Sphatik Stone (Quartz – Rock Crystal)
Know the Astrological and Ayurvedic Benefits of Sphatik Stone, which is also known as Sphatik Mani, Quartz Stone and Rock Crystal Gemstone.
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Introduction
Quartz, rock crystal or pebal is an abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4, silicon oxygen tetrahedra with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2. There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi- precious gemstones. Throughout the world, varieties of quartz have been, since antiquity, the most used minerals in the making of jewelry and hard stone carvings. Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six- sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end. In nature quartz crystals are often twinned, distorted, or intergrown with adjacent crystals of quartz or other minerals as to only show part of this shape or to lack obvious crystal faces altogether and appear massive. Well-formed crystals typically form in a bed that has unconstrained growth into a void, but because the crystals must be attached at the other end to a matrix, only one termination pyramid is present. There are exceptions as doubly terminated crystals do occur. It is found in all parts of the world. The important sources are Brazil, Switzerland, France and Madagascar. In India, it is found in parts of Rajasthan.
स्फटिक मणि, रॉक क्रिस्टल या कंकड़ पृथ्वी की महाद्वीपीय परत में प्रचुर मात्रा में पाया जाने वाला खनिज है। यह SiO4, सिलिकॉन ऑक्सीजन टेट्राहेड्रा के एक सतत ढांचे से बना है, जिसमें प्रत्येक ऑक्सीजन को दो टेट्राहेड्रा के बीच साझा किया जाता है, जो एक समग्र सूत्र SiO2 देता है। क्वार्ट्ज की कई अलग-अलग किस्में हैं, जिनमें से कई अर्ध-कीमती रत्न हैं। दुनिया भर में, क्वार्ट्ज की किस्में, प्राचीन काल से, गहने और कठोर पत्थर की नक्काशी के निर्माण में सबसे अधिक उपयोग किए जाने वाले खनिज हैं। क्वार्ट्ज त्रिकोणीय क्रिस्टल प्रणाली से संबंधित है। आदर्श क्रिस्टल आकार एक छह-तरफा प्रिज्म है जो प्रत्येक छोर पर छह-तरफा पिरामिड के साथ समाप्त होता है। प्रकृति में क्वार्ट्ज क्रिस्टल अक्सर जुड़वाँ, विकृत होते हैं, या क्वार्ट्ज या अन्य खनिजों के आसन्न क्रिस्टल के साथ अंतर्वर्धित होते हैं, जिससे केवल इस आकार का हिस्सा दिखाई देता है या पूरी तरह से स्पष्ट क्रिस्टल चेहरे की कमी होती है और बड़े पैमाने पर दिखाई देते हैं। अच्छी तरह से गठित क्रिस्टल आम तौर पर एक बिस्तर में बनते हैं जिसमें शून्य में अप्रतिबंधित वृद्धि होती है, लेकिन क्योंकि क्रिस्टल को मैट्रिक्स के दूसरे छोर पर जोड़ा जाना चाहिए, केवल एक समाप्ति पिरामिड मौजूद होता है। कुछ अपवाद भी हैं क्योंकि दोहरे रूप से समाप्त क्रिस्टल पाए जाते हैं। यह विश्व के सभी भागों में पाया जाता है। महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत ब्राजील, स्विट्जरलैंड, फ्रांस और मेडागास्कर हैं। भारत में यह राजस्थान के कुछ भागों में पाया जाता है।
Sphatik as Uprasa
Sphatika is the third mineral drug of the Uparasa group. It is identified as potash alum in English. It is the potassium double sulphate of aluminum with chemical formula is K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24H2O. Potassium alum crystallizes in regular octahedra with flattened corners and is very soluble in water. The solution reddens litmus and is an astringent. When heated to nearly a red hot it gives a porous, friable mass, which is known as burnt alum. It fuses at 92° C in its own water of crystallization. Neutral alum is obtained by the addition of as much sodium carbonate to a solution of alum as will begin to cause the separation of alumina. Alum finds application as a mordant, in the preparation of lakes for sizing hand-made paper and in the clarifying of turbid liquids. In India, the mineral is found in Sourastra (Gujarat), Punjab, Bihar, Goa, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal. It is also artificially prepared. Overseas, the ores are found in Italy, United States and in the island of Cebu (Philippines). Here it is locally known as Tawas. Potassium alum is an astringent/styptic and antiseptic. For this reason, it can be used as a natural deodorant by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible for body odor. Use of mineral salts in such a fashion does not prevent perspiration. Its astringent/styptic properties are often employed after shaving and to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions, nosebleeds and hemorrhoids.
स्फटिका उपरस समूह की तीसरी खनिज औषधि है। इसे अंग्रेजी में पोटाश एलम के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह एल्यूमीनियम का पोटेशियम डबल सल्फेट है जिसका रासायनिक सूत्र K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24H2O है। पोटेशियम फिटकिरी चपटे कोनों के साथ नियमित अष्टधातु में क्रिस्टलीकृत होती है और पानी में बहुत घुलनशील होती है। यह घोल लिटमस को लाल कर देता है और कसैला होता है। जब इसे लगभग लाल तक गर्म किया जाता है तो यह एक छिद्रपूर्ण, भुरभुरा द्रव्यमान देता है, जिसे जली हुई फिटकरी के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह क्रिस्टलीकरण के अपने जल में 92°C पर संलयन करता है। फिटकरी के घोल में उतनी मात्रा में सोडियम कार्बोनेट मिलाने से तटस्थ फिटकरी प्राप्त होती है, जिससे एल्यूमिना अलग होने लगेगा। हाथ से बने कागज को आकार देने के लिए झीलों की तैयारी में और गंदे तरल पदार्थों को स्पष्ट करने में फिटकरी का उपयोग एक मार्डेंट के रूप में किया जाता है। भारत में यह खनिज सौराष्ट्र (गुजरात), पंजाब, बिहार, गोवा, उत्तर प्रदेश और नेपाल में पाया जाता है। इसे कृत्रिम रूप से भी तैयार किया जाता है. विदेशों में, अयस्क इटली, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका और सेबू द्वीप (फिलीपींस) में पाए जाते हैं। यहां इसे स्थानीय तौर पर तवासा के नाम से जाना जाता है। पोटेशियम फिटकरी एक कसैला/स्टिप्टिक और एंटीसेप्टिक है। इस कारण से, इसे शरीर की गंध के लिए जिम्मेदार बैक्टीरिया के विकास को रोककर प्राकृतिक दुर्गन्ध के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है। ऐसे में खनिज लवणों के प्रयोग से पसीना नहीं निकलता। इसके कसैले/स्टिप्टिक गुणों का उपयोग अक्सर शेविंग के दौरान और मामूली कट और खरोंच, नाक से खून और बवासीर में रक्तस्राव को कम करने के लिए किया जाता है।
Ayurvedic View of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
ये अत्यंत पारदर्शक, रंगहीन, स्वच्छ एवं श्वेत वर्ण का पाषाण है। इसके मणिभ नियत आकार के होते ह। जिसे कांट छाँटकर पालिश करके रत्न के आकार का बनाया जाता है। फिर शिवलिंग, बर्तन, माला एवं प्रतिमा आदि बनाये जाते है। रासायनिक दृष्टि से इसमें सिलिकॉन और ऑक्सीजन ये दो तत्व होते हैं। ये प्राचीनकाल से ही लोकप्रिय पत्थर है। ऑक्सी हाइड्रोजन ज्वाला में ये गलकर कांच बन जाता है। शुद्ध स्फटिक रंगहीन एवं निर्मल होता है। किन्तु अन्य अशुद्धियों के कारन यह रंगीन दिखाई देता है। ये शिव को प्रसन्न करता है।
It is a very transparent, colorless, clean and white stone. Its gems are of fixed size. Which is cut and polished into the shape of a gem. Then Shivalinga, utensils, garlands and statues etc. are made. From the chemical point of view, it contains two elements, silicon and oxygen. This is a popular stone since ancient times. It melts in oxy-hydrogen flame and becomes glass. Pure crystal is colorless and clear. But due to other impurities it appears coloured. This pleases Shiva.
