Jadeite Stone (Nephrite Jade – Vyomashma)
Know the Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits of Jadeite Stone, which is also known as Nephrite Jade, Vyomashma Gemstone, etc.
BOOK AN APPOINTMENTOn This Page
-
99
ShareJadeite Stone (Nephrite Jade – Vyomashma) – The Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits
Introduction
Jade is an ornamental stone. It is a very hard stone that comes from India through Ladakh and Kashmir. It is yellowish-gray, green or greenish or greenish white. The yellowish green and hard variety is considered best. It is used to make mortars which are considered good for making Pishti of gems. The term jade is applied to two different metamorphic rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals:
Nephrite: It consists of a microcrystalline interlocking fibrous matrix of the calcium, magnesium-iron-rich amphibole mineral series tremolite (calcium-magnesium) ferro actinolite (calcium-magnesium-iron). The higher the iron content the greener the color.
Jadeite: It is a sodium- and aluminum-rich pyroxene. The gem form of the mineral is a microcrystalline interlocking crystal matrix.
Nephrite and jadeite:
Nephrite and jadeite were used from prehistoric periods for hard stone carving. Jadeite has about the same hardness as quartz, while nephrite is somewhat softer. It was not until the 19th century that a French mineralogist determined that jade was two different materials. As metal-working technologies became available, the beauty of jade made it valuable for ornaments and decorative objects. Jadeite possesses a hardness of 6.0 and 7.0 and Nephrite between 6.0 and 6.5. Among the earliest known jade artifacts excavated from prehistoric sites are simple ornaments with beads, buttons, and tubular shapes. Additionally, jade was used for adze heads, knives, and other weapons, which can be delicately shaped. It is prominently found in the area of Mogaung in the Myitkyina District of Upper Myanmar. It has been quarried and exported from this place for well over a hundred years. Canada provides the major share of modern lapidary nephrite. Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 China as well as in New Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts of North America, Neolithic Europe, and Southeast Asia. In addition to Mesoamerica, jadeite was used by Neolithic Japanese and European cultures.
Ayurvedic View of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
यह सफेदी लिए हरे रंग का का कठिन पत्थर है। यह पहाड़ों की चट्टान एवं बड़े बड़े टुकड़ों में उपलब्ध होता है। यह अंगूरी एवं जैतूनी रंग का है। इसकी खरल बड़ी अच्छी तथा न घिसने बाली होती है इसमें रत्नोपरत्न की पिष्टि अच्छी बनती है। चीनी लोगों में यह पत्थर बहुत ही लोकप्रिय है। ४- ५ सौ वर्ष पूर्व तक चीन में यह पत्थर इतना सम्मानित था कि राजाओं के अतिरिक्त कोई अन्य व्यक्ति इसकी माला नहीं पहन सकता था, चाहे वह कितना भी धनिक क्यों न हों। चीन में जेड पत्थर प्रेमिकाओं के आकर्षक भी है। दामपत्य सुख के लिए स्त्री -पुरुष दोनों इस पत्थर को धारण करते हैं। बौद्ध धर्मावलम्बी लोग जेड को भगवान् बुद्ध प्रदत्त आशीर्वादात्मक रत्न समझते है। व्योमशमा के टुकड़े को पानी में डालकर रोगी को उस पानी को पिलाने से बौद्ध रोगियों का ऐसा विशवास है है उसकी चिकित्सा स्वयं भगवान् बुद्ध कर रहे हैं और चीनी एवं जापानी बोधों को प्राय: लाभ होता है। साइबेरिया का कई एक नेफ्रिट की चाटने ब्रिटिश एवं जर्मनी आदि के म्यूजियम में सुरक्षित है जो कई कई टन वजन के है। चीनी लोगों के अनुसार हरिण मणि सभी रत्नो के मूलरूप है। इनमे ५ मुख्य गुणों का समावेश है। दानशीलता, नम्रता, साहस, न्याय और बुद्धि , इसके धारण से शरीर दृढ़ होता है, थकवाट दूर होती है एवं आयु बढ़ती है।
It is a hard stone of greenish to white color. It is available on mountain rocks and in large pieces. It is grape and olive in color. Its mortar is very fine and non-abrasive, it makes fine grinding of gemstones. This stone is very popular among Chinese people. Till 4- 5 hundred years ago, this stone was so respected in China that no one except the kings could wear its garland, no matter how rich they were. In China, jade stone is also attractive to mistresses. For marital happiness, both men and women wear this stone. People following the Buddhist religion consider Jade as a blessed gem given by Lord Buddha. By putting a piece of Vyomashama in water and making the patient drink that water, Buddhist patients believe that Lord Buddha himself is healing him and Chinese and Japanese Buddhists often benefit. Many pieces of nephrite from Siberia are safe in the museums of Britain and Germany etc. which weigh several tons. According to the Chinese people, Harin Mani is the archetype of all gems. These include 5 main qualities. Charity, humility, courage, justice, and wisdom, by wearing it the body becomes strong, fatigue goes away and life increases.
Astrological View of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
उपरत्न वर्ग के खनिजपाषाण में काठिन्य, चमक, पारदर्शकता रत्नो की अपेक्षा कम गुणवाले होते है। इनका मूल्य भी कम होता है। अतः इन्हें उपरत्न कहा जाता है। उपरत्नों की संख्या में मतभिन्नता है- आनन्दकन्दकार ने 9 उपरत्न माने है। जबकि आयुर्वेदप्रकाशकार ने 15 उपरत्न माने है। बृहद योगतरंगिणीकार ने 4 ही उपरत्न माने है। रसतरंगिणीकार ने छः उपरत्न माने है। आनन्दकन्दकार ने विमल, सस्यक, कान्त एवं तारकान्त को भी उपरत्न में शामिल कर दिया है। बृहत् योग तरंगिणीकार ने मुक्ता प्रवाल को भी उपरत्न वर्ग में मानकर और भी भ्र्म पैदा किया है। आयुर्वेद प्रकाशकार ने ५ प्रचलित उपरत्नो के अतिरिक्त १० नए उपरत्न को इस वर्ग में शामिल किया है परन्तु सबसे अधिक रस तरंगिणी का मत ही प्रचलित है।
Reference- आ. क. क्रि. व १/ १२
सूर्यकान्तश्चन्द्रकान्तस्तारकान्तस्तु कान्तक: ।
वैक्रान्तश्च नृपावर्तस्सस्यको विमला तथा।
Reference: आयुर्वेद प्रकाश ५/ ६- ८
वैक्रान्तः सूर्यकान्तश्च चन्द्रकान्तश्तथैवं च: ।
राजावर्तो लालसंज्ञ: पैरोजाख्यस्तथा अपर: ।।
मुक्ता शुक्तिस्तथा शेख: कर्पूरशमा अथ काचजा: ।
मणयो नीलपीताद्या हन्ये विषहराश्च ये।।
वह्यादिस्तम्भका ये च ते सर्वे हि परीक्षकै: ।
गणिता द्लुपरत्नेषु मणयो लोकविश्रुता: ।।
Reference: बृहत् योग तरंगिण ४३/ ८२
मुक्ता विद्रुम शंखाश्व राजावर्तस्तथैव च। उपरत्नानि चत्वारि कथितानि मनीषिभिः।।
Reference: Rasa Trangini. 23/ 154
वैक्रान्त सूर्यकान्त चन्द्रकांतो नृपो पल |
पेरोजकञ्च स्फटिकम क्षुद्र रत्न गणो हव्यम।।
There are six Uparatna as per Rasa Trangini
- Vaikranta (Fluorite/ Tormaline)
- Suryakanta (Spinel) (Na, O, CaO, Al, 2SiO)
- Candrakant (Moonstone) (K, Si, O, Na, Al, Si)
- Raja-varta (Lapis Lazuli) (Na, Ca), (Al, SiO) (S, SO, Cl)
- Pairojaka (Turquoise)
- Sphatika (Rock crystal)
A few gems are also added to the list of Uparatna by NCISM and they mention a total 13 number of Upratnas. They are as follows:
- Vaikranta (Fluorite/ Tormaline)
- Suryakanta (Spinel) (Na, O, CaO, Al, 2SiO)
- Candrakant (Moonstone) (K, Si, O, Na, Al, Si)
- Raja-varta (Lapis Lazuli) (Na, Ca), (Al, SiO) (S, SO, Cl)
- Pairojaka (Turquoise)
- Sphatika (Rock crystal)
- Putika (Peridote)
- Trinkanta (Amber, Succinum)
- Rudhiram/ rudhir Putika (Carnelion)
- Palankam/ Palakam (Onyx, CaSO4, 2H2O)
- Vyomasma (Jade)
- Kosheyaashm
- Sougandhik
Upratna is Mentioned in Different Ayurvedic Literature
| Upratna name/ semi-precious stone | Aayurveda Parkasha | Aanand Kand | Brihat Yog Trangini | Rasa Trangini |
| Suryakanta | + | + | – | + |
| Chandrakant | + | + | – | + |
| Vaikrant | + | + | – | + |
| Rajavart | + | + | + | + |
| Perojak | + | + | – | + |
| Saphatik | – | – | – | + |
| Taarkaant | – | + | – | – |
| Kaant | – | + | – | – |
| Sasyak | – | + | – | – |
| Vimal | – | + | – | – |
| Laalmani | + | – | – | – |
| Mukta Shukti | + | – | – | – |
| Shankh | + | – | + | – |
| Karpurashma | + | – | – | – |
| Kaachmani | + | – | – | – |
| Neelmani | + | – | – | – |
| Peetmani | + | – | – | – |
| Vishhar Mani | + | – | – | – |
| Agni Stambhak Mani | + | – | – | – |
| Jal Stambhak Mani | + | – | + | – |
| Mukta | – | – | + | – |
| Parvala | – | – | + | – |
Have A Health Issue?
