मरिभेदनार्थम्||
बिल्वप्रमाणो घृततैलभृष्टो यूषः कृतः शिग्रुकमूलकल्कात्|
शीतोऽश्मभित् स्याद्दधिमण्डयुक्तः पेयः प्रकामं लवणेन युक्तः||
जलेन शोभाञ्जनमूलकल्कः शीतो हितश्चाश्मरिशर्करासु|
सितोपला वा समयावशूका कृच्छ्रेषु सर्वेष्वपि भेषजं स्यात्||
पीत्वाऽथ मद्यं निगदं रथेन हयेन वा शीघ्रजवेन यायात्|
तैः शर्करा प्रच्यवतेऽश्मरी तु शम्येन्न चेच्छल्यविदुद्धरेत्ताम्||
रेतोभिघातप्रभवे तु कृच्छ्रे समीक्ष्य दोषं प्रतिकर्म कुर्यात्|
कार्पासमूलं वृषकाश्मभेदौ बला स्थिरादीनि गवेधुका च||
तत्क्वाथसिद्धः पवने रसः स्यात् पित्तेऽधिके क्षीरमथापि सर्पिः||
कफे च यूषादिकमन्नपानं संसर्गजे सर्वहितः क्रमः स्यात्|
एवं न चेच्छाम्यति तस्य युञ्ज्यात् सुरां पुराणां मधुकासवं वा||
विहङ्गमांसानि च बृंहणाय बस्तींश्च शुक्राशयशोधनार्थम्|
शुद्धस्य तृप्तस्य च वृष्ययोगैः प्रियानुकूलाः प्रमदा विधेयाः||
Charaka Samhita Sutra Sthana. 23/ 14
Ashmbheda as Santarpana- Aptarpana Chikitsa
क्रिया हिता साऽश्मरिशर्कराभ्यां कृच्छ्रे यथैवेह कफानिलाभ्याम्|
कार्याऽश्मरीभेदनपातनाय विशेषयुक्तं शृणु कर्म सिद्धम्||
पाषाणभेदं वृषकं श्वदंष्ट्रापाठाभयाव्योषशटीनिकुम्भाः|
हिंस्राखराश्वाशितिवारकाणामेर्वारुकाणां त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||
उत्कुञ्चिका हिङ्गु सवेतसाम्लं स्याद्द्वे बृहत्यौ हपुषा वचा च|
चूर्णं पिबेदश्मरिभेदपक्वं सर्पिश्च गोमूत्रचतुर्गुणं तैः||
मूलं श्वदंष्ट्रेक्षुरकोरुबूकात् क्षीरेण पिष्टं बृहतीद्वयाच्च|
आलोड्य दध्ना मधुरेण पेयं दिनानि सप्ताश्मरिभेदनाय||
क्षीराम्बुमद्येक्षुरसैः सुपिष्टं पेयं भवेदश्मरिशर्करासु||
त्रुटिं सुराह्वं [२] लवणानि पञ्च यवाग्रजं कुन्दुरुकाश्मभेदौ|
कम्पिल्लकं गोक्षुरकस्य बीजमेर्वारुबीजं त्रपुषस्य बीजम्||
चूर्णीकृतं चित्रकहिङ्गुमासीयवानितुल्यं त्रिफलाद्विभागम्|
अम्लैरशुक्तै रसमद्ययुषैः पेयं हि गुल्माश्मरिभेदनार्थम्||
बिल्वप्रमाणो घृततैलभृष्टो यूषः कृतः शिग्रुकमूलकल्कात्|
शीतोऽश्मभित् स्याद्दधिमण्डयुक्तः पेयः प्रकामं लवणेन युक्तः||
जलेन शोभाञ्जनमूलकल्कः शीतो हितश्चाश्मरिशर्करासु|
सितोपला वा समयावशूका कृच्छ्रेषु सर्वेष्वपि भेषजं स्यात्||
पीत्वाऽथ मद्यं निगदं रथेन हयेन वा शीघ्रजवेन यायात्|
तैः शर्करा प्रच्यवतेऽश्मरी तु शम्येन्न चेच्छल्यविदुद्धरेत्ताम्||
रेतोभिघातप्रभवे तु कृच्छ्रे समीक्ष्य दोषं प्रतिकर्म कुर्यात्|
कार्पासमूलं वृषकाश्मभेदौ बला स्थिरादीनि गवेधुका च||
तत्क्वाथसिद्धः पवने रसः स्यात् पित्तेऽधिके क्षीरमथापि सर्पिः||
कफे च यूषादिकमन्नपानं संसर्गजे सर्वहितः क्रमः स्यात्|
एवं न चेच्छाम्यति तस्य युञ्ज्यात् सुरां पुराणां मधुकासवं वा||
विहङ्गमांसानि च बृंहणाय बस्तींश्च शुक्राशयशोधनार्थम्|