Astrological View of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
उपरत्न वर्ग के खनिजपाषाण में काठिन्य, चमक, पारदर्शकता रत्नो की अपेक्षा कम गुणवाले होते है। इनका मूल्य भी कम होता है। अतः इन्हें उपरत्न कहा जाता है। उपरत्नों की संख्या में मतभिन्नता है- आनन्दकन्दकार ने 9 उपरत्न माने है। जबकि आयुर्वेदप्रकाशकार ने 15 उपरत्न माने है। बृहद योगतरंगिणीकार ने 4 ही उपरत्न माने है। रसतरंगिणीकार ने छः उपरत्न माने है। आनन्दकन्दकार ने विमल, सस्यक, कान्त एवं तारकान्त को भी उपरत्न में शामिल कर दिया है। बृहत् योग तरंगिणीकार ने मुक्ता प्रवाल को भी उपरत्न वर्ग में मानकर और भी भ्र्म पैदा किया है। आयुर्वेद प्रकाशकार ने ५ प्रचलित उपरत्नो के अतिरिक्त १० नए उपरत्न को इस वर्ग में शामिल किया है परन्तु सबसे अधिक रस तरंगिणी का मत ही प्रचलित है।
Reference- आ. क. क्रि. व १/ १२
सूर्यकान्तश्चन्द्रकान्तस्तारकान्तस्तु कान्तक: ।
वैक्रान्तश्च नृपावर्तस्सस्यको विमला तथा।
Reference: आयुर्वेद प्रकाश ५/ ६- ८
वैक्रान्तः सूर्यकान्तश्च चन्द्रकान्तश्तथैवं च: ।
राजावर्तो लालसंज्ञ: पैरोजाख्यस्तथा अपर: ।।
मुक्ता शुक्तिस्तथा शेख: कर्पूरशमा अथ काचजा: ।
मणयो नीलपीताद्या हन्ये विषहराश्च ये।।
वह्यादिस्तम्भका ये च ते सर्वे हि परीक्षकै: ।
गणिता द्लुपरत्नेषु मणयो लोकविश्रुता: ।।
Reference: बृहत् योग तरंगिण ४३/ ८२
मुक्ता विद्रुम शंखाश्व राजावर्तस्तथैव च। उपरत्नानि चत्वारि कथितानि मनीषिभिः।।
Reference: Rasa Trangini. 23/ 154
वैक्रान्त सूर्यकान्त चन्द्रकांतो नृपो पल |
पेरोजकञ्च स्फटिकम क्षुद्र रत्न गणो हव्यम।।
There are Six Uparatna as per Rasa Trangini
- Vaikranta (Fluorite/ Tormaline)
- Suryakanta (Spinel) (Na, O, CaO, Al, 2SiO)
- Candrakant (Moonstone) (K, Si, O, Na, Al, Si)
- Raja-varta (Lapis Lazuli) (Na, Ca), (Al, SiO) (S, SO, Cl)
- Pairojaka (Turquoise)
- Sphatika (Rock crystal)
A few gems are also added to the list of Uparatna by NCISM and they mention a total 13 number of Upratnas. They are as follows:
- Vaikranta (Fluorite/ Tormaline)
- Suryakanta (Spinel) (Na, O, CaO, Al, 2SiO)
- Candrakant (Moonstone) (K, Si, O, Na, Al, Si)
- Raja-varta (Lapis Lazuli) (Na, Ca), (Al, SiO) (S, SO, Cl)
- Pairojaka (Turquoise)
- Sphatika (Rock crystal)
- Sougandhik
- Putika (Peridote)
- Trinkanta (Amber, Succinum)
- Rudhiram/ rudhir Putika (Carnelion)
- Palankam/ Palakam (Onyx, CaSO4, 2H2O)
- Vyomasma (Jade)
- Kosheyaashm
Upratna is Mentioned in Different Ayurvedic Literature
| Upratna name/ semi-precious stone | Aayurveda Parkasha | Aanand Kand | Brihat Yog Trangini | Rasa Trangini |
| Suryakanta | + | + | – | + |
| Chandrakant | + | + | – | + |
| Vaikrant | + | + | – | + |
| Rajavart | + | + | + | + |
| Perojak | + | + | – | + |
| Saphatik | – | – | – | + |
| Taarkaant | – | + | – | – |
| Kaant | – | + | – | – |
| Sasyak | – | + | – | – |
| Vimal | – | + | – | – |
| Laalmani | + | – | – | – |
| Mukta Shukti | + | – | – | – |
| Shankh | + | – | + | – |
| Karpurashma | + | – | – | – |
| Kaachmani | + | – | – | – |
| Neelmani | + | – | – | – |
| Peetmani | + | – | – | – |
| Vishhar Mani | + | – | – | – |
| Agni Stambhak Mani | + | – | – | – |
| Jal Stambhak Mani | + | – | + | – |
| Mukta | – | – | + | – |
| Parvala | – | – | + | – |
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Properties of Semi-Precious Stone (Upratna)
| Name | Chemical composition | Structure | Hardness | Specific Gravity | Refractive index | Double refraction |
| Fluorite (Vaikrant) | CaF2 | Cubic | 4 | 3.18 | 1.43 | None |
| Spinel (Suryakant) | MgAl2O4 | Cubic | 8 | 3.60 | 1.71- 1.73 | None |
| Moonstone (Chandrakant) | KAlSi3O8 | Monoclinic | 6 | 2.57 | 1.52- 1.53 | 0.005 |
| Lapis Lazuli (Rajavart) | (Na, Ca)8, (Al, Si12 O24 (SO4) Cl2 (OH)2 | Various | 5.5 | 2.80 | 1.50 | None |
| Turquoise (Perojaka) | Cu Al6 (PO4)4 (OH)8 5 H2O | Triclinic | 6 | 2.80 | 1.61- 1.65 | 0.004 |
| Rock Crystal (Sphatika) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.65 | 1.54- 1.55 | 0.009 |
| Jade (Vyomashma) | NA (AL, FE) Si2O6 | Monoclinic | 7 | 3.33 | 1.66- 1.68 | 0.012 |
| Onyx (Palanka) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.61 | 1.53- 1.54 | 0.004 |
| Carnelian (Rudhiram, Akeek) | SiO2 | Trigonal | 7 | 2.61 | 1.53- 1.54 | 0.004 |
| Peridot (Putika) | (Mg, Fe)2 SiO4 | Orthorhombic | 6.5 | 3.34 | 1.64- 1.69 | 0.036 |
| Amber (Trinkant) | C6 H16 O | Amorphous | 2.5 | 1.08 | 1.54- 1.55 | N/ A |
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) Upratna (Semi-Precious Stone) Indicated as a Substitute for Precious Stone as per Astrological Science to Nullify the Maleficent Effect of Various Planets (Grahas) and to Treat the Roga (Disorders) Related to that Particular Planet.