Consult Online
- Dr. Sahil Gupta (B.A.M.S., M.H.A.)
Ayurvedic Allergy Specialist
CEO & Founder of IAFA®
Properties of Semi-Precious Stone (Upratna)
| Name | Chemical composition | Structure | Hardness | Specific Gravity | Refractive index | Double refraction |
| Fluorite (Vaikrant) | CaF2 | Cubic | 4 | 3.18 | 1.43 | None |
| Spinel (Suryakant) | MgAl2O4 | Cubic | 8 | 3.60 | 1.71- 1.73 | None |
| Moonstone (Chandrakant) | KAlSi3O8 | Monoclinic | 6 | 2.57 | 1.52- 1.53 | 0.005 |
| Lapis Lazuli (Rajavart) | (Na, Ca)8, (Al, Si12 O24 (SO4) Cl2 (OH)2 | Various | 5.5 | 2.80 | 1.50 | None |
| Turquoise (Perojaka) | Cu Al6 (PO4)4 (OH)8 5 H2O | Triclinic | 6 | 2.80 | 1.61- 1.65 | 0.004 |
| Rock Crystal (Sphatika) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.65 | 1.54- 1.55 | 0.009 |
| Jade (Vyomashma) | NA (AL, FE) Si2O6 | Monoclinic | 7 | 3.33 | 1.66- 1.68 | 0.012 |
| Onyx (Palanka) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.61 | 1.53- 1.54 | 0.004 |
| Carnelian (Rudhiram, Akeek) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.61 | 1.53- 1.54 | 0.004 |
| Peridot (Putika) | (Mg, Fe)2 SiO4 | Orthorhombic | 6.5 | 3.34 | 1.64- 1.69 | 0.036 |
| Amber (Trinkant) | C6 H16 O | Amorphous | 2.5 | 1.08 | 1.54- 1.55 | N/ A |
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) Upratna (Semi-precious stone) Indicated as a Substitute for Precious Stone as Per Astrological Science to Nullify the Maleficent Effect of Various Planets (Grahas) and to Treat the Roga (Disorders) Related to that Particular Planet
Not everyone is affluent, and the affordability of precious stones remains beyond the means of many individuals. In light of this, semiprecious stones emerge as a viable and more accessible alternative. These gemstones, while not as costly as their precious counterparts, possess unique and appealing qualities. Embracing semi precious stones allows a broader spectrum of people to enjoy the beauty and symbolism associated with gemstones without the financial strain associated with acquiring precious ones.
| Planet | Precious Gem Used | Substitute Semi-Precious Stone |
| Sun (Surya) | Manikya (Ruby) | – |
| Moon (Chandra) | Mukta (Pearl) | – |
| Mars (Mangala) | Vidruma (Coral) | – |
| Mercury (Buddha) | Markat (Emerald) | Jade |
| Jupiter (Guru) | Pushapraga (Topaz) | – |
| Venus (Shukra) | Vajra (Diamond) | – |
| Saturn (Shani) | Neelam (Blue sapphire) | – |
| Rahu | Gomeda (Hessonite) | – |
| Ketu | Vaidurya (Cat’s eye stone) | – |
Diseases Induced by Maleficent Effects of Planets (Greha Roga) or Diseases Induced by Dushkarma (Sinful Deeds) Done by the Rogi (Patient) i.e Karma Vipaka Siddhanta
| Planet | Diseases Caused |
| Sun | Shoth (Inflammation in the body), Apsmar (Epilepsy), Paitikavikara, Jawara (Fever), Diseases of the eye, skin, and bone, rational fears, Bites from poisonous reptiles like snakes, weakening the digestive system, and constipation. |
| Moon | Sleep diseases such as Anidra (insomnia) or somnambulism (sleepwalking), Kaphaj Kasa, Atisara, Alsaya, Agnimandya (Loss of appetite), Aruchi (Disinterest in food), Kamala (Jaundice), Chitudvega, Grehani, Hydrophobia, Fear of animals with horns, Problems concerning women, Hallucinations |
| Mars | Trishna (Excessive thirst), Bilious disorders, Flatulence, Excessive fear of fire, Gulma, appendicitis, Kustha (Leprosy), eye disorder, Apsmar (Epilepsy), Rakta Vikara, Majja Vikar (Bone marrow diseases), Kandu (Itching), Ruksha Twaka (Rough skin). |
| Mercury | Lack of self-confidence, Gala Rog (Throat problems like goiter, etc.), Nasagata Rog (Nose Diseases), Vata- Kaphaj Roga, Cold and Cough, Flatulence, Poisoning. Twaka Dosha (Skin diseases), Vicharchika. Jaundice. |
| Jupiter | Gulma, Appendicitis, Karan Vedna (an ear disease), Sanyas.Frequent litigation, Problems with friends, parents, and relatives. |
| Venus | Pandu (Anaemia), Netra Roga (Disorders of the eye), Flatulence, Cough, Mutrakrich (Urinary disease), Prameha (Diabetes), Syphilis, Shukra-Vyapati (Low sperm count), Impotence, Dryness of Mouth, Constipation, Irrational fears. |
| Saturn | Flatulence, Cough, Pain in the legs, Excessive Fatigue, Illusion, Daha (Excessive heat in the body), Mental shocks, Personal calamities, and Accidents causing temporary or lasting wounds. |
| Rahu | Heart diseases such as an attack, Shotha (Inflammation), Kushtha (Leprosy), illusions, hallucinations, disease due to poisoning, excessive hurt, and wounds. |
| Ketu | Unknown mysterious diseases, cannot be easily found by doctors. |
Types of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) as per Astrology
As per astrology, no types of Jade are mentioned.
Types of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Mineralogists identify two varieties of Vyomasma:
- Jadeite (Abundant in China)
- Nephrite (Abundant in New Zealand)
Jadeite Jade: Jadeite is one of the main varieties of Vyomasma and it is very famous among gemmologists for its translucency and vibrant colors. Jadeite Vyomasma occurs in various colors like lavender, yellow, green, white, etc . The most famous color of the jadeite is emerald green. The jadeite type of Vyomasma is a rarer variety than the nephrite type of jade as it has interlocking crystals in it which make it harder and rarer. In Myanmar particularly and along with this in other Asian cultures Vyomasma is highly valued.
Nephrite Jade: The other variety of Vyomasma that is also famous is Nephrite Vyoma Sma which is famous for its toughness and durability. Nephrite occurs in various shades of white, gray, and green. The nephrite variety of Vyomasma is mainly composed of mineral tremolite or actinolite. This variety of jade is very famous in Chinese culture, and it represents good luck, purity, and protection.
Less recognized varieties of Jade are as follows:
Black Jade: Due to the presence of graphite or other dark minerals, a variety of Vyomasma exhibits deep black color and this variety of jade is very rare and known as Black jade.
Maw-sit-sit: One variety of Myanmar consists of albite, chromite, and jadeite and is considered a unique variety of Jade/ Vyomasma. This variety of Jade features an olive-to-green color with dark green or black patches.
Serpentine Jade: Serpentine Jade is not a true jade but serpentine closely resembles nephrite therefore it is sometimes referred to as a variety of jade. This variety of jade occurs in various shades of green, often used in carvings.
Synonyms of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Vyomasma, Yasab Shila, Harinmani, Haritasma
Etymology of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
The English word jade (alternative spellings jaid, jadeite) is derived (via French l’ jade and Latin ilia from the Spanish term piedra de Tejada (first recorded in 1565) or loin stone, from its reputed efficacy in curing ailments of the loins and kidneys. Nephrite is derived from lapis nephritis, the Latin version of the Spanish piedra de Tejada.
Names of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) in Different Languages
- Sang- e- Yasab, Haul Dili (Hindi)
- Vyomasmamu (Telegu)
- Jade (English)
- Yasab Sila, Harinmani, Haritashma, Vyiomasma (Sanskrit)
- Yasaba, Hazarul Yasaba (Arabic)
- Yasama, Sange Yasaba (Pharsi)
Reference of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Formation of the Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Vyomasma is a revered Upratna known for its vibrant green hues and Vyomasma is formed through a geological process known as metamorphism. The formation of jadeite is as follows:
Formation of Jadeite Jade: The variety of Jade that is famous with the name Jadeite, forms under higher pressure and lower temperatures than the nephrite variety of jade. The place where one plate is forced beneath the other into the Earth’s mantle and where tectonic plates collide i.e. that subduction zone, the formation of Jadeite Upratna occurs. Extreme pressure in the jadeite causes them to undergo metamorphism and transform into jadeite jade.