शुद्धस्य तृप्तस्य च वृष्ययोगैः प्रियानुकूलाः प्रमदा विधेयाः||
Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 26/ 45
अभ्यञ्जनस्नेहनिरूहबस्तिस्नेहोपनाहोत्तरबस्तिसेकान्|
स्थिरादिभिर्वातहरैश्च सिद्धान् दद्याद्रसांश्चानिलमूत्रकृच्छ्रे||
द्विपञ्चमूलेन कुलत्थकोलयवैश्च तोयोत्क्वथिते कषाये||
तैलं वराहर्क्षवसा घृतं च तैरेव कल्कैर्लवणैश्च साध्यम्|
तन्मात्रयाऽऽशु प्रतिहन्ति पीतं शूलान्वितं मारुतमूत्रकृच्छ्रम्||
एतानि चान्यानि वरौषधानि पिष्टानि शस्तान्यपि चोपनाहे|
Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Samhita. 29/ 72
As Ashmbhedaka
द्राक्षामधुकतोयाभ्यां सिद्धं वा ससितोपलम्|
पिबेद्धृतं तथा क्षीरं गुडूचीस्वरसे शृतम्||
जीवकर्षभकौ मेदामृष्यप्रोक्तां शतावरीम्|
मधुकं मधुपर्णीं च काकोलीद्वयमेव च||
बलामृताविदारीश्च साश्वगन्धाश्मभेदकाः||
एषां कषायकल्काभ्यां सर्पिस्तैलं च साधयेत्|
लाभतश्च वसामज्जधान्वप्रातुदवैष्किरम्||
चतुर्गुणेन पयसा तत् सिद्धं वातशोणितम्|
सर्वदेहाश्रितं हन्ति व्याधीन् घोरांश्च वातजान्||
Charaka Samhita Siddhi Sthana. 3/ 63
द्विपञ्चमूलं च पलांशिकानि क्षुण्णानि धौतानि फलानि चाष्टौ||
बिल्वं यवान् कोलकुलत्थधान्यफलानि चैव प्रसृतोन्मितानि|
पयोजलद्व्याढकवच्छृतं तत् क्षीरावशेषं सितवस्त्रपूतम्||
वचाशताह्वामरदारुकुष्ठयष्ट्याह्वसिद्धार्थकपिप्पलीनाम् |
कल्कैर्यवान्या मदनैश्च युक्तं नात्युष्णशीतं गुडसैन्धवाक्तम्||
क्षौद्रस्य तैलस्य च सर्पिषश्च तथैव युक्तं प्रसृतैस्त्रिभिश्च |
दद्यान्निरूहं विधिना विविज्ञः स सर्वसंसर्गकृतामयघ्नः||
Charaka Samhita Siddhi Sthana. 8/ 12
श्वदंष्ट्राश्मभिदेरण्डरसात्तैलात् सुरासवात्|
प्रसृताः पञ्च यष्ट्याह्वकौन्तीमागधिकासिताः||
कल्कःस्यान्मूत्रकृच्छ्रे तु सानाहे बस्तिरुत्तमः|
Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 42/ 18
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 5
पाषाणभेदो वसुको वशिराश्मन्तकौ तथा |
शतावरी श्वदंष्ट्रा च बृहती कण्टकारिका ||
कपोतवङ्काऽऽर्तगलः कच्चकोशीरकुब्जकाः |
वृक्षादनी भल्लुकश्च वरुणः शाकजं फलम् ||
यवाः कुलत्थाः कोलानि कतकस्य फलानि च |
ऊषकादिप्रतीवापमेषां क्वाथैर्घृतं कृतम् ||
भिनत्ति वातसम्भूतामश्मरीं क्षिप्रमेव तु |
Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 38/ 9
वीरतरुसहचरद्वयदर्भवृक्षादनीगुन्द्रानलकुशकाशाश्मभेदकाग्निमन्थमोरटावसुकवसिरभल्लूककुरण्टिकेन्दीवरकपोतवङ्काः श्वदंष्ट्रा चेति || वीरतर्वादिरित्येष गणो वातविकारनुत्| अश्मरीशर्करामूत्रकृच्छ्राघातरुजापहः ||
Sushruta Samhita Sutra Sthana. 39/ 6
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 7/ 9
कुशः काशः सरो गुन्द्रा इत्कटो मोरटोऽश्मभित् ||
वरी विदारी वाराही शालिमूलत्रिकण्टकम् |