Not everyone is affluent, and the affordability of precious stones remains beyond the means of many individuals. In light of this, semiprecious stones emerge as a viable and more accessible alternative. These gemstones, while not as costly as their precious counterparts, possess unique and appealing qualities. Embracing semi precious stones allows a broader spectrum of people to enjoy the beauty and symbolism associated with gemstones without the financial strain associated with acquiring precious ones.
| Planet | Precious Gem Used | Substitute Semi-Precious Stone |
| Sun (Surya) | Manikya (Ruby) | – |
| Moon (Chandra) | Mukta (Pearl) | – |
| Mars (Mangala) | Vidruma (Coral) | – |
| Mercury (Buddha) | Markat (Emerald) | |
| Jupiter (Guru) | Pushapraga (Topaz) | – |
| Venus (Shukra) | Vajra (Diamond) | Rock Crystal / Quartz |
| Saturn (Shani) | Neelam (Blue sapphire) | – |
| Rahu | Gomeda (Hessonite) | – |
| Ketu | Vaidurya (Cat’s eye stone) | – |
Diseases Induced by Maleficent Effects of Planets (Greha Roga) or Diseases Induced by Dushkarma (Sinful Deeds) Done by the Rogi (Patient) i.e Karma Vipaka Siddhanta
| Planet | Diseases Caused |
| Sun | Shoth (Inflammation in the body), Apsmar (Epilepsy), Paitikavikara, Jawara (Fever), Diseases of the eye, skin, and bone, rational fears, Bites from poisonous reptiles like snakes, weakening the digestive system, and constipation. |
| Moon | Sleep diseases such as Anidra (insomnia) or somnambulism (sleepwalking), Kaphaj Kasa, Atisara, Alsaya, Agnimandya (Loss of appetite), Aruchi (Disinterest in food), Kamala (Jaundice), Chitudvega, Grehani, Hydrophobia, Fear of animals with horns, Problems concerning women, Hallucinations |
| Mars | Trishna (Excessive thirst), Bilious disorders, Flatulence, Excessive fear of fire, Gulma, appendicitis, Kustha (Leprosy), eye disorder, Apsmar (Epilepsy), Rakta Vikara, Majja Vikar (Bone marrow diseases), Kandu (Itching), Ruksha Twaka (Rough skin). |
| Mercury | Lack of self-confidence, Gala Rog (Throat problems like goiter, etc.), Nasagata Rog (Nose Diseases), Vata- Kaphaj Roga, Cold and Cough, Flatulence, Poisoning. Twaka Dosha (Skin diseases), Vicharchika. Jaundice. |
| Jupiter | Gulma, Appendicitis, Karan Vedna (an ear disease), Sanyas.Frequent litigation, Problems with friends, parents, and relatives. |
| Venus | Pandu (Anaemia), Netra Roga (Disorders of the eye), Flatulence, Cough, Mutrakrich (Urinary disease), Prameha (Diabetes), Syphilis, Shukra-Vyapati (Low sperm count), Impotence, Dryness of Mouth, Constipation, Irrational fears. |
| Saturn | Flatulence, Cough, Pain in the legs, Excessive Fatigue, Illusion, Daha (Excessive heat in the body), Mental shocks, Personal calamities, and Accidents causing temporary or lasting wounds. |
| Rahu | Heart diseases such as an attack, Shotha (Inflammation), Kushtha (Leprosy), illusions, hallucinations, disease due to poisoning, excessive hurt, and wounds. |
| Ketu | Unknown mysterious diseases, cannot be easily found by doctors. |
Types of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) as per Astrology
यद्यपि रस शास्त्र में स्फटिक का कोई भी भेद नहीं है तथापि रत्न विज्ञान में वर्ण की दृष्टि से कई भेद है:-
- शैल स्फटिक
- नील राग स्फटिक
- गुलाबी स्फटिक
- धूम्र स्फटिक
- पीत स्फटिक
- दुग्ध स्फटिक
- नीलम स्फटिक
- चमकीला स्फटिक
- केश स्फटिक
- व्याघ्राक्ष स्फटिक
- विडालक्ष स्फटिक
- गुप्तमणिभीय स्फटिक
Types of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Types of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) are as follows:
Milk Quartz: Due to the presence of microscopic inclusions of fluids or gases trapped during the crystal’s formation, the Sphatika Mani exhibits cloudy or milky appearance. As compared to pure rock crystal, Milk quartz exhibits reduced clarity and exhibits some transparency.
Smoky Quartz: The variety of Sphatika Mani ranges from light gray to deep brown and is known as smoky quartz in which the color is attributed by the natural radiation exposure over time.
Rose Quartz: The Sphatika Mani, known for its pale pink to rosy coloration is known as rose quartz and this color is attributed by trace amounts of titanium, manganese or iron within the crystal structure.
Rutilated Quartz: The Sphatika Mani is formed from a mineral composed of titanium dioxide, within the crystal structure and has needle-like inclusion. Due to these inclusions, rutilated quartz can create unique textures and patterns within the rock crystal, giving it a distinctive appearance.
Citrine: Due to the trace amounts of iron within the crystal structure, citrine has golden orange to yellow color.
Phantom Quartz: Phantom quartz, also known as ghost quartz, is a type of rock The crystal that contains a ghost-like image of another crystal within its structure is known as Phantom crystal or it is also famous with the name ghost crystal due to its above-mentioned property. When the growth of the quartz crystal is interrupted, this phenomenon occurs that leaves a partial or complete phantom of the original crystal within the larger crystal of Sphatika Upratna.
Types of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) as per Ayurveda
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 60- 62
फटकी फुल्लिका च इति द्वितीय परिकीर्तिता।
ईषत पीता गुरु: स्निग्धा पितिका विष नाशिनी।।
वृण कुष्ठहरा सर्व कुष्ठ्घ्नी च विशेषत:।
निर्भारा शुभ्र वर्णा च स्निग्धा स अम्ला अपरा मता।
सा फुल्ल तुवारी प्रोक्ता लेपा ताम्र चरे दीयम।।
There are two types of Sphatika i.e. Phataki and phullika. Out of these two Phataki is light yellow in color, and it is heavy and soft and is good at nullifying the influence of poisons over the body. It is useful in healing wounds. It is indicated in all types of Kustha Roga. This variety is considered as Grahya Sphatika out of both. The second one Phullika is light weighted, bright white colored, smooth and a little sour tasting. Application of its paste over copper foils helps in the incineration of copper.
स्फटिक दो प्रकार की होती है अर्थात् फटकी और फुल्लिका। इनमें से दो फटकी हल्के पीले रंग की होती हैं और यह भारी मुलायम होती हैं और शरीर पर जहर के प्रभाव को खत्म करने में अच्छी होती हैं। यह घाव भरने में उपयोगी है। यह सभी प्रकार के कुष्ठ रोग में दर्शाया गया है। इस किस्म को दोनों में से ग्राह्य स्फटिका माना जाता है। दूसरा फुल्लिका हल्के वजन का, चमकीले सफेद रंग का, चिकना और थोड़ा खट्टा स्वाद वाला होता है। तांबे की पन्नी पर इसका लेप लगाने से तांबे को जलाने में मदद मिलती है।
The Other Types of Sphatika are as follows:
According to Rasa Ratna Sammuchya:
- Phataki
- Phullika
According to Rasendra Chudamani:
- Isat Pita
- Shubhra Varna
According to Rasarnava:
- Sita (khanda)
- Krishna (Churna)
Synonyms of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Trangini. 23/ 211- 212
स्फटिक: स्फटिकम च एव स्फटिकम स्फटिक दृष्ट।
स्फाटिकम स्फटिकाशमा च तथैव स्फटिकोपल: ।
शाली पिष्टम धौत शिलं शिव रत्नम शिव प्रियं।
सीतो पलो अमल मणि: स एव परिकीर्तित: ।
Reference: Aayurved Parkash. 5/ 136
स्फटिकम सीतोपलम स्याद मल मणि निर्मलो पलं स्वछं।
Sphatika, Sphatikadrishadm Sphatika, Sphatikashma, Sphatikopl, Shali Pishtam (having the color of the rice flour), Dhout Shila (white colored), Shiv Ratna, Shiv Priyam, Sitopal, Amlmani, Nirmlopala, Swach Mani, Mal Ratn, Nistush Ratan, Shikihi Priya all these are the synonyms of the Sphatika Mani that is mentioned under the Upratna Varga in the classics.
Synonyms of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Trangini. 11/ 178- 179
स्फटिकारी: स्फुटि च एव स्फटिक स्फुटिकारिका।
स्फुटिका फटिका च एव शुभ्रा कांक्षी च रंगद।।
दृढ़ रंगा रंग दृढ़ा तथैव दृढ़ रंगदा।
तुव्री रंग दात्री च कथित भिषजाम वरै: ||
Sphatikari, Sphuti, Sphatika, Sphutikarika, Sphuika, Phatika, Shubhra, Kankshi, Rangada, Drid Ranga, Rang Dridda, Tuvari, Rang Datri all these are the synonyms of the the drug Sphatika identified in the classics.