Formation of Nephrite Jade: Nephrite Upratna is formed under high pressure and moderate temperature when mineral-rich fluids permeate through pre-existing rocks, typically serpentine or other calcium-rich rocks. Over time, the mineral-rich fluids interact with the minerals like serpentine and calcium in the rock, which results in a change in chemical composition and creates a new characteristic in the mineral i.e. interlocking fibrous structure which makes it nephrite jade/ Vyomasma.Geological Conditions for Jade Formation: The presence of precursor rocks such as serpentine or calcium-rich rocks, the right combination of pressure and temperature, and the presence of mineral-rich fluids are the geological conditions that are specifically required for the types of Jade i.e. Jaedite and nephrite.
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) Aayu (Life Span of Jade)
Reference: Rasa Jala Niddhi. 3/ 4, Ratna Dhatu Vigyana
न जरां यान्ति रत्नानि मौक्तिकं विद्रुमं बिना।
Though the gemstones of mineral origin are eternal, the Exception is Mukta (pearl) has a limited lifespan, and also Vidruma- coral. After a few years, it grows old and eventually loses its character, but other gemstones are eternal, but they also need to be maintained and revitalization of them is necessary to get maximum benefits.
आयु- कुछ समय पश्चात् काल प्रभाव से प्रवाल, मुक्ता खराब हो जाते है। किन्तु अन्य रत्नों पर काल का प्रभाव नहीं होता है।
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) – Aayu after Dharana (Life Span of Jade after Assumption)
It is believed by scholars that the following gemstones have effectiveness Diamond life span is 10 years, Ruby/ Manik’s 12 years, Yellow Sapphire/ Pukhraj’s lifespan is 15 years, Blue Sapphire/ Neelam’s life span is 15 years, Emerald/ Panna’s life is 12 years, Coral, Hessonite Garnet and Cat’s Eye’s lifespan is 3 to 5 years, Natural Pearl life span is 12 years.
All the other Uparatnas and other semi-precious alternate gemstones are said to have a lifespan of 3 years.
Over some time, when gemstones i.e. precious and semi-precious stones are worn these gems start to get scratches on their surface, and even start losing their high polishing due to which sun rays stop passing through the gems (Ratna) When these precious gems are wear for a long period a greasy layer starts to deposit on their surface which is probably a mixture of lubricants, oils and other materials that a wearer come in contact with it. As the deposition starts to get thicker with time, it even blocks the rays (different wavelengths) that these stones receive from the planets to give effect. Although gemstones are forever yes, their effectiveness for astrological purposes falls and therefore proper and regular maintenance is important.
Therefore, we can consider the life span of semi-precious stone Jadeite/ Haritashma/ Yasab Sila/ Vyomasma/ Nephrite/ Yashavshila (Jade) to be 3 years.
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) Used for Different Zodiac Signs (Rashi)
In Jyotish Shastra Vyomasma is believed to hold specific Guna (properties) that align with different Rashi Phala (zodiac signs), offering various benefits based on individual characteristics associated with each sign:
Aries: The individual who has Mesha Rashi (Aries zodiac sign) wears Haritashma Upratna enhances the leadership qualities of the individuals and also helps them to overcome challenges and achieve their goals.
Taurus: The people with Vrishabh Rashi are known for their love for luxury, and stability, and wearing Yashavshila/ Vyomasma by such individuals who balance their lives, prosperity, and stability.
Gemini: The individuals who have Mithun Rashi (Gemini zodiac sign) are very famous for their curiosity, and communication skills. Such individuals with Mithuna Rashi when wearing Vyomashma Upratna enhance their creativity, mental clarity, and intuition.
Cancer: Karka Rashi (Cancer zodiac sign) when wearing Vyomasma Upratna provides protection, stability creates a sense of security in their lives.
Leo: Sinha Rashi individuals are known for their confidence and charisma. Such individuals with Sinha Rashi when wearing Haritashma are said to enhance their self-confidence, creativity, and leadership abilities.
History of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
The mineral has no references in any of the classical texts of Ayurveda. It was introduced into the books of Rasa Shastra in the 20th century from the classical Unani system of medicine books.
संहिताओं तथा रस शास्त्र के १९वीं शती के ग्रंथो में इसका वर्णन नहीं उपलब्ध है। आधुनिक रत्न विज्ञान में इसका वर्णन है। यूनानी चिकित्सकों ने इसका वर्णन अपने ग्रंथों में पहले भी किया था।
Characteristics of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Chemical composition of Jade: Na Al Si2 O6
- Crystallization- Prismatic, Monoclinic
- Habit: Columnar to Massive
- Color: Light to very dark green and also green with white spots.
- Cleavage: Prismatic
- Luster: Resinous to Vitreous
- Diaphaneity: Sub- translucent to translucent
- Fracture: Splintery to uneven
- Elasticity: extremely tough
- Hardness: 7
- Specific gravity: 3.5
- Fusibility: 3
Because of its extreme hardness, it was used in the making of the stone weapon. The mortar and pestle units made up of Jade are fondly used by Rasa Shastra in grinding medicines.
यह अंगूरी एवं जैतूनी रंग का अपारदर्शक पत्थर है। ये बहुत कठिन पत्थर है। प्रहरिज, ये सोडियम तथा एल्युमीनियम का सिलिकेट है।
इसका सूत्र Na Al (SiO3)2 है। इसका आपेक्षित घनत्व ३.१ है तथा काठिन्य ६.५ है। ये अपारदर्शक एवं भारी होता है। वृक्कज ये मैग्नीशियम तथा कालकियम का सिलिकेट है जिसमे कुछ लोहा भी रहता है इसका सूत्र Ca (Mg Fe)3 (Si O3)4 है।
Grahaya Lakshana of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Yellowish green colored hard jade is considered good for therapeutic use.
जैतूनी एवं अंगूरी रंग का ये बहुत ही कठिन पत्थर है। यह हरा और सफेदी मिश्रित रंग का होता है। ये बड़े बड़े चटानो में तथा टुकड़ों में बाज़ार में उपलब्ध होता है। हथोड़ों से प्रहार करने पर टूटता नहीं है।
Occurrence or Places of Availability of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
The gemstone that is known for its green color is Haritashma or jade and is used in jewelry and astrological purposes. It is found in different parts of the world, including Myanmar, Guatemala, Yarkhand, New Zealand, Russia and China. The occurrence of Vyomasma depends on different geological factors like appropriate pressure and temperature and the presence of specific rocks like nephrite and serpentine. In India, it is found in Ladakh and Kashmir.
It is prominently found in the area of the Mogaung in the Myitkyina District of Upper Myanmar. It has been quarried and exported from this place for well over a hundred years. Canada provides the major share of the modern lapidary nephrite. Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 China as well as in New Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic coast of North America, Neolithic Europe, and Southeast Asia. In addition to MesoAmerica, Jadeite was used by Neolithic Japanese and European cultures.
वह रत्न जो अपने हरे रंग के लिए जाना जाता है, हरिताश्म या जेड है और इसका उपयोग आभूषणों और ज्योतिषीय उद्देश्यों में किया जाता है। यह म्यांमार, ग्वाटेमाला, यारखंड, न्यूजीलैंड, रूस और चीन सहित दुनिया के विभिन्न हिस्सों में पाया जाता है। व्योमास्मा की घटना विभिन्न भूवैज्ञानिक कारकों जैसे उचित दबाव और तापमान और नेफ्राइट और सर्पेन्टाइन जैसी विशिष्ट चट्टानों की उपस्थिति पर निर्भर करती है। भारत में यह लद्दाख और कश्मीर में पाया जाता है।
Purification of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Reference: Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra – Dr Siddhi Nandan Mishra
Vyomashma is made into small pieces and kept in an earthen plate (Sharava), heated and decoction of Arjuna bark i.e. Terminalia arjuna bark is poured into it. Heating is continued till the liquid portion is evaporated. Again, the decoction is added and heated till the material becomes hot. This process is done 21 times. Rose water or distillate Gaujaban can also be used in the place of the Arjuna Tvak Kwath.
व्योमश्म को छोटे-छोटे टुकड़ों में बनाकर मिट्टी की थाली में रखकर गर्म किया जाता है और उसमें अर्जुन की छाल का काढ़ा डाला जाता है। गर्म करना तब तक जारी रखा जाता है जब तक कि तरल भाग वाष्पित न हो जाए। फिर से, काढ़ा मिलाया जाता है और तब तक गर्म किया जाता है जब तक सामग्री गर्म न हो जाए। यह प्रक्रिया 21 बार की जाती है। अर्जुन त्वक क्वाथ के स्थान पर गुलाब जल या डिस्टिलेट गौजबन का भी उपयोग किया जा सकता है।
Incineration of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Reference: Ayurvediya rasa Shastra – Dr Siddhi Nandan Mishra
The Shuddha Vyomashma is taken in a clean Khalva Yantra. It is added with the required quantity of Arjuna Twak Kwath or Ghritkumari Swarasa and triturated thoroughly to prepare Chakrikas of even size and shape. These Chakrikas are dried under the sun, enclosed in Sarava Samputa, and subjected to one Gaja Puta. All this procedure is repeated 10 times to obtain Vyomashma Bhasma.