भल्लूकः पाटला पाठा पत्तूरोऽथ कुरुण्टिका ||
घृतं शिलाजमधुकबीजैरिन्दीवरस्य च ||
त्रपुसैर्वारुकादीनां बीजैश्चावापितं शुभम् |
भिनत्ति पित्तसम्भूतामश्मरीं क्षिप्रमेव तु ||
क्षारान् यवागूर्यूषांश्च कषायाणि पयांसि च |
भोजनानि च कुर्वीत वर्गेऽस्मिन् पित्तनाशने ||
Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana. 38/ 64
वृषाश्मभेदवर्षाभूधान्यगन्धर्वहस्तकैः |
दशमूलबलामूर्वायवकोलनिशाच्छदैः ||
कुलत्थबिल्वभूनिम्बैः क्वथितैः पलसम्मितैः |
कल्कैर्मदनयष्ट्याह्वषड्ग्रन्थामरसर्षपैः ||
पिप्पलीमूलसिन्धूत्थयवानीमिसिवत्सकैः |
क्षौद्रेक्षुक्षीरगोमूत्रसर्पिस्तैलरसाप्लुतैः ||
तूर्णमास्थापनं कार्यं संसृष्टबहुरोगिणाम् |
गृध्रसीशर्कराष्ठीलातूनीगुल्मगदापहम् ||
Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 58/ 47
नलाश्मभेददर्भेक्षुत्रपुसैर्वारुबीजकान् |
क्षीरे परिशृतान् तत्र पिबेत् सर्पिःसमायुतान् ||
Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 59/ 17
श्वदंष्ट्राश्मभिदौ कुम्भीं हपुषां कण्टकारिकाम् |
बलां शतावरीं रास्नां वरुणं गिरिकर्णिकाम् ||
तथा विदारिगन्धादिं संहृत्य त्रैवृतं पचेत् |
तैलं घृतं वा तत् पेयं तेन वाऽप्यनुवासनम् ||
दद्यादुत्तरबस्तिं च वातकृच्छ्रोपशान्तये |
Sushruta Samhita Uttara Tantra. 10/ 9
गुन्द्रां शालिं शैवलं शैलभेदं दार्वीमेलामुत्पलं रोध्रमभ्रम् |
पद्मात्पत्रं शर्करा दर्भमिक्षुं तालं रोध्रं वेतसं पद्मकं च ||
द्राक्षां क्षौद्रं चन्दनं यष्टिकाह्वं योषित्क्षीरं रात्र्यनन्ते च पिष्ट्वा |
सर्पिःसिद्धं तर्पणे सेकनस्ये शस्तं क्षीरं सिद्धमेतेषु चाजम् ||
योज्यो वर्गो व्यस्त एषोऽन्यथा वा सम्यङ्नस्येऽष्टार्धसङ्ख्येऽपि नित्यम् |
Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 18
पाषाणभेदो वसुको वशिरोऽश्मन्तको वरी|
कपोतवङ्कातिबलाभल्लूकोशीरकच्छकम्||
वृक्षादनी शाकफलं व्याघ्र्यौ गुण्ठस्त्रिकण्टकः|
यवाः कुलात्थाः कोलानि वरुणः कतकात्फलम्||
ऊषकादिप्रतीवापमेषां क्वाथे शृतं घृतम्|
भिनत्ति वातसम्भूतां तत्पीतं शीघ्रमश्मरीम्||
Ashtanga Hridya SutraSthana. 15/ 24
वेल्लन्तरारणिकबूकवृषाश्मभेद गोकण्टकेत्कट सहाचर बाणकाशाः| वृक्षादनी नल कुश द्वय गुण्ठ गुन्द्रा भल्लूक मोरट कुरण्ट करम्भपार्थाः|| वर्गो वीरतराद्योऽयं हन्ति वातकृतान् गदान्| अश्मरीशर्करामूत्रकृच्छ्राघातरुजाहरः||
Ashtanga Hridya Sharira Sthana. 1/ 14
साम्प्रतं ग्रन्थिसंज्ञे रेतस्युपक्रमं ब्रूते पलाशभस्माश्मभिदा ग्रन्थ्याभे |
पलाशस्य भस्म पलाशभस्म| अश्मभित्– पाषाणभेदः| पलाशभस्म चाश्मभिच्च, तेन विपक्वं घृतं ग्रन्थ्याभे–ग्रन्थिनाम्नि रेतसि, पाययेत्|
Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 8/ 146
पचेत्तुलां पूतिकरञ्जवल्काद् द्वे मूलतश्चित्रककण्टकार्योः|