Names of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) in Different Languages
- Sphatik, Garpatthar, Bilior (Hindi)
- Spahtika, Sphatika Purai (Telegu)
- Sphatike (Kannada)
- Rock crystal, crystal, quartz (English)
Names of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal) in Different Languages
- Phitkari (Hindi)
- Patika (Telegu)
- Padigaram (Tamil)
- Patike (Kannada)
- Padiagaram (Malayalam)
Formation of the Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Sphatik which is famous with the name Rock crystal, also known as clear quartz, is a variety of the quartz mineral which forms through a natural geological process. The process of formation of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) are as follows:
Silica-Rich Environments: The environments where silica-rich fluids are present, is the place where Sphatika Mani is formed. The primary component of quartz is silica.
Magmatic Processes: The Sphatik Mani is formed through magmatic processes. The silica is present in Magma, deep within the Earth’s crust in dissolved form. The silica-rich fluids crystallize to form Sphatika when magma cools and solidifies.
Hydrothermal Solutions: In the formation of rock crystal, hot water rich fluid which is known as hydrothermal solution plays a significant role. Through cracks and cavities in rocks, carrying dissolved silica from surrounding minerals is perlocate by the hydrothermal solution. As the Hydrothermal solutions cool and pressure decreases, the silica present in precipitates out of solution and crystallizes into Sphatika Mani or Sphatika Upratna.
Pegmatitic Intrusions: The veins of coarse-grained igneous rock which is known as pegmatitic intrusions, Sphatika Upratna also formed in it from the crystallization of magma deep within the Earth’s crust. Pegmatites intrusion contains large crystals of various minerals.
Metamorphic Processes: Quartz-rich rocks undergo high temperatures and pressures deep within the Earth’s crust through which Sphatika is formed through metamorphic process. During metamorphism, the Sphatik Mani in the rocks may recrystallize and grow larger.d prepared for use in jewelry, and other applications.
Ayurvedic Reference of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Ayurvedic Reference of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
History of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Sphatika Mani has a long history. In many places of Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, its reference is found, where it is used for the purpose of treatment. With the evolution of Rasa Shastra, the gemstone was extensively studied, described and used for therapeutic values.
भारतीय स्फटिक उपरत्न से अति प्राचीन काल से परिचित है। भारतीय चिकित्सा के प्राचीनतम ग्रन्थ चरक संहिता में अनेक स्थानों पर स्फटिक का प्रयोग किया गया है। तब से लेकर आज तक अनवरत रूप में स्फटिक का औषादार्थ प्रयोग किया जाता है।
History of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
This mineral has been in therapeutic use since the Charaka Samhita period. Books of Rasa Shastra have counted the drug under Uprasa Group. It goes as an ingredient in many compound formulations of Ayurveda.
भारतीय चिकित्सा के प्राचीनतम ग्रन्थ चरक संहिता में फिटकरी का प्रयोग अत्यधिक मात्रा में किया जाता है। फिटकरी प्राचीन प्रसिद्ध द्रव्य है, जिसका अनेक रोगों में प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Characteristics of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
This is a colorless transparent stone.
Crystallisation – This has hexagonal, trigonal, trapezohedral, crystallization. Crystals are usually prismatic, terminated by positive and negative rhambohedra.
Color – Usually colorless, any color may occur which fades on exposure to light or heat.
Lustre – Vitreous
Streak – None
Diaphaneity – Transparent to translucent
Cleavage – None
Fracture – Conchoidal to uneven.
Elasticity – brittle
Hardness – 7
Specific Gravity – 2.65
Fusibility – Infusible
Chemical composition – Silica oxide (SiO2)
ये अत्यंत पारदर्शक तथा पानी की तरह स्वच्छ, निर्मल पत्थर है। ये अच्छे मणिभा आकृति में प्राप्त होता है। इसके टुकड़े निश्चित आकृति में मिलते है। इसे काटकर शिव लिंग, वर्तन, माला एवं प्रतिमा आदि बनाये जाते है। ये बहुत प्राचीन काल से लोकप्रिय पत्थर है। इसका आपेक्षित घनत्व २ ६५ है तथा काठिन्य ५ है। ऑक्सी हाइड्रोजन ज्वाला में ये गल कर सिलिका मतलब कांच बन जाता है। शुद्ध स्फटिक रंगहीन एवं निर्मल होता है किन्तु अन्य अशुद्धियों के कारण ये रंगहीन दिखाई पड़ता है।
Characteristics of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
Potassium alum is a styptic, astringent and antiseptic. Due to all these characteristics, it can be used as a natural deodorant by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible for body odor. Use of mineral salts in such a fashion does not prevent perspiration. Its styptic or astringent properties are often employed after shaving and to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions, nosebleeds, and piles.
Chemical name – Potassium double sulphate of aluminum
Chemical formula – K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, 24H2O
When heated red hot – it gives a porous, friable mass, which is known as burnt alum.
Solubility – Easily soluble in water.
It fuses – At 92 degrees Celsius in its own water of crystallization.
Used as – An astringent and antiseptic. Often used after shaving to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions, nose- bleed and piles.
वर्तमान काल में श्वेत रंग की फिटकरी अधिक मिलती है और उपयोगी भी यही है अन्य वर्णो की फिटकरी भी कभी कभी बाजार में दिखाई पड़ती है| जो मात्र वर्ण पार्थक्य है फिटकरी बड़े बड़े श्वेत वर्ण के टुकड़ों एवं छोटे छोटे मणियो में भी मिलती है| ये स्वाद में अम्ल होती है तथा जल में विलेय किन्तु अल्कोहल में अविलये होती है| फिटकरी ९२ डिग्री सेल्सियस ताप पर पिघलती है और अधिक ताप पर फुल्लिका बन जाती है| उस अवस्था में इसके जलीय भाग नष्ट हो जाने से बहुत ही हलकी हो जाती है क्यूंकि इसमें २४ भाग पानी के होते है|
Grahaya Lakshana of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Trangini 23/ 213
शीत स्निग्धम निष्तुष्म नेत्र हृद्यं घ्रिस्टं धते स्वछ्ताम पूर्व तुलयाम।
स्वच्छ च छायाम यच्च शुद्ध अन्तरालं तद निर्दिष्टम शैव रत्नम तु जात्यम ।।
The Sphatika Mani which possesses Snigdha Guna which does not have dusty appearance from within, very much transparent, when rubbed also remain clean, does not have the mixture of any other color except transparent white, such a sample of Sphatika Mani is considered fit and selected for pharmaceutical purposes.
जिस स्फटिक मणि में स्निग्ध गुण हो, जो अंदर से धूल भरी न हो, बहुत ज्यादा पारदर्शी हो, रगड़ने पर भी साफ रहती हो, जिसमें पारदर्शी सफेद रंग के अलावा किसी अन्य रंग का मिश्रण न हो, ऐसी स्फटिका मणि का नमूना उपयुक्त माना जाता है और चयनित किया जाता है फार्मास्युटिकल प्रयोजनों के लिए |
Grahaya Lakshana of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 60- 62
फटकी फुल्लिका च इति द्वितीय परिकीर्तिता।
ईषत पीता गुरु: स्निग्धा पितिका विष नाशिनी।।
वृण कुष्ठहरा सर्व कुष्ठ्घ्नी च विशेषत:।
निर्भारा शुभ्र वर्णा च स्निग्धा स अम्ला अपरा मता।
सा फुल्ल तुवारी प्रोक्ता लेपा ताम्र चरे दीयम।।
There are two types of Sphatika i.e. Phataki and phullika. Out of these two Phataki is light yellow, and it is heavy and soft and is good at nullifying the influence of poisons over the body. It is useful in healing wounds. It is indicated in all types of Kustha Roga. This variety is considered as Grahya Sphatika out of both. The second one Phullika is light weighted, bright white colored, smooth, and a little sour tasting. The application of its paste over copper foils helps in the incineration of copper.