शुद्ध व्योमश्म को स्वच्छ खल्व यंत्र में लिया जाता है। इसमें आवश्यक मात्रा में अर्जुन त्वक क्वाथ या घृतकुमारी स्वरस मिलाया जाता है और समान आकार और आकार की चक्रिकाएं तैयार करने के लिए इसे अच्छी तरह से पीसा जाता है। इन चक्रिकाओं को धूप में सुखाया जाता है, शराव संपुट में लपेटा जाता है और एक गज पुट के अधीन किया जाता है। व्योमश्म भस्म प्राप्त करने के लिए यह सारी प्रक्रिया 10 बार दोहराई जाती है।
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) Pishti
Reference: Ayurvediya rasa Shastra – Dr Siddhi Nandan Mishra
The Shuddha Vyomasma is taken in a clean Khalva Yantra. It is added with the required quantity of Gulaba Jala i.e. Rose water and triturate thoroughly for three days to obtain white colored Vyomasma Pishti.
शुद्ध व्योमशम को स्वच्छ खल्व यंत्र में लिया जाता है। इसे आवश्यक मात्रा में गुलाब जल यानी गुलाब जल के साथ मिलाया जाता है और सफेद रंग की व्योमशमा पिष्टी प्राप्त करने के लिए तीन दिनों तक अच्छी तरह से रगड़ा जाता है।
Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade) Properties: (Bhasma / Incineration)
Shuddha Bhasma or Pishti possess Ruksha and Sheeta Guna and Sheeta Virya. It mitigates vitiated Pitta Dosha. When administered in suitable dosage along with appropriate adjuvant, it acts as good cardiotonic (Hridya). It is also found beneficial in hypertension, insomnia and intestinal wounds.
Vyomasma is prescribed more by the Unani physicians. They consider it useful in weakness of heart, palpitation, abdominal colic, dysentery, burning micturition and urinary calculi and also in hemorrhagic disorders.
- ये उत्तम हृदय होने से हृदय की दुर्बलता, हृदय की धड़कन , उच्च रक्तचाप, निद्राल्पता को दूर करता है। ये ओजस्वी गन परैड एवं आंतरिक व्रणों में बहुत लाभदायक है।
- इस पत्थर को गले में धारण करने पर हृदय स्पंदन में बहुत लाभ होता है। इस कारण से इसका नाम हौल दिल पत्थर रखा गया है।
- यूनानी मत से संगयशब के गुण– ये प्रथम दर्जे में शीत, दूसरे दर्जे में रुक्ष, हृदय एवं आमाशय को शक्ति देने वाला होता है। हृदय दौर्बल्य, हृत स्पंदन, आमाशय शूल, आमाशय दौर्बल्य, प्रवाहिका, मूत्र प्रदाह, और अश्मरी में लाभ प्रद, औषधि है। ये आंतरिक व्रणों को नष्ट करके रक्त स्त्राव को बंद कर देता है।
Dosage and Usage of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
The general dosage of the Vyomasma Bhasma is 2- 4 Ratti i.e. approximately 250- 500 mgs and the general dosage of Vyomasma Pishti is 2- 8 Ratti i.e. 250 mg to 1 gram. However, the dosage of the Vyomasma Bhasma and Pishti has to be finalized after thorough consideration of all the relevant factors that affect the dosage like Atura Bala, Vyadhi Bala, etc.
Anupana (Adjuvant / Vehicle) for Use of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
Arjuna Swarasa, Gojiwhadikwath, Gulabjal, Arkvedmisk or butter or sugar crystal (Mishri)
अनुपान- मधु, नवनीत, अर्जुन स्वरस, जो जिव्हा क्वाथ, गुलाब जल, अर्कवेद मिस्क
Important Formulation of Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
- Hrdwepanadi Churna
- Brahmi Vati
- Jawaharmohra Vati
- Vyosham Pishti (Sang- E- Yasab- pishti)
- Vyoasma Bhasma
Kurs Sangeyasaba
| Ingredients | Quantity |
| Sangeyasaba Pishti | 3 parts |
| Praval Pishti | 3 parts |
| Outer covering of Pista (Mukulaka Pistacia vera Linn. | 3 Parts |
| Rumi Mastagi (Pistacia lentiscus Linn.) | 3 parts |
| Pieces of Avaresam | 3 Parts |
| Suksham Ela (Elettaria cardamomum Maton.) | 3 parts |
| Vanshlochan powder (Bambusa arundinacia Willd.) | 5 Parts |
| Apple juice (Pyrus malus Linn.) | Q. S. |
Method of preparation: Mix all the above-mentioned ingredients and triturate these with apple juice for six hours. Then make pills measuring 1500mg. each.
Dose – 1- 2 Pills, 3- 4 times a day.
- Anupana – Sata Pusparaka
- Indications – Pittaja Atisara.
Recent Research on Jadeite / Haritashma / Yasab Sila / Vyomashma / Nephrite / Yashavshila (Jade)
- Coccato, Alessia & Karampelas, Stefanos & Worle, Marie & van Willigen, Samuel & Petrequin, Pierre. (2014). Gem quality and archeological green jadeite jade versus omphacite jade. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 45. 10.1002/ jrs. 4512.
- Hughes, Richard & Galibert, Olivier & Bosshart, George & Ward, Fred & Oo, Thet & Smith, Mark & Tay, Thyesun & Harlow, George. (2000). Burmese Jade: The Inscrutable Gem. Gems & Gemology. 36. 2- 25. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 36. 1. 2.
- Ying, Guo & Zong, Xiang & Qi, Ming & Zhang, Ye & Wang, Huan. (2018). Feasibility study on color evaluation of jadeite based on Gem-Dialogue color chip images. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. 2018. 10.1186/ s13640- 018- 0342- 2.
- Tsujimori, Tatsuki & MIYAJIMA, Hiroshi & Ritsuro, Miyawaki. (2017). Gem sparkles deep: Preface of the special issue on ‘Jadeite and jadeite’. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences. 112. 181- 183. 10. 2465/ jmps. 171006.
- Barbosa, Renata & Reichmann, Fernando & Cano, Nilo & Rocca, René & Watanabe, Shigueo. (2013). Study of jadeite-like minerals. Physica Status Solidi C Current Topics. 10. 242- 245. 10. 1002/ pssc. 201200489.
- Prencipe, Mauro & Maschio, Lorenzo & Kirtman, Bernard & Salustro, Simone & Erba, Alessandro & Dovesi, Roberto. (2014). Raman spectrum of NaAlSi2O6 jadeite. A quantum mechanical simulation. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 45. 10.1002/ jrs. 4519.
- Fan, Jian-liang & Guo, Shou-guo & Liu, Xue-liang. (2007). [Application of Raman spectrometer (785 nm) to jadeite test]. Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi Guang pu. 27. 2057- 60.
- Shurvell, Herbert & Rintoul, L. & Fredericks, P. M. (2001). Infrared and Raman spectra of jade and jade minerals. Internet J. Vib. Spectro. 5.
- Ostrooumov, Mikhail. (2010). Mexican Jadeite: mineralogical and gemological study. Gems & Jewellery.
- Li, J. J & Shao, Longyi & Shushen, Yang & Li, Weijun & Li, H. (2006). Bioreactivity of inhalable particles and analysis from its microscopic characteristics. 27. 572- 577.
- Wang, J. & Shi, Guanghai & Yuan, Y. & Yang, M. C. (2013). Hydrothermal biotite from the Myanmar jadeite deposit. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 29. 1450- 1460.
- Lu, Wenting & Zhang, Lei & Zhang, Qiusheng & Song, Zhonghua & Lu, Taijin. (2021). Rough Jadeite with an Artificial Coating to Imitate a Weathered Crust. The Journal of Gemology. 37. 472- 473. 10. 15506/ JoG. 2021. 37. 5. 472.
- Sun, Fang- Ce & Zhao, Hong- Xia & Gan, Fu-Xi. (2011). Nondestructive Analysis of Chemical Composition, Structure and Mineral Constitution of Jadeite Jade. Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi- Guang pu. 31. 3134- 9. 10. 3964/ j. issn. 1000- 0593 (2011) 11- 3134- 06.
- Jianjun, Li & Yuanfei, Luo & Xiaowei, Liu & Yu, Xiao-Yan & Guihua, Li & Chengxing, Fan & Hong, Ye. (2015). Jadeite with high albite content. Gems and Gemology. 51. 102- 103.
- Zheng, Beiqi & Li, Ke & Zhang, Yuyang. (2022). Gemological Characteristics and Chemical Composition of a New Type of Black Jadeite and Three Imitations. Crystals. 12. 658. 10. 3390/ cryst- 12050658.
- Zhao, H. & Li, Qinghui & Liu, Song. (2015). Investigation of some Chinese jade artifacts (5000 BC to 771 BC) by confocal laser micro-Raman spectroscopy and other techniques. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 47. n/ a- n/ a. 10. 1002/ jrs. 4847.