पलिकं च सूचिर्णितं त्रिजात त्रिकटुग्रन्थिकदाडिमाश्मभेदम्|
पुरपुष्करमूलधान्यचव्यं हपुषामाऱ्द्रकमम्लवेतसं च||
शीतीभुतं क्षौद्रविंशत्युपेत– मार्द्रद्राक्षाबीजपूराद्रकैश्च|
युक्तं कामं गण्डिकाभिस्तथेक्षोः सर्पिःपात्रे मासमात्रेण जातम्||
चुक्रं क्रकचमिवेदं दुर्दाम्नां वह्निदीपनं परमम्|
पाण्डुगरोदरगुल्मप्लीहानाहाश्मकृच्छ्रघ्नम्||
Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 22
कुशः काशः शरो गुण्ठ इत्कटो मोरटोऽश्मभित्|
दर्भो विदारी वाराही शालिमूलं त्रिकण्टकः||
भल्लूकः पाटली पाठा पत्तूरः सकुरण्टकः|
पिष्टेन त्रपुसादीनां बीजेनेन्दीवरेण च|
मधुकेन शिलाजेन तत्पित्ताश्मरिभेदनम्||
Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 14/ 19
पौष्करैरण्डरास्नाश्वगन्धाभार्ग्यमृताशठीः|
पचेद्गन्धपलाशं च द्रोणेऽपां द्विपलोन्मितम्||
यवैः कोलैः कुलत्थैश्च माषैश्च प्रास्थिकैः सह|
क्वाथेऽस्मिन्दधिपात्रे च घृतप्रस्थं विपाचयेत्||
स्वरसैर्दाडिमाम्रातमातुलुङ्गोद्भवैर्युतम्|
तथा तुषाम्बुधान्याम्लशुक्तैः श्लक्ष्णैश्च कल्कितैः||
भार्गीतुम्बुरुषड्ग्रन्थाग्रन्थिरास्नाग्निधान्यकैः|
यवानकयवान्यम्लवेतसासितजीरकैः||
अजाजीहिङ्गुहपुषाकारवीवृषकोषकैः|
निकुम्भकुम्भमूर्वेभपिप्पलीवेल्लदाडिमैः||
श्वदंष्ट्रात्रपुसैर्वारुबीजहिंस्राश्मभेदकैः|
मिसिद्विक्षारसुरससारिवानीलिनीफलैः||
त्रिकटुत्रिपटूपेतैर्दाधिकं तह्यपोहति|
रोगानाशुतरान् पूर्वान् कष्टानपि च शीलितम्||
अपस्मारगदोन्मादमूत्राघातानिलामयान्|
Ashtanga Hridya Chikitsa Sthana. 11/ 2
Upal Bhedaka
कुलत्थकोलपत्तूरवृश्चीवोपलभेदकैः||
तैलसर्पिर्वराहर्क्षवसाः क्वथितकल्कितैः|
सपञ्चलवणाः सिद्धाः पीताः शूलहराः परम्||
Specific Formulation of Parna Beeja
- Prosta Support tablets for Mutra Kricha (Dysuria), BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy), and UTI (Urinary tract infection).
- Uro stone tablet for Ashmari (renal stone)
- Euphor tablets for Arsha (piles)
Contraindication and Side Effects of Parna Beeja
- Parna Beeja may result in heartburn, nausea, diarrhea with sour belching, and stomach pain in a few people.
- Consult the doctor before using the Parna Beeja.
- Avoid overeating rice during the use of Parna Beeja.
Suggestive Reading Regarding Bryophyllum pinnatum
- Pandhare, R.B. & Shende, R.R. & Avhad, M.S. & Deshmukh, V.K. & Mohite, P.B. & Sangameswaran, B. & Daude, R. B. (2021). Anti-urolithiatic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam. hydroalcoholic extract in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 11. 10. 1016/ j. jtcme. 2021. 06. 002.