स्फटिक दो प्रकार की होती है अर्थात् फटकी और फुल्लिका। इनमें से दो फटकी हल्के पीले रंग की होती हैं और यह भारी मुलायम होती हैं और शरीर पर जहर के प्रभाव को खत्म करने में अच्छी होती हैं। यह घाव भरने में उपयोगी है। यह सभी प्रकार के कुष्ठ रोग में दर्शाया गया है। इस किस्म को दोनों में से ग्राह्य स्फटिका माना जाता है। दूसरा फुल्लिका हल्के वजन का, चमकीले सफेद रंग का, चिकना और थोड़ा खट्टा स्वाद वाला होता है। तांबे की पन्नी पर इसका लेप लगाने से तांबे को जलाने में मदद मिलती है।
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) Aayu (Lifespan of Quartz)
Reference: Rasa Jala Niddhi. 3/ 4, Ratna Dhatu Vigyana
न जरां यान्ति रत्नानि मौक्तिकं विद्रुमं बिना।
Though the gemstones of mineral origin are eternal, the Exception is Mukta (pearl) which has a limited lifespan, and also Vidruma- coral. After a few years, it grows old and eventually loses its character, but other gemstones are eternal. Still, they also need to be maintained and revitalized to get maximum benefits.
आयु- कुछ समय पश्चात् काल प्रभाव से प्रवाल, मुक्ता खराब हो जाते है। किन्तु अन्य रत्नों पर काल का प्रभाव नहीं होता है।
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) (Lifespan of Quartz after Assumption)
It is believed by scholars that the following gemstones have effectiveness Diamond life span is 10 years, Ruby/ Manik’s 12 years, Yellow Sapphire/ Pukhraj’s lifespan is 15 years, Blue Sapphire/ Neelam’s life span is 15 years, Emerald/ Panna’s life is 12 years, Coral, Hessonite Garnet and Cat’s Eye’s lifespan is 3 to 5 years, Natural Pearl life span is 12 years.
All the other Uparatnas and other semi-precious alternate gemstones are said to have a lifespan of 3 years.
Over some time, when gemstones i.e. precious and semi-precious stones are worn these gems start to get scratches on their surface, and even start losing their high polishing due to which sun rays stop passing through the gems (Ratna) When these precious gems are wear for a long period a greasy layer starts to deposit on their surface which is probably a mixture of lubricants, oils and other materials that a wearer come in contact with it. As the deposition starts to get thicker with time, it even blocks the rays (different wavelengths) that these stones receive from the planets to give effect. Although gemstones are forever yes, their effectiveness for astrological purposes falls and therefore proper and regular maintenance is important.
Therefore, we can consider the lifespan of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) semi-precious stone to be 3 years.
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) Used for Different Zodiac Signs (Rashi)
Sphatika Mani, also known as quartz, is a Upratna that is associated with various zodiac signs (Rashi). Below is the use of Sphatika Mani for different Zodiac signs:
Aries: Wearing Sphatika Mani Upratna by the individual with the Aries zodiac sign helps the individual to encourage clarity of thoughts and such a person remains focused, ambitious, and dynamic.
Taurus: Wearing Sphatika Mani Upratna by the individual with the Taurus zodiac sign helps them find harmony in their lives. Along with this it also enhances determination and practicality.
Gemini: Sphatika Mani is beneficial for the individual with the zodiac sign Geminis as it enhances communication skills and mental clarity.
Cancer: Sphatika Mani provides emotional support and stability for the individual with Karka Rashi (Cancer zodiac sign). Along with this it also promotes resilience, confidence, and strength of the individuals.
Leo: The people with the Leo zodiac sign when wearing quartz crystal boost their vitality, creativity, and confidence.
Virgo: Rock crystal is beneficial for Virgos as it promotes organization and clarity of mind. It helps them focus on details and enhances their analytical abilities, supporting their practical and efficient approach to life.
Occurrence or Places of Availability of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
It is found in all parts of the world. The important sources are Brazil, France, Switzerland, and Madagascar. In India, it is found in parts of Rajasthan.
यह विश्व के सभी भागों में पाया जाता है। महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत ब्राज़ील, फ़्रांस, स्विट्ज़रलैंड और मेडागास्कर हैं। भारत में यह राजस्थान के कुछ भागों में पाया जाता है।
Occurrence or Places of Availability of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
In India, the mineral is found in Sourashtra (Gujrat), Bihar, Goa, Punjab, Nepal, and Uttar Pradesh. It is also artificially prepared. Overseas, the ores are found in Italy, on the island of Cebu (Philippines), United States. Here it is locally known as Tawas. It is formed by the action of the solfataric vapors or water on such rocks as rhyolite, trachyte, or andesite. Such action has been called salinization.
भारत में यह खनिज सौराष्ट्र (गुजरात), बिहार, गोवा, पंजाब, नेपाल और उत्तर प्रदेश में पाया जाता है। इसे कृत्रिम रूप से भी तैयार किया जाता है. विदेशों में, अयस्क इटली में, सेबू द्वीप (फिलीपींस), संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में पाए जाते हैं। यहां इसे स्थानीय रूप से तवास के नाम से जाना जाता है। यह रयोलाइट, ट्रैकाइट या एंडीसाइट जैसी चट्टानों पर सॉलफैटेरिक वाष्प या पानी की क्रिया से बनता है। ऐसी क्रिया को अलुनाइजेशन कहा गया है।
Purification of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Trangini, 23/ 214
शोधनं मारणं चैव शिव रतनस्य सर्वदा।
राजवर्त मणि स तुल्य्म जानियादृस कोविद: ।।
The Shodhana methods of Sphatika Mani are similar to the methods mentioned for the Marana of Rajavarat. Use Sphatika Mani instead of Rajavart in the below-mentioned process.
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 193
स गव्य मूत्र: स क्षारो निम्बुक द्रव योगत: ।
स्विनौ नृपोपलो यांम शुद्दिमायत्य उत्तमां।
The roughly pounded Rajavarta is tied in a Pottali hung in Dolayantra containing equal ratios of Gomutra, Nimbu Swarasa and Yavaksara as liquid media and subjected for 3 hours (one yama) of Swedana. Later the drug is washed, dried and stored in an airtight container as Suddha Rajavarta for further pharmaceutical use.
कुचले गए राजवर्त को दोला यंत्र में लटकाए गए पोटलि में बांधा जाता है, जिसमें तरल पदार्थ के रूप में गोमूत्र, निम्बू स्वरस और यवक्षार के बराबर अनुपात में लेते हैं और स्वेदन के लिए 3 घंटे (एक यम) रखते होते हैं। बाद में राजवर्त को धोया जाता है, सुखाया जाता है और आगे औषधीय उपयोग के लिए शुद्ध राजावार्त के रूप में एक एयरटाइट कंटेनर में संग्रहीत किया जाता है।
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 194
निम्बुक अम्ल समायुक्त: स जल: क्षार संयुत:।
नृपोपल: परस्विनौ विशुध्यति न संशय।।
The roughly pounded Rajavarta is tied in a Pottali hung in Dolayantra containing equal ratios of Nimbu Swarasa, Yavaksara and water media and subjected for 3 hours (one Yama) of Swedana. Later the drug is washed, dried and stored in an airtight container as Shuddha Rajavarta for further pharmaceutical use.