- Prencipe, Mauro. (2012). Simulation of vibrational spectra of crystals by ab initio calculations: an invaluable aid in the assignment and interpretation of the Raman signals. The case of jadeite (NaAlSi2O6). Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 43. 1567- 1569. 10. 1002/ jrs. 4040.
- Setiawan, Nugroho. (2013). JADEITE JADE FROM SOUTH SULAWESI IN INDONESIA AND ITS GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE.
- Tsujimori, Tatsuki & MIYAJIMA, Hiroshi & Ritsuro, Miyawaki. (2017). Gem sparkles deep: Preface of the special issue on Jadeite and Jadeitite. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences. 112. 181- 183. 10. 2465/ jmps. 171006.
- Hwu, Wen-mei. (2012). GPU Computing Gems Jade Edition. 10. 1016/ C2010-0- 68654- 8.
- Wang, Rong. (2011). Progress review of the scientific study of Chinese ancient jade. Archaeometry. 53. 674 – 692. 10.1111/ j. 1475- 4754. 2010. 00564. x.
- Shi, Guanghai & Harlow, George & Wang, Jing & Wang, Jun & Enoch, NG & Wang, Xia & Cao, Shu & Enyuancui, W. (2012). Mineralogy of jadeite and related rocks from Myanmar: A review with new data. European Journal of Mineralogy. 24. 345- 370. 10.1127/ 0935- 1221/ 2012/ 0024- 2190.
- Tan, T.. (2006). Dyed polymer-impregnated jadeite jade: identification by light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy. The Journal of Gemmology. 30. 227-233. 10.15506/ JoG. 2006. 30. 3. 227.
- Zhao, Jun & Zu, En & Ye, Dong & Shen, Nan. (2011). Study on Gemological and Mineralogy Features of Huanglong Jade. Key Engineering Materials. 492. 388-391. 10. 4028/ www. scientific. net/ KEM. 492. 388.
- Tarling MS, Smith SAF, Negrini M, Kuo LW, Wu WH, Cooper AF. An evolutionary model and classification scheme for nephrite jade based on veining, fabric development, and the role of dissolution-precipitation. Sci Rep. 2022 May 12; 12 (1): 7823. doi: 10. 1038/ s41598- 022- 11560- 7. PMID: 35551211; PMCID: PMC- 9098473.
- Li, Ting & Zhang, Cun & Lv, Linsu & Zhang, Haitao & Chen, Yuqing & Li, Zhibin & Liu, Yue. (2023). Color-Causing Mechanisms of Guatemala Jadeite Jade: Constraints from Spectroscopy and Chemical Compositions. Crystals. 13. 1535. 10. 3390/ cryst- 13111535.
- Lancelot, Eloise. (2010). Raman Spectroscopy for geological materials analysis.
- Gendron, Francois & Smith, David & Masson, Pierre & Martínez, Maria & Ceballos, Ponciano. (2017). Portable Raman verification and quantification of jade in Olmec ceremonial axes from El Manatí, Veracruz, Mexico. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 48. 10. 1002/ jrs. 5122.
- Das, Ruchita & Agrawal, Yadvendra. (2011). Raman spectroscopy: Recent advancements, techniques, and applications. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 57. 10.1016/ j. vibspec. 2011. 08. 003.
- Fan, Jian- Liang & Guo, Shou- Guo & Liu, Xue- Liang. (2009). The Application of Confocal Micro-Raman Spectrometer to Nondestructive Identification of Filled Gemstones. Spectroscopy Letters. 42. 129- 135. 10.1080/ 00387010- 902729112.
- Zhao, Liang & Ma, Hongan & Chao, Fang & Ding, Luyao & Jia, Xiaopeng. (2018). Synthesis and characterization of purple NaAlSiO6 jadeite under high pressure and high temperature. Journal of Crystal Growth. 499. 10. 1016/ j. jcrysgro. 2018. 07. 034.
- Khan RA, Anwar-Ul-Haq M, Qasim M, Afgan MS, Haq SU, Hussain SZ. Spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis of nephrite jade gemstone using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Heliyon. 2022 Nov 15; 8 (11): e11493. doi: 10. 1016/ j. heliyon. 2022. e11493. PMID: 36468087; PMCID: PMC- 9708624.
- Harlow, George & Tsujimori, Tatsuki & Sorensen, Sorena. (2012). Introduction— Jadeitite: new occurrences, new data, new interpretations. European Journal of Mineralogy. 24. 197- 198. 10. 1127/ 0935-1221/ 2012/ 0024- 2196.
- Li, Ting & Zhang, Cun & Lv, Linsu & Zhang, Haitao & Chen, Yuqing & Li, Zhibin & Liu, Yue. (2023). Color-Causing Mechanisms of Guatemala Jadeite Jade: Constraints from Spectroscopy and Chemical Compositions. Crystals. 13. 1535. 10. 3390/ cryst- 13111535.
- Hu, Y. & He, D.-W & Hu, Q.-W & Liu, Fangming & Liu, Y.-J & Wang, Y.-K & Zhang, Yong. (2015). Synthesis and characterization of jadeite-jade under high pressure and high temperature. Gaoya Wuli Xuebao/Chinese Journal of High-Pressure Physics. 29. 241- 247. 10. 11858/ gywlxb. 2015. 04. 001.
- Jiang, Ying & Shi, Guanghai & Xu, Liguo & Li, Xinling. (2020). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Nephrite Jade from Yinggelike Deposit, Altyn Tagh (Xinjiang, NW China). Minerals. 10. 418. 10. 3390/ min- 10050418.
- Yang HY, Shie RH, Chen PC. Carving of non-asbestiform tremolite and the risk of lung cancer: a follow-up mortality study in a historical nephrite processing cohort. Occupy Environ Med. 2013 Dec; 70 (12): 852- 7. doi: 10. 1136/ oemed- 2013- 101404. Epub 2013 Sep 18. PMID: 24142973; PMCID: PMC- 3841744.
- Smith, David & Gendron, Francois. (1997). New locality and a new kind of jadeite jade from Guatemala: rutile- quartz- jadeite. Terra Nova. 9. 35.
- Yang HY. Prediction of pneumoconiosis by serum and urinary biomarkers in workers exposed to asbestos-contaminated minerals. PLoS One. 2019 Apr 4; 14 (4): e0214808. doi: 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0214808. PMID: 30946771; PMCID: PMC- 6448873.
- Tarling MS, Smith SAF, Negrini M, Kuo LW, Wu WH, Cooper AF. An evolutionary model and classification scheme for nephrite jade based on veining, fabric development, and the role of dissolution-precipitation. Sci Rep. 2022 May 12; 12 (1): 7823. doi: 10. 1038/ s41598- 022- 11560- 7. PMID: 35551211; PMCID: PMC- 9098473.
- Bao, Y., Yun, X., Zhao, C., Wang, F., & Li, Y. (2020). Nondestructive analysis of alterations of Chinese jade artifacts from Jinsha, Sichuan Province, China. Scientific Reports, 10. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1038/ s41598- 020- 73290- y.
- Kristensen, Todd & Morin, Jesse & Duke, M. & Locock, A. & Lakevold, Courtney & Giering, Karen & Ives, John. (2016). Pre-contact jade in Alberta: The geochemistry, mineralogy, and archaeological significance of nephrite ground stone tools. Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper Series. 36. 113- 135.
- Adams, Christopher & Beck, R. & Campbell, Hamish. (2007). Characterization and origin of New Zealand nephrite jade using its strontium isotopic signature. Lithos. 97. 307- 322. 10. 1016/ j. lithos. 2007. 01. 001.
- Khan, Rameez & Muhammad, anwar-ul-haq & Qasim, Muhammad & Sher Afgan, Muhammad & Haq, S. & Hussain, Syed Zajif. (2022). Spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis of nephrite jade gemstone using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Heliyon. 8. e11493. 10. 1016/ j. heliyon. 2022. e11493. The elemental composition, mineral phases, and crystalline structure of nephrite jade were investigated using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF- LIBS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For compositional analysis, the laser-induced plasma was generated on the surface of nephrite jade. The plasma emissions were then acquired and analyzed, which revealed several elements in the sample, including Si, Mg, Ca, Li, Fe, Al, Na, K, and Ni. The plasma temperature was extracted from the Boltzmann plot before and after two-step self-absorption correction and used in CF- LIBS calculations to get the elemental concentration. After self-absorption correction, the quantitative results obtained using CF- LIBS were found to be in close agreement with ICP- OES. The Raman spectrum of nephrite jade exhibits Si- O and M- OH stretching vibrations in the regions of 100 cm⁻¹ to 1200 cm⁻¹ and 3600 cm⁻¹ to 3700 cm⁻¹, respectively, whereas the XRD spectrum revealed the monoclinic crystalline phase of tremolite.
- Zwaan, J.C. (Hanco). (2002). Rare Gemstones: Chondrodite. The Journal of Gemmology. 28. 239- 239. 10. 15506/ JoG. 2002. 28. 4. 239.