- Okpoho, Jacinta & Lucky, Evbuomwan & Ebiala, Fortune. (2018). Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts. 1- 8. 10. 9734/ AJI/ 2018/ v1i130092.
- Lahon, L & Kanti Pal, Saumen. (2020). Effect of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in adult male albino rats. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 782- 786.
- Shukla, Apexa & Mandavia, Divyesh & Barvaliya, Manish & Baxi, Seema & Tripathi, Chandrabhanu. (2014). Evaluation of anti- urolithiatic effect of aqueous extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) leaves using ethylene glycol-induced renal calculi. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 4. 151- 9.
- Nagarajan, Yogananth & Boopathi, Rajesh & Ali, M. & Yahoob, Mohamed & Venkatraman, Anuradha. (2019). In Vitro Evaluation of Anti Urolithiatic Activity of Bryophyllum Pinnatum Lam.
- Mohan, Pritom & Nagar, R & Kanti Pal, Saumen & Lahon, L. (2020). The analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and local anesthetic activity of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 8. 7- 11.
- Dhurairaj, Satheesh & M, Andrew & Megharethnam, Kaviraj. (2022). In-vitro investigation on antiurolithiatic activity and phytochemical examination of Aerva lanata and Bryophyllum pinnatum: A comparative study. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 10. 1016/ j. jics. 2022. 100487.
- Ojewole, John. (2005). Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae) leaf aqueous extract. Journal of ethno- pharmacology. 99. 13- 9. 10. 1016/ j. jep. 2005. 01. 025.
- Chibli, Lucas & Rodrigues, Kiaro & Pinto, Nícolas & Fabri, Rodrigo & Ribeiro, Antonia & FONTES, E. & VIEIRA, G. & Alves, Maria & Sousa, Orlando. (2014). Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae).
- Onwubuya, Emmanuel & Ogbunugafor, Henrietta & Okafor, Chike & Oladejo, Afees Adebayo. (2021). Acute and Chronic Anti-inflammatory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract on Wistar Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6- 14. 10. 9734/ ejmp/ 2021/ v32i630395.
- Afzal, Muhammad & Gupta, Gaurav & Rahman, Mahfoozur & Afzal, Obaid & Alam, Md & Imam, Faisal & Kazmi, Imran & Anwar, Firoz. (2012). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of a novel steroidal derivative from Bryophyllum pinnatum. Fitoterapia.
Suggestive Reading Regarding Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forsk.) Pers. var. glandulosa (Hochst ex A. Rich.) Cufed. syn. K. glandulosa Hochst.
- Aejazuddin, Dr. Quazi Majaz & Khurshid, Molvi & Nazim, Sayyed & Rahil, Khan & Siraj, Shikh. (2011). EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KALANCHOE PINNATA ROOTS. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2. 1772- 1775.
- Akentieva, Natalia & Shushanov, Sain & Rasimovich, Artur & Tatyana, R & Prikhodchenko, & Shkondina, Natalia & D’agaro, Edo. (2021). The Effect of Plant Extracts Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Aloe arborescens on the Metabolism of Human Multiple Myeloma Cells. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 11. 13171- 13186. 10. 33263/ BRIAC115. 1317113186.
- Sarkar, Ratul & Kumar, Alekh & Divya, Larikyengbam & Samanta, Samir & Adhikari, Dipan & Karmakar, Sanmoy & Sen, Tuhinadri. (2016). Antioxidant Properties of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana – A Focus on Erythrocyte Membrane Stability and Cytoprotection. Current Traditional Medicine. 03. 1- 1. 10. 2174/ 22150- 83803666161226162409.
- Sitarek P, Merecz-Sadowska A, Kowalczyk T, Wieczfinska J, Zajdel R, Sliwinski T. Potential Synergistic Action of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts against Skin Infecting Microorganisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jul 19 ;21 (14): 5105. doi: 10. 3390/ ijms- 21145105. PMID: 32707732; PMCID: PMC- 7403983.
- Nascimento LBDS, Casanova LM, Costa SS. Bioactive Compounds from Kalanchoe Genus Potentially Useful for the Development of New Drugs. Life (Basel). 2023 Feb 26; 13 (3): 646. doi: 10. 3390/ life13030646. PMID: 36983802; PMCID: PMC 10058616.
- Mejia-Mendez JL, Bach H, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Navarro-Lopez DE, Lopez-Mena ER, Hernandez LR, Sanchez-Arreola E. Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2023 May 10; 12 (10): 1943. doi: 10. 3390/ plants- 12101943. PMCID: PMC- 10223013.