मोटे तौर पर कुचले गए राजवर्त को दोलायंत्र में लटकाए गए पोट्टालि में बांधा जाता है, जिसमें निम्बू स्वरस, यवक्षार और जल को समान मात्रा में डालकर, बाद में स्वेदन के लिए 3 घंटे (एक यम) तक रखा जाता है। बाद में राजवर्त को धोया जाता है, सुखाया जाता है और औषधीय उपयोग के लिए शुद्ध राजावार्त के रूप में एक एयरटाइट कंटेनर में संग्रहीत किया जाता है।
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 195
शिरीष पुष्प स्वरसे: स्वेदितस्तु नृपोपल: ।
दोला यंत्री याम मात्रम शुद्दिमायत्य उत्तमां।
The roughly pounded Rajavarta is tied in a Pottali hung in Dolayantra containing Sirisa Puspa Swarasa as liquid media and subjected for 3 hours (one yama) of Swedana. Later the drug is washed, dried and stored in an airtight container as Suddha Rajavarta for further pharmaceutical use.
मोटे तौर पर कुचले गए राजवर्त को दोला यंत्र में लटकाए गए पोटालि में बांधा जाता है, जिसमें तरल मीडिया के रूप में शिरीष पुष्प स्वरस होता है और स्वेदन के लिए 3 घंटे (एक यम) रखा जाता है । बाद में औषध को धोया जाता है, सुखाया जाता है और आगे के फार्मास्युटिकल उपयोग के लिए शुद्ध राजावार्त के रूप में एक एयरटाइट कंटेनर में संग्रहीत किया जाता है।
Purification of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
Reference: Ayurved Parkasha. 2/ 258
The required quantity of powdered Asuddha Sphatika is taken in a frying pan placed over a moderate fire. The process of frying is continued with frequent stirring until all the water content in the drug evaporates. Later when the drug becomes brittle and light weighted, it is collected and stored as Suddha Sphatika. During the heating process, initially, the Sphatika melts and attains a gum-like consistency. At this stage, the frying process is continued. As the water content in the drug is lost, the particles of Sphatika swell up and become brittle and light-weight like that of popcorn. Now the fire is put off and the drug is stored in an airtight container as Shuddha Sphatika.
आवश्यक मात्रा में पिसा हुआ अशुद्ध स्फटिका का चूर्ण मध्यम आंच पर रखे फ्राइंग पैन में लिया जाता है। तलने की प्रक्रिया को लगातार हिलाते हुए तब तक जारी रखा जाता है जब तक कि दवा में मौजूद पानी की सारी मात्रा वाष्पित न हो जाए। बाद में जब दवा भंगुर और हल्की हो जाती है, तो इसे शुद्ध स्फटिक के रूप में एकत्र और संग्रहीत किया जाता है। गर्म करने की प्रक्रिया के दौरान, प्रारंभ में स्फटिक पिघल जाता है और गोंद जैसी स्थिरता प्राप्त कर लेता है। इस स्तर पर तलने की प्रक्रिया जारी रहती है। जैसे ही दवा में पानी की मात्रा खत्म हो जाती है, स्फटिक के कण सूज जाते हैं और पॉप कॉर्न की तरह भंगुर और हल्के वजन के हो जाते हैं। अब आग बुझा दी जाती है और दवा को शुद्ध स्फटिक के रूप में एक एयरटाइट कंटेनर में संग्रहित किया जाता है।
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 64
तुवरी काञ्जीके क्षिप्त्वा त्रिदिना शुद्धिम इच्छति।।
Asuddha Sphatika is kept immersed in Kanji for 3 days. On the 4th day, it is taken out, dried and used as Shuddha Sphatika. With this method, the main disadvantage is that a considerable part of the drug will be dissolved in Kanji.
अशुद्ध स्फटिक को 3 दिनों तक कांजी में डुबाकर रखा जाता है। चौथे दिन इसे बाहर निकाला जाता है, सुखाया जाता है और शुद्ध स्फटिक के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता है। इस पद्धति का मुख्य नुकसान यह है कि दवा का एक बड़ा हिस्सा कांजी में घुल जाएगा।
Incineration of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Trangini, 23/ 214
शोधनं मारणं चैव शिव रतनस्य सर्वदा।
राजवर्त मणि स तुल्य्म जानियादृस कोविद: ।।
The Marana methods of Sphatika Mani are similar to the methods mentioned for the Marana of Rajavarat. Use Sphatika Mani instead of Rajavart in the below-mentioned process.
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 186
लुङ्गाम्बु गंध कोपेतो राजावर्तो विचूर्णित: ।
पुटना सप्त वारेन रजवरतो मृतो भवेत।।
The required quantity of Shuddha Rajavarta is taken in a clean Khalva Yantra. It is added with an equal ratio of Shuddha Gandhaka and triturated to obtain a homogenous mixture. This mixture is added with the required quantity of Nimbu Swarasa, triturated thoroughly, and later dried under hot sun. The dry powder obtained is enclosed in Sarava Samputa and subjected to one Gajaputa. This entire procedure is repeated for times to obtain properly prepared Rajavarta Bhasma.
शुद्ध राजवर्त की आवश्यक मात्रा एक स्वच्छ खल्व यंत्र में ली जाती है। इसमें शुद्ध गंधक को समान अनुपात में मिलाया जाता है और एक समरूप मिश्रण प्राप्त करने के लिए इसे पीसा जाता है। इस मिश्रण में आवश्यक मात्रा में निम्बू स्वरस मिलाया जाता है, अच्छी तरह से मसला जाता है और बाद में तेज धूप में सुखाया जाता है। प्राप्त सूखा पाउडर सारावा संपुटा में संलग्न है और एक गजपुटा के अधीन होता है । उचित रूप से तैयार राजवर्त भस्म प्राप्त करने के लिए यह पूरी प्रक्रिया कई बार दोहराई जाती है।
Incineration of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Reference: Parad Samhita
वह्नौ प्रोत्फुलल्येत किं वा सम्यग लघुपुट्टा पचेत।
कंद वज्जायते भस्म सर्व रोगेषु योजयेत।।
Suddha Sphatika is enclosed in a Sarava Samputa and subjected for one Laghu Puta to obtain white colored Bhasma of Sphatika, which can be use for therapeutic purposes.
शुद्ध स्फटिक को सर्व संपुट में संलग्न किया जाता है और स्फटिक के सफेद रंग की भस्म प्राप्त करने के लिए एक लघु पुट दिया जाता है, जिसका उपयोग चिकित्सीय उद्देश्यों के लिए किया जा सकता है।
Satvpatana of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 65
क्षार अमलै मर्दिता ध्माता सतवं मुंचति निश्चितं।
गो पित्तेन वारान सौराष्ट्री भावयेतात:।
The required quantity of Suddha Spahtika is triturated in clean Khalva Yantra along with selected kshara Dravya and Amla Dravya to prepare a bolus. This bolus is dried, enclosed in suitable sized Andha Musha or Vrintaka Musha and subjected to intense heat to obtain Sphatika Sattva.
एक बोलस तैयार करने के लिए शुद्ध स्फटिका की आवश्यक मात्रा को चयनित, क्षार द्रव्य और आंवला द्रव्य के साथ स्वच्छ खलव यंत्र में मिलाया जाता है। इस बोलस को सुखाया जाता है, उपयुक्त आकार के अंध मुशा या वृंतका मुशा में लपेटा जाता है और स्फटिक सत्व प्राप्त करने के लिए तीव्र गर्मी के अधीन किया जाता है।
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 68- 69
गो पित्तेन वारान सौराष्ट्री भावयेतात: ।
धमित्वा पातयेत सत्वं कामनं च अति गुहाक्म।।
The required quantity of Shuddha Sphatika is taken in clean Kha;va Yantra. It is subjected to one Bhavana with the required quantity of Gopitta. The dry powder obtained is enclosed in suitably sized Andha Musha or Vrntaka Musha and subjected to intense heat to obtain Sphatika Sattva. The Sattva obtained through this method will be especially used in Parada Kramana Samskara.