- Zhang, Cun & Yang, Fan & Yu, Xiao-Yan & Liu, Jinhai & Carranza, Emmanuel John & Chi, Jie & Zhang, Peng. (2023). Spatial-temporal distribution, metallogenic mechanisms and genetic types of nephrite jade deposits in China. 11. 1047707. 10. 3389/fear. 2023. 1047707.
- Qian, Zhong & Liao, Zongting & Qi, Lijian & Zhou, Zhengyu. (2019). Black Nephrite Jade from Guangxi, Southern China. Gems & Gemology. 55. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 55. 2. 198.
- Amin, Usman & Zaheer, Hamid & Salih, Abdul & Bawary, Ahmad & Noorzai, Safiullah & Noori, Ulfatullah & Nader, Sohaib. (2023). Understanding Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Nahartangi Nephrite from Goshta. Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering. 4. 01- 07. 10. 32996/ jmcie. 2023. 4. 4. 1.
- Wang W, Nguyen KD, Le HD, Zhao C, Carson MT, Yang X, Hung HC. Rice and millet were cultivated in Ha Long Bay of Northern Vietnam 4000 years ago. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Nov 2; 13: 976138. doi: 10. 3389/ fpls. 2022. 976138. PMID: 36407601; PMCID: PMC- 9666789.
- Morin, Jesse. (2015). CHAPTER 2 Nephrite/ Jade: The Preeminent Celt Stone of the Pacific Northwest.
- Hou, H. & Wang, Y. & Liu, Y. F. (2010). Study of gemological characteristics of Korea Nephrite Jade. Northwestern Geology. 43. 147- 153.
- Harlow, George & Sorensen, And. (2005). Jade (Nephrite and Jadeitite) and Serpentinite: Metasomatic Connections. International Geology Review. 47. 113- 146. 10. 2747/ 0020- 6814. 47. 2. 113.
- Chen QL, Bao DQ, Yin ZW. – Study on XRD and infrared spectroscopy of nephrites from Xinjiang and Xiuyan, Liaoning. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2013 Nov; 33 (11): 3142- 6. Chinese. PMID: 24555399.
- Yang HY, Huang SH, Shie RH, Chen PC. Cancer mortality in a population exposed to nephrite processing. Occup Environ Med. 2016 Aug; 73 (8): 528-36. doi: 10. 1136/ oemed- 2016- 103586. Epub 2016 Jun 14. PMID: 273- 02977.
- Bao Y, Zhao C, Li Y, Yun X. A method of determining heated ancient nephrite jades in China. Sci Rep. 2018 Sep 10; 8 (1): 13523. doi: 10. 1038/ s41598- 018- 30564- w. PMID: 30201958; PMCID: PMC- 6131398.
- Jiang, Y., Shi, G., Xu, L., & Li, X. (2020). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Nephrite Jade from Yinggelike Deposit, Altyn Tagh (Xinjiang, NW China). Minerals, 10 (5), 418. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ min- 10050418.
- Garcia- Casco, Antonio & Rodriguez Vega, Antonio & Parraga, J. & Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel & Lazaro Calisalvo, Concepción & Blanco-Quintero, Idael & Rojas- Agramonte, Yamirka & Kroner, Alfred & Nunez Cambra, Kenya & Millan, G. & Torres- Roldan, R. & Carrasquilla, S. (2009). A new jadeite jade locality (Sierra Del Convento, Cuba): first report and some petrological and archeological implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 158. 1-16. 10. 1007/ s00410- 008- 0367- 0.
- Zhao, Hengqian. (2021). Spectral characteristics analysis of common precious jade material reflectance based on portable ground object spectrometer. Mineralogy and Petrology. 10. 19719/ j. cnki. 1001-6872. 2021. 02. 01.
- Harlow, George & Sorensen, And. (2005). Jade (Nephrite and Jadeitite) and Serpentinite: Metasomatic Connections. International Geology Review. 47. 113- 146. 10. 2747/ 0020- 6814. 47. 2.113.
- Coccato, Alessia & Karampelas, Stefanos & Worle, Marie & van Willigen, Samuel & Petrequin, Pierre. (2014). Gem quality and archeological green jadeite jade versus omphacite jade. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 45. 10. 1002/ jrs. 4512.
- Park, Yoonjin & Shin, Gyeong & Sik, Gyo & Jin, Sungbae & Kim, Boyong. (2021). Effects of Black Jade on Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells under Benzopyrene. Applied Sciences. 10. 3390/ app- 11031346. Jade, a popular gemstone symbolizing beauty, grace, and longevity, is known to improve blood circulation; however, scientific research evidence is still lacking. The effect of black jade extract on the expression levels of apoptotic and osteogenic genes was validated using qPCR and flow cytometry. In combination with the use of a fluorescence microscope, osteogenic differentiation, and the stained osteocyte count were analyzed. Under the pressure of benzo-pyrene, dermal cell apoptosis was accelerated and the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) was suppressed, but black jade extract counteracted the effects. Through an anti-apoptotic mechanism, the extract suppressed the expression of apoptotic proteins Bax and cytochrome C to 9 and 4.8 times, respectively, compared to that in dermal cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene. During osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, the extract enhanced their differentiation despite being exposed to benzo-pyrene, and the relative levels of the osteoblast differentiation markers osteopenia, osteocalcin, and sclerostin were 1.87, 2.54, and 3.9 times higher, respectively than those in the conditioned medium by benzopyrene. These effects of the extract indicate that black jade extract is very useful when applied as a functional biomaterial.
- Xin, Pan & Ying, Guo & Lau, Ziyuan & Zhang, Zikai & Shi, Yuxiang. (2019). Impact of different standard lighting sources on red jadeite and color quality grading. Earth Sciences Research Journal. Vol. 23. 371- 378. 10. 15446/ esrj. v23n4. 84113.
- Manqian, Wang & Kim, Eunyoung & Man, Yang. (2020). Redesigning a Jade Design Course through the integration of Three-Dimensional Technology. 10. 35199/ EPDE. 2020. 43.
- Simandl, George & Riveros, C. & Schiarizza, P. (1999). Nephrite (Jade) Deposits, Mount Ogden Area, Central British Columbia (NTS 093N 13W).
- Xin, Pan & Ying, Guo & Lau, Ziyuan & Zhang, Zikai & Shi, Yuxiang. (2019). Application of cluster analysis and discriminant analysis in quality grading of jadeite red. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1324. 012101. 10. 1088/ 1742- 6596/ 1324/ 1/ 012101.
- Lantes, Oscar & Rodriguez -Rellan, Carlos & Valcarce, Ramon & de Lombera-Hermida, Arturo & Pazos, Aida & Potrequin, Pierre & Errera, Michel. (2021). A prehistoric jade axe from Galicia (Northwestern Iberia): Researching its origin. Journal of Lithic Studies. 8. 1- 29. 10. 2218/js. 4336.
- Hatipoglu, Murat & Yardici, Yasemin. (2012). Photoluminescence of Turkish purple jade (Turkiyenite). Journal of Luminescence. 132. 2897- 2907. 10. 1016/ j. Jimin. 2012. 05. 007.
- Adamo, Ilaria. (2006). Characterization of omphacite jade from the Po Valley, Piedmont, Italy. The Journal of Gemmology. 30. 215- 226. 10.15506/ JoG. 2006. 30. 3. 215.
- Schmitt, Axel & Liu, Ming-Chang & Kohl, Issaku. (2019). Sensitive and rapid oxygen isotopic analysis of nephrite jade using large-geometry SIMS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 34. 10. 1039/ C8JA- 00424B.
- Zhang, Y., & Shi, G. (2022). Origin of Blue-Water Jadeite Jades from Myanmar and Guatemala: Differentiation by Non-Destructive Spectroscopic Techniques. Crystals, 12 (10), 1448. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ cryst- 12101448.
- Fritsch, E. & Stockton, Carol. (1987). Infrared Spectroscopy in Gem Identification. Gems & Gemology. 23. 18- 26. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 23. 1. 18.
- Bao, Yi & Yun, Xuemei & Zhao, Chaohong & Wang, Fang & Li, Yuesheng. (2020). Nondestructive analysis of alterations of Chinese jade artifacts from Jinsha, Sichuan Province, China. Scientific Reports. 10. 10. 1038/ s41598- 020-73290- y.
- Kiefert, Lore & Hardy, Pierre & Schollenbruch, Klaus & Xu, Wenxing. (2018). CHAPTER 17. New Case Studies: Diamonds, Jades, Corundum and Spinel. 10.1039/ 978178- 8013475- 00254.
- Bao, Yi & Xu, Changqing & Zhu, Qinwen & Li, Yuesheng. (2019). A study on Chinese ancient jades with mercury alteration unearthed from Lizhou’ao Tomb. Scientific Reports. 9. 19849. 10.1038/ s41598- 019- 55138- 2.
- Ying, Guo & Zong, Xiang & Qi, Ming & Zhang, Ye & Wang, Huan. (2018). Feasibility study on color evaluation of jadeite based on Gem-Dialogue color chip images. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing. 2018. 10.1186/ s13640- 018- 0342- 2.
- Yang, Hui & An, Mei & Ye, Dong & Zu, En. (2012). Mineral Compositions and Textures of Jadeite Orebody and its Country Rock in Nammaw, Myanmar. Key Engineering Materials. 512- 515. 652- 656. 10. 4028/ www. scientific. net/ KEM. 512- 515. 652.