- Costa, Sonia & Muzitano, Michelle & Camargo, Luiza & Coutinho, Marcela. (2008). Therapeutic Potential of Kalanchoe Species: Flavonoids and Other Secondary Metabolites. Natural Product Communications. 3. 2151- 2164. 10. 1177/ 1934578- X- 0800301236.
- Masvingwe, C & Mavenyengwa, M. (1997). Kalanchoe lanceolata poisoning in Brahman cattle in Zimbabwe. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. 68. 18- 20. 10. 4102/ jsava. v68i1. 860.
- Stefanowicz- Hajduk J, Hering A, Gucwa M, Halasa R, Soluch A, Kowalczyk M, Stochmal A, Ochocka R. Biological activities of leaf extracts from selected Kalanchoe species and their relationship with bufadienolides content. Pharm Biol. 2020 Dec; 58 (1): 732- 740. doi: 10.1080/ 13880209. 2020. 1795208. PMID: 32715869; PMCID: PMC7470146.
- Latif, Abida & Ashiq, Kanwal & Qayyum, Mehwish & Ashiq, Sana & Ali, Ejaz & Anwer, I. (2019). PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE MEDICINAL HERB: BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 29. 1528- 1534.
- Guzzi, Silvane & Webler, Emanuelle & Alexandra, Jennifer & Vieira, Castanho & Miranda, Eduardo & Gasparotto Junior, Arquimedes & Menin, Alvaro & Steindel, Mario & Lara, Euclides & Lara Cardozo Junior, Euclides. (2013). Development and stability study of Kalanchoe crenata semi-solid formulation and its positive effect on the inflammatory response induced by Leishmania braziliensis in mice. Revista Brasileira de Farmacia. 95. 748 – 769.
- Mayorga OAS, da Costa YFG, da Silva JB, Scio E, Ferreira ALP, de Sousa OV, Alves MS. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess., a Promising Natural Source of Antioxidant and Antibiotic Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens for the Treatment of Salmonella Gastroenteritis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Nov 11; 2019: 9245951. doi: 10. 1155/ 2019/ 9245951. PMID: 31827708; PMCID: PMC 6885303.
- Smith, Geof. (2004). Kalanchoe species poisoning. Veterinary medicine. 99. 933- 936.
- Arogundade, Bunmi & Olutayo, Tolulope. (2023). pollen- morphology- of-some- species- of- genera- kalanchoe- and- bryophyllum- in- the- subfamily-kalanchoideae- in- south- western- Nigeria.
- Kahraman, Mehmet & Mendi, Yesim & Karabıyık, Şenay & Lutken, Henrik & Trevenzoli Favero, Bruno. (2022). Kalanchoe Breeding: Past, Present, and Future. Ornamental Horticulture. 28. 19- 35. 10. 1590/ 2447-536x. v28i1. 2403.
- Olutayo, Tolulope & Arogundade, Bunmi. (2023). Flower morphology of selected species of genera Kalanchoe and Bryophyllum in Nigeria. Academia Biology. 10. 20935/ AcadBio- l6034.
- Kolodziejczyk- Czepas J, Stochmal A. Bufadienolides of Kalanchoe species: an overview of chemical structure, biological activity and prospects for pharmacological use. Phytochem Rev. 2017; 16 (6): 1155- 1171. doi: 10. 1007/ s11101- 017- 9525- 1. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 29200987; PMCID: PMC- 5696496.
- Nascimento, Luana Beatriz & Casanova, Livia & Costa, Sonia. (2023). Bioactive Compounds from Kalanchoe Genus Potentially Useful for the Development of New Drugs. Life. 13. 646. 10. 3390/ life- 13030646.
- Zakharchenko NS, Belous AS, Biryukova YK, Medvedeva OA, Belyakova AV, Masgutova GA, Trubnikova EV, Buryanov YI, Lebedeva AA. Immunomodulating and Revascularizing Activity of Kalanchoe pinnata Synergize with Fungicide Activity of Biogenic Peptide Cecropin P1. J Immunol Res. 2017; 2017: 3940743. doi: 10. 1155/ 2017/ 3940743. Epub 2017 Jun 11. PMID: 28695135; PMCID: PMC- 5485323.
References
- Dravya Guna Vigyana, Part II, 788.
- Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala. In: Charaka Samhita, ed. Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya., editor. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2009.
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