स्वच्छ खल्व यंत्र में आवश्यक मात्रा में शुद्ध स्फटिका ली जाती है। इसे एक भावना के लिए आवश्यक मात्रा में गोपित्त के साथ प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। प्राप्त सूखे पाउडर को उपयुक्त आकार के अंध मूषा या वृंतका मूषा में लपेटा जाता है और स्फटिक सत्व प्राप्त करने के लिए तीव्र गर्मी के अधीन किया जाता है। इस विधि से प्राप्त सत्त्व का उपयोग विशेष रूप से पारद क्रमण संस्कार में किया जाता है ।
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) Pishti
The fine powder of Shuddha Sphatika Mani is taken in a clean Khalva Yantra added with the required quantity of the Gulab Jala (rose water) and triturated thoroughly for 3 days to obtain appropriate Sphatika Mani Pishti.
Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal) Properties: (Bhasma / Incineration)
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 215
स्फटिको मधुरो बाल्य तुषार सम शीतल: ।
रक्तपित्त प्रशमनोंज्वर दाहादि नाशन: ।।
A good variety of Sphatika Mani possesses Madhura Rasa. Its judicious internal use in appropriate dosage form improves physical strength. It is as cold as morning due. It cures Rakta Pitta Roga and is useful in Pittaja Jwara associated with Daha (burning sensation) and Trishna (thirst).
स्फटिक मणि की एक अच्छी किस्म में मधुर रस होता है। उचित खुराक के रूप में इसका विवेकपूर्ण आंतरिक उपयोग शारीरिक शक्ति में सुधार करता है। सुबह होने जैसी ठंड है। यह रक्त पित्त रोग को ठीक करता है और दाह (जलन) और तृष्णा (प्यास) से जुड़े पित्तज ज्वर में उपयोगी है।
Reference: Aayurved Parkash. 5/ 137
तस्य अक्ष मालां जपतां दत्ते कोटि गुणं फलं।।
इसकी माला द्वारा शिव मंत्र का जप करने से कोटि गुण फलप्रद होता है।
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 4/ 2/ 14
यद् गंगा तोय बिंदु छवि विमल तमं निस्तुषम नेत्र हृद्यं।
स्निग्धाम सुद्ध अन्तरालं मधुरं अति हित्तम पित्त दाह अस्त्र हारि।।
This is as pure as the clear water drops of Ganges in clarity and lustre, without layers, pleasant in appearance, smooth, sweet, cool and it nullifies Pitta, Daha and vitiated blood.
यह स्पष्टता और चमक में गंगा की साफ पानी की बूंदों के समान शुद्ध है, बिना परतों के, दिखने में सुखद, चिकना, मीठा, ठंडा है और यह पित्त, दाह और खराब रक्त को खत्म करता है।
Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal) Properties: (Bhasma / Incineration)
Reference: Rasa Tarangini. 23/ 215
कांक्षी कषाया कटुका च तिक्ता ख्याता तथोष्णा विषदोषहन्त्री ।
विसर्पम कण्डु अति हरा च केश्या श्वित्रापहा वै व्रण रोपणा च ।।
नेत्र रोग प्रशमनी विषम ज्वर नाशनी । रतिमन्दिर संकोचकारिणी व्रणहारिणी ।।
ग्राहिणी लेखनी स्निग्धा रुधिर स्त्राव अवरोधिनी। मुखरोगहरा चैव दन्त बल मतता॥
Sphatika will have Kasaya, Katu, Tikta Rasa and Ushna Virya. It mitigates Visha Dosha in the body. Its judicious use will be beneficial to cure Visarpa and Kandu roga. It nourishes hair- roots and hair (Keshya). It cures Switra roga and is a good healer of wounds. It is useful in all types of eye diseases and intermittent fevers. It is useful in restoring the laxity of the female genital organs and can heal the local wounds effectively. It has Grahi, Lekhana and Snigdha properties. It prevents excessive bleeding, cures stomatitis, and strengthens gums and teeth.
स्फटिक में कषाय, कटु, तिक्त रस और उष्ण वीर्य है। यह शरीर में विष दोष को कम करता है। विसर्प रोग को ठीक करने के लिए इसका विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग लाभकारी है। यह बालों की जड़ों और बालों को पोषण देता है। यह श्वित्र रोग को ठीक करता है और घावों को ठीक करने वाला है। यह सभी प्रकार के नेत्र रोगों तथा बुखार में उपयोगी है। यह महिला जननांग अंगों की शिथिलता को बहाल करने में उपयोगी है और स्थानीय घावों को प्रभावी ढंग से ठीक कर सकता है। इसमें ग लेखन और स्निग्ध गुण होते हैं। यह अत्यधिक रक्तस्राव को रोकता है, स्टामाटाइटिस को ठीक करता है और मसूड़ों और दांतों को मजबूत करता है।
Reference: Rasa Ratna Sammuchya. 3/ 63
कांक्षी कषाय कटु अम्ल कण्ठ्या केश्या व्रणघनी विष नाशिनी च।
श्वित्रपहा नेत्रहिता त्रिदोष शान्तिप्रदा पारद जारणी च।।
Sphatika will have Kashaya, Katu, Amla Rasa. It is Kanthya (useful in diseases of the throat), Keshya (good for hair growth), Vrana Ropaka (good wound healer) and Visha Ghani (mitigates Visha Dosha in the body). Its judicious use will be beneficial to cure Shwitra Roga and Netra Roga. It mitigates all the three vitiated Doshas and is useful in Parada Jarana.
स्फटिक में कषाय, कटु, अम्ल रस है । यह कंठ्य (गले के रोगों में उपयोगी), केश्य (बालों के विकास के लिए अच्छा), व्रण रोपक (घाव भरने वाला अच्छा) और विष घनी (शरीर में विष दोष को कम करता है) है। श्वित्र रोग और नेत्र रोग को ठीक करने के लिए इसका विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग लाभकारी है। यह तीनों खराब दोषों को कम करता है और पारद जारण में उपयोगी है।
Dosage and Usage of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
1/ 2 Ratti to 1 Ratti (62 to 125 mgs) is the general dosage of the Sphatika Bhasma. Some authors mentioned 2- 4 Ratti (250- 500 mgs), the general dosage of Sphatika. However, the dosage of the Sphatika Bhasma has to be finalized after thorough consideration of all the relevant factors that affect the dosage like Atura Bala, Vyadhi Bala, etc.
Dosage and Usage of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
2- 4 Ratti (250- 500 mgs), is the general dosage of Sphatika. However, the dosage of the Sphatika Bhasma has to be finalized after thorough consideration of all the relevant factors that affect the dosage like Atura Bala, Vyadhi Bala, etc.
Uses of Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
- नाक के रक्त स्त्राव होने पर गो दुग्ध में थोड़ी फिटकरी घोलकर नाक में डालने से रक्त स्त्राव बंद हो जाता है। स्फटिक शुद्ध और अशुद्ध दोनों का प्रयोग रोग नाशन के लिए होता है।
- शरीर का कोई नहीं अंग यदि किसी शास्त्र विशेष से कट जाए तो उस कटे भाग पर फिटकरी चूर्ण का अवचूर्णं करने से रक्त आना बंद हो जाता है |
- शुद्ध जल में ५% प्रति फिटकरी घोल को उपदंश में उत्तर बस्ती देने से मूत्र मार्ग से पूय निकलना बंद हो जाता है |
- २ ग्राम फिटकरी चूर्ण को १०० मिली लीटर जल में घोल कर योनि मार्ग का रोज प्रक्षालन करने से योनि की शिथिलता नष्ट हो जाती है |
- फिटकरी १२५ मिली ग्राम और ३ ग्राम चीनी मिला कर २- ३ बार दिन में खाने से रक्त पित्त नष्ट हो जाता है |
- १२५ मिली लीटर गुलाब जल में ५०० मिली ग्राम फिटकरी घोल कर शीशी में रख लें और इस द्रव को नेत्रों में डालने से आँखों की लाली कीचड पकना दुखना शोथ आदि रोग दूर हो जाते है |
- १२ ग्राम फिटकरी को २०० मिली लीटर जल में घोल कर उत्तर बस्ती देने से गर्भाशय भ्रंश नष्ट हो जाता है इसके प्रयोग से योनि स्त्राव, कण्डु, श्वेत प्रदर और रक्त स्त्राव आदि कष्ट नष्ट हो जाते है|
- १२५ मिली ग्राम रस सिंदूर १२५ मिली ग्राम फिटकरी मिलाकर खाने से रक्त पित्त नष्ट हो जाता है फिटकरी चूर्ण और त्वक चूर्ण मिला कर दांतो पर मलने से दांत मजबूत हो जाते है|
- १२ ग्राम सैंधव और १२ ग्राम फिटकरी चूर्ण मिला कर रख ले और उस चूर्ण को दांतो पर रगड़ने से दन्त रोग नाश करता है|
- १२५ मिली लीटर गुलाब जल में ५०० मिली ग्राम फिटकरी घोल कर शीशी में रख लें और इस द्रव को नेत्रों में डालने से आँखों की लाली कीचड पकना दुखना शोथ आदि रोग दूर हो जाते है|
- ३७५ मिली ग्राम शुद्ध फिटकरी चूर्ण और ३७५ मिली ग्राम चीनी ज्वर आने के पूर्व खाने से विषम ज्वर नष्ट हो जाता है|
- Mix 12 grams of Saindhav and 12 grams of alum powder and rub that powder on the teeth to cure dental diseases.