- Adamo, Ilaria & Pavese, Alessandro & Loredana, Prosperi & Diella, Valeria & Ajo, David & Monica, Dapiaggi & Carlo, Mora & Franco, Manavella & Franco, Salusso & Valter, Giuliano. (2006). Characterization of omphacite jade from the Po Valley, Piedmont, Italy. The Journal of Gemmology. 30. 215.
- Liu X, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Shu J, Pan S, Zhan F. Comparative Analysis of Guatemalan and Qing Dynasty Jadeite Elemental Signs. Molecules. 2023 Mar 31; 28 (7): 3119. doi: 10. 3390/ molecules- 28073119. PMID: 37049882; PMCID: PMC- 10095750.
- Manrique- Ortega MD, Mitrani A, Casanova- Gonzalez E, Jimenez- Galindo LA, Ruvalcaba-Sil JL. Methodology for the non-destructive characterization of jadeite-jade for archaeological studies. Spec Trochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2019 Jun 15; 217: 294- 309. doi: 10. 1016/ j. saa. 2019. 03. 057. Epub 2019 Mar 19. PMID: 30953922.
- Lin C, He X, Lu Z, Yao Y. Phase composition and genesis of pyroxenic jadeite from Guatemala: insights from cathodoluminescence. RSC Adv. 2020 Apr 21; 10 (27): 15937- 15946. doi: 10. 1039/ d0ra01772h. PMID: 35493637; PMCID: PMC- 9052832.
- Gendron, Francois & Smith, David & Gendron-Badou, Aıicha. (2002). Discovery of Jadeite-Jade in Guatemala Confirmed by Non- Non-Destructive Raman Microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science. 29. 837- 851. 10.1006/ jasc. 2001. 0723.
- Zu, En- dong & Chen, Da- peng & Zhang, Peng- Xiang. (2003). [Identification of B jade by Raman spectroscopy]. Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi- Guang pu. 23. 64- 6. Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool for the identification of bleached and polymer-impregnated jadeites (so-called B jade). The major advantage of this system over classical methods of gem testing is the non-destructive identification of inclusions in gemstones and the determination of organic fracture filling in jade. Fissures in jadeites have been filled with oils and various resins to enhance their clarity, such as paraffin wax, paraffin oil, AB glue, and epoxy resins. They show different peaks depending on their chemical composition. The characteristic spectrum ranges from 1, 200- 1, 700 cm-1 to 2, 800- 3, 100 cm-1. The spectra of resins show that they all have four strongest peaks related to phenyl: two C- C stretching modes at 1,116 and 1,609 cm-1, respectively, one C-H stretching mode at 3,069 cm-1, and an in-plane C-H bending mode at 1,189 cm-1. In addition, the other two -CH2, and -CH3 stretching modes at 2,906 and 2,869 cm-1, respectively, are very similar to paraffin. Therefore, the peaks at 1,116, 1,609, 1,189, and 3,069 cm-1 are important in distinguishing resin from paraffin, and we can identify B jade depending on them.
- Promdee, Gullatida & Wongkokua, Wiwat. (2014). Characterization of jade samples by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques.
- Ying, Guo & Wang, Huan & Du, Hongmei. (2016). The foundation of a color-chip evaluation system of jadeite-jade green with color difference control of medical devices. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 75. 10. 1007/ s11042-016- 3291- 8.
- Manrique-Ortega, Mayra & Mitrani, Alejandro & Casanova-González, Edgar & Jiménez-Galindo, Luis & Ruvalcaba, Jose Luis. (2019). Methodology for the non–non-destructive characterization of jadeite-jade for archaeological studies. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 217. 10. 1016/ j. saa. 2019. 03. 057.
- Zhang, Lili & Yuan, Xinqiang. (2016). The Research on Color Grading of Green Jade Images Based on HSL Chromaticity Analysis. MATEC Web of Conferences. 82. 03002. 10.1051/ matecconf/ 20168203002.
- Lin, Min & Loiacono, Francesco & Sandi, Nan & Min, Win & Vijge, Marjanneke & Ngwenya, Samu. (2019). Artisanal jade mining in Myanmar: Livelihood challenges and opportunities.
- Shi, Guanghai. (2009). Jadeite jade from Myanmar: its texture and geological implications. The Journal of Gemmology. 31. 185- 195. 10.15506/ JoG. 2009. 31. 5. 185.
- Zhao, Z. & Qiao, D. & Zhang, W. & Zhao, Y. (2017). A study of the distribution of high-grade gemstone and jade deposits in countries of “The Belt and Road”. Geological Bulletin of China. 36. 1450- 1461.
- Ying, Guo & Wang, Huan & Xiang, Li & DONG, Shirong. (2016). Metamerism Appreciation of Jadeite-Jade Green under the Standard Light Sources D 65, A, and CWF. Acta Geologica Sinica – English Edition. 90. 2097- 2103. 10. 1111/ 1755- 6724. 13024.
- Hatipoğlu, Murat. (2016). A unique composite material from Turkey; Turkish purple jade (turkiyenite). 10. 5593/ SGEM2016/ B11/ S01. 003.
- Ouyang, Guoqing & Liu, Zhipeng & Huang, Shengfu & Li, Qianglong & Xiong, li & Miao, Xiongying & Wen, Yu. (2016). Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine alone in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 14. 10. 1186/ s12957- 016- 0813- 9. Pancreatic cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the USA. And gemcitabine has been the standard of care for advanced pancreatic cancer. However, a combined use of gemcitabine plus cisplatin (Gem-Cis) has shown promising efficacies in pancreatic cancer patients. Here, a system review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacy and safety of Gem- Cis versus gemcitabine (Gem) alone in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The databases of MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for retrieving the relevant publications before 31 September 2014. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and secondary end points included 6-month survival, 1-year survival, overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), time to progression/progression-free survival (TTP/ PFS), and toxicities. A total of nine randomized controlled trials involving 1354 patients were included for systematic evaluations. Overall, as compared with Gem alone, Gem- Cis significantly improved the 6- month survival rate (relative risk (RR) = 1.303, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.090– 1.558, P = 0.004), ORR (RR = 1.482, 95 % CI 1.148– 1.913, P = 0.003), PFS/ TTP (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87; 95 % CI 0.78– 0.93, P = 0.022), and the overall toxicities (RR = 2.164, 95 % CI 1.837– 2.549, P = 0.000). However, no significant difference existed in overall survival (HR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.80–1.42, P = 1.02), 1-year survival rate (RR = 0.956, 95 % CI 0.770–1.187, P = 0.684), and CBR (RR = 0.854, 95 % CI 0.681–1.072, P = 0.175). As for grade III/ IV toxicity, seven kinds of toxicities were higher in the Gem-Cis group. However, no significant inter-group statistical differences existed in the incidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or diarrhea.
- Despite a higher incidence of three-fourths toxicity, Gem- – Cis offers better outcomes of ORR, PFS/ TTP, and 6- 6-month survival, which indicates GemCis may be a promising therapy for pancreatic cancer.
- Tsujimori, Tatsuki & Harlow, George. (2017). Jadeite (jadeite jade) from Japan: History, characteristics, and perspectives. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences. 112. 184- 196. 10. 2465/ jmps. 170804.
- Ying, Guo & Weixi, Tang & Yonghong, Xiang & Ming, Qi & Jingxiao, Bi. (2019). Thermodynamic research of jadeite jade at high temperatures and high pressures based on phase balance intelligent calculation. Thermal Science. 23. 155- 155. 10. 2298/ TSCI18- 1202155Y.
- Adamo, Ilaria & Bocchio, Rosangela. (2013). Nephrite Jade from Val Malenco, Italy: Review and Update. Gems and Gemology. 49. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 49. 2. 98.
- Yu, Xiao-Yan & Ke, Jie & Lei, Yinglin. (2005). Study on Gemmological Characteristics of Idocrase Jade.
- Wang, Mingying & Shi, Guanghi. (2020). The Evolution of Chinese Jade Carving Craftmanship. Gems & Gemology. 56. 30- 53. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 56. 1. 30.
- Chang, Shoude & Mao, Youxin & Chang, Guangming & Flueraru, Costel. (2010). Detection and analysis of jade material using optical coherence tomography. Proc SPIE. 7750. 10. 1117/ 12. 872724.
- Yin, Ke & Tian, Jian & Ma, Yu-Bo & Wu, Yu & Wang, Yang. (2014). Mineralogy and Colosation of Oil-Green Jadeite Jade. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis. 34. 10. 3964/ j. issn. 1000- 0593 (2014) 12- 3323- 04.
- Seneewong Na Ayutthaya, Montira. (2022). THE STUDY OF FIVE JADE IMITATIONS FROM BANGKOK’S YAOWARAT ROAD_GEM-A STUDENT PROJECT. Zhang, Jian & Lu, Taijin & Chen, Hua. (2013). Characteristics of Coated Jadeite Jade. Gems & Gemology. 49. 10. 5741/ GEMS. 49. 4. 246.
- Hatipoğlu, Murat & Yardımcı, Yasemin & Chamberlain, Steven. (2012). Gem-quality Turkish purple jade: Geological and mineralogical characteristics. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 63. 48- 61. 10. 1016/ j. jafrearsci. 2011. 11. 004.
- Tan, T. & Ng, L. & Lim, L. (2014). STUDIES ON NEPHRITE AND JADEITE JADES BY FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES. COSMOS. 09. 10. 1142/ S02196- 07713500031. The mineralogical properties of black nephrite jade from Western Australia are studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using both transmission and specular reflectance techniques in the 4000– 400 cm-1 wavenumber region. The infrared absorption peaks in the 3700– 3600 cm-1 region which are due to the O–H stretching mode provide a quantitative analysis of the Fe/ (Fe+ Mg) ratio in the mineral composition of jade samples. The Fe/ (Fe+Mg) percentage in black nephrite is found to be higher than that in green nephrite, but comparable to that of actinolite (iron-rich nephrite). This implies that the mineralogy of black nephrite is closer to actinolite than tremolite. The jade is also characterized using Raman spectroscopy in the 1200– 200 cm-1 region. Results from FTIR and Raman spectroscopic data of black nephrite jade are compared with those of green nephrite jade from New Zealand and jadeite jade from Myanmar. Black nephrite appears to have a slightly different chemical composition from green nephrite. Spectra from FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques were found to be useful in differentiating black nephrite, green nephrite, and green jadeite jades. Furthermore, data on refractive index, specific gravity, and hardness of black nephrite jade are measured and compared with those of green nephrite and jadeite jade.
- Franz, Leander & Tay, Thyesun & Hänni, Henry & Capitani, Christian & Thanasuthipitak, Theerapongs & Atichat, Wilawan. (2014). A Comparative Study of Jadeite, Omphacite and Kosmochlor Jades from Myanmar, and Suggestions for a Practical Nomenclature. The Journal of Gemmology. 34. 210– 229. 10. 15506/ JoG. 2014. 34. 3. 210.
- Zhang, Sufei & Ying, Guo. (2021). Measurement of Gem Colour Using a Computer Vision System: A Case Study with Jadeite-Jade. Minerals. 11. 791. 10. 3390/ min- 11080791.
- Ismail, Ismail & Nizar, Akmal & Mursal, Mursal. (2018). Mineral identification of black-jade gemstone from Aceh Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1011. 012001. 10. 1088/ 1742- 6596/ 1011/ 1/ 012001.
- Ying, Guo & Zong, Xiang & Qi, Ming. (2019). Feasibility study on quality evaluation of Jadeite-jade color green based on GemDialogue color chip. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 78. 10.1007/ s11042- 018- 5753- 7.
- Pei, Jing-Cheng & Fan, Lu-Wei & Xie, Hao. (2014). Study on the Vibrational Spectra and XRD Characters of Huanglong Jade from Longling County, Yunnan Province. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis. 34. 10. 3964/ j. issn. 1000-0593 (2014) 12- 3411- 04.
- Wang, Rong & Li, Yifan. (2023). Jade and Precious Stones. 10.1016/ B978- 0-323- 90799- 6. 00110- 5.
- Ismail, Ismail & Nizar, Akmal & Mursal, Mursal. (2018). Analysis of minerals in the lavender gemstone by using XRF to determine whether it is a type of Jade. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1116. 032012. 10. 1088/ 1742-6596/ 1116/ 3/ 032012.
- Larrive- Bass, Sandrine. (2023). Jade for Bones in Hongshan Craftsmanship: Human Anatomy as the Genesis of a Prehistoric Style. Arts. 12. 206. 10. 3390/ arts- 12050206.
References
- Dr. Indradeva Tripathi, Rasaratna Samuchhaya of Vagbhatacharya, 4/8, Hindi translation, 3rd edition, published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan, K 37/ 116, Gopal Mandir Lane, Varanasi – 221 001.
- National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part III. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2001. 20 р.
- National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part I. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2006. р. 46, 72, 78, 110, 231.
- Dr. Harishankar Pathak, editor, ‘Jatak Parijat’ of Daivagya Vaidyanath, 2/21, Hindi translation, 1st edition, published by Chaukhamba Surabharati, Varanasi – 221001, 2012.
- Khan A. Muheet-i-Azam. Vol 2. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2013. p. 788- 90.
- Zhu, M., & Guo, Y. (2023). New Insights into the Coloration Mechanism in Spessartines and the Impact of Munsell Neutral Grey Backgrounds. Crystals, 13 (11), 1529. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ cryst- 13111529
- Zhao, Z., & Guo, Y. (2021). Color Quality Evaluation of Bluish-Green Serpentinite Based on the CIECAM16 Model. Minerals, 12(1), 38. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ min- 12010038
- Hakim A. Bustanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idara Kitabu Shifa; 2011. 112 p. Rafiquddin M. Kanzul Advia Mufrada. AMU, Aligarh: University Publication Unit; 1985. p. 389, 390
- Dubey, Sonali & Kumar, Rohit & Pati, Jayanta & Kiefer, Johannes & Rai, Awadhesh. (2021). Rapid Analysis of Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Gemstones Using LIBS and Chemometric Technique. Applied Sciences. 11. 6156. 10. 3390/ app- 11136156.
- Harishankar Pathak, editor, ‘Faladipika’ of Mantreshwara, 2/29, 1st edition, Hindi translation, published by Chaukhamba Surabharati, Varanasi – 221001.
- Dr. Vilas Dole, Dr. Parkasha Paranjpe, A textbook of Rasa Shastra, reprinted 2016, Chaukambha Sanskrit Pratishthana, Delhi.
- National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part V. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2008.
- Qarabadin Sarkari. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine.
- Dr. Ravinder Angadi, A textbook of Rasa Shastra, Iatro- Chemistry and Ayurveda Pharmaceutics, First edition, Chaukambha Surbharti Parkashana, Varanasi.
- P. Himsagara Chandra Murthy, Rasa- Shastra, the Mercurial system, Chaukambha Sanskrit series office, Varanasi.
- Dr. Damodara Joshi, Rasa Amritam, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi. Pio, Edwina & Kilpatrick, Rob & Le Fevre, Mark. (2017).
- Navratna – the nine gems: Illuminating enablers, barriers, and vignettes of South Asian women leaders. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. 6. 00- 00. 10. 1108/ SAJBS- 05- 2016- 0045.
- Dokras, Uday. (2020). Navaratna (GEM) Therapy.
- R., Shyam & Aithal, Sreeramana. (2023). Connecting Planetary Gods (Navagrahas) with Gods of Management (9 Ms). 2. 33- 47. 10. 5281/ zenodo. 8112182.
- Baitar I. Al- Jami Li- Mufradatul Advia waAl- Aghzia. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2000. p. 348, 349.
- Kabiruddin M. Makhzanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa; 2014. p. 240, 241.
- Ghani N. Khazainul Advia. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa; 2011. p. 765, 766.
- Bharati Kumari, Shreebhagwan Singh, Umesh Chandra Sinha. Correlation of Ayurveda and Astrology on Health. Ayushdhara. 2022 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jan. 25]; 9 (Supp- l1): 86- 9. https:// ayushdhara. in/ index. php/ ayushdhara/ article/ view/ 1007
- Seraj, Snaa & monjur- e- khudha, Mohammad & Aporna, S.A. & Khan, Shamiul & Islam, Farukul & Jahan, Rownak & Mou, S.M. & Khatun, Z. & Rahmatullah, Mohammed. (2011).
- Use of semiprecious- stones for preventive and curative purposes: A survey among the traditional medicinal practitioners of the bide community of Bangladesh. American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 5. 263- 269.
- Savage A. Spring Books: Precious and semi-precious gems. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981 Apr 18; 282 (6272): 1295. PMCID: PMC- 1505318.
- FORBES TR. Chalcedony and childbirth: precious and semi-precious stones as obstetrical amulets. Yale J Biol Med. 1963 Apr; 35 (5): 390- 401. PMID: 13958688; PMCID: PMC- 2604313.
- Kabiruddin M. Bayaz-i-Kabir. 5thed. Vol. 2. New Delhi, India; Aijaz Publishing House; 1934. p. 426, 430, 452, 453.
- Ashraf MH. Makhzanul Mufradat Ma Murakkabat wa Khwasul Advia. New Delhi: Aijaz Publishing House; 2011.
- Nasir MAH. Mufradat Nasiri Mae Takmila. India: Qaisari Publication. YNM.
- Anandan AR, Thulasimani. Siddha Materia Medica (Mineral and Animal Kingdom). Department of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Chennai; 1985.
National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part VI. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, 2011. Qarabadin Majidi. Delhi: Alami Printing Press. YNM.
Was this Page Helpful?
Read More Articles
-
Sphatik Stone (Quartz – Rock Crystal)
Know the Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits of Sphatik Stone, which is also…
-
Firoza Stone (Turquoise – Pairojaka)
Know the Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits of Firoza Stone, which is also…
-
Amber Stone (Trinkant Mani – Kaharwa)
Know the Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits of Amber Stone, which is also…