- In case of nose bleeding, mixing some alum in cow milk and putting it in the nose stops the bleeding. Both pure and impure crystals are used to cure diseases.
- If any part of the body gets cut due to any particular scripture, then by applying powder of alum powder on that cut part, the bleeding stops.
- In syphilis, by giving 5% alum solution in pure water, the discharge of pus from the urinary tract stops.
- Dissolving 2 grams of alum powder in 100 milliliters of water and douching the vaginal tract daily eliminates vaginal laxity.
- Consuming 125 milligrams of alum mixed with 3 grams of sugar 2-3 times a day destroys blood and bile.
- Dissolve 500 ml alum in 125 ml rose water and keep it in a bottle and by putting this liquid in the eyes, redness of the eyes, swelling, pain, swelling, etc. get cured.
- Uterine prolapse is destroyed by dissolving 12 grams of alum in 200 milliliters of water and giving Uttara Basti. Its use also eliminates problems like vaginal discharge, thrush, white leucorrhea, and bleeding.
- Consuming 125 ml juice vermillion mixed with 125 ml alum destroys blood and bile. Mixing alum powder and skin powder and rubbing it on teeth strengthens teeth.
- Dissolve 500 ml alum in 125 ml rose water and keep it in a bottle by putting this liquid in the eyes, redness of the eyes, swelling, and pain, swelling, etc. get cured.
- Consuming 375 milligrams of pure alum powder and 375 milligrams of sugar before the onset of fever cures acute fever.
Anupana (Adjuvant / Vehicle) for Use of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
Honey, clarified butter, or any other suitable medicine.
अनुपान- मधु, घृत
Important Formulation of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
- Sarvanetra Rogahara Anjana
- Naga Rasayana
- Pittaja Timirghana Anjana
- Indrokta Rasayana
- Sphatika Pishti
- Sphatika Bhasma
Important Formulation of Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
- Eladi Mantha
- Sankhdravaka Rasa
- Chatusudha Rasa
- Nayanasonanjana
- Garudanjana
- Shubhra Bhasma
- Dravko rasa
- Shuddha Sphatika Churna
- Vishkalpa
Recent Research on Sphatika Mani / Sphatika / Dhoutasila / Shivratna / Sitopala / Nirmalopala / Shivpriya (Quartz / Rock Crystal)
- Akgonullu, S., Ozgur, E., & Denizli, A. (2022). Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Aptasensors for Medical Diagnosis. Micromachines, 13 (9). https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ mi- 1309144.
- Zhai, J. P & Du, Wencai & Yi, X.- J & Yang, C. H & Jiang, F. Y & Yang, D.-M & Han, J. R. (2005). Study on the growth of high-quality quartz crystal through tri-crystallization. 27. 521- 522- 531.
- Byrappa, Kullaiah. (2010). Growth of Quartz Crystals. 10. 002/ 97804- 70012086. ch13.
- Micke, Oliver & Schonekaes, K. & Mücke, R. & Kisters, K. & Buentzel, Jens. (2010). Mystical stones in oncology: Crystal healing power or perfect nonsense? Trace Elements and Electrolytes. 27. 73- 79.
- Vig, J. R. (2014). Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators – For Frequency Control and Timing A Yilmaz, Merve & Bakhsh pour, Monireh & Gokturk, Ilgim & Piskin, A. & Denizli, Adil. (2021). Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Based Biosensor Functionalized by HER- 2/ neu Antibody for Breast Cancer Cell Detection. Chemo sensors. 9. 80. 10. 3390/ chemo- sensors- 9040080. The heterogeneity and metastatic features of cancer cells lead to a great number of casualties in the world. Additionally, its diagnosis as well as its treatment is highly expensive. Therefore, the development of simple but effective diagnostic systems that detect the molecular markers of cancer is of great importance. The molecular changes on cancer cell membranes serve as targets, such as HER2/ neu receptor which is detected on the surface of highly metastatic breast cancer cells. We have aimed to develop a specific and simple quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)- -based system to identify HER2/ neu expressing breast cancer cells via a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody. First, the QCM chip was coated with polymeric nanoparticles composed of hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol Di methacrylate (EDMA). The nanoparticle-coated QCM chip was then functionalized by binding of HER2/neu antibody. The breast cancer cells with/without HER2/neu receptor expression, namely, SKBR3, MDA-MB 231, and also mouse fibroblasts were passed over the chip at a rate of 10–500 cells/ mL and the mass changes on cell/cm2 unit surface of the sensor were detected in real-time. The detection limit of the system was 10 cells/ mL. Thus, this QCM-based HER2/ neu receptor antibody functionalized system might be used effectively in the detection of HER2/ neu expressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells applications – A Tutorial. 10. 13140/ 2. 1. 2134. 0962.
- Miranda J, Bracic M, Vogrin M, Maver U, Trojner T. Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater. 2022 Sep 21; 13 (4): 159. doi: 10. 3390/ jfb- 13040159. PMID: 3627- 8628; PMCID: PMC- 9590066.
- Nidorf, Mark & Almaghraby, Abdallah & Saleh, Yehia & Katkoori, Venkat & Abideen, Zain & Bumpers, Harvey & Pathak, Dorothy & Abela, George. (2023). Interaction Between Crystals, Inflammation, and Cancer. 10. 1007/ 978- 3- 031- 41192- 2- 22.
- Verma, Sahil & Vaish, Rahul. (2022). Organic pollutants removal by Quartz crystals. International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science. 4. 10. 1002/ ces2. 10161.
- Teramura, Yuji & Takai, Madoka. (2018). Quartz Crystal Microbalance. 10. 1007/ 978- 981- 10- 6156- 1- 83.
- Fridrichova, Jana & Bacik, Peter & Illasova, Ludmila & Kozakova, Petra & Skoda, Radek & Pulisova, Zuzana & Fiala, Anton. (2016). Raman and optical spectroscopic investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 85. 71- 78. 10. 1016/ j. vibspec. 2016. 03. 028.
- Tonda-Turo, C., Carmagnola, I., & Ciardelli, G. (2018). Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring: A Powerful Method to Predict the In vivo Behavior of Bioengineered Surfaces. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 6. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3389/five. 2018. 00158
- Turkdogan, Sunay. (2019). Design and Implementation of a Cost-Effective Quartz Crystal Microbalance System for Monitoring Small Changes on any Surface. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 7. 213- 217. 10. 17694/ bajece. 530796.
- Vashist, Sandeep Kumar & Vashist, Priya. (2011). Recent Advances in Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensors. Journal of Sensors. 2011. 10. 1155/ 2011/ 571405.
- Hervey, P. R. & Foise, Jonathan. (2001). Synthetic quartz crystal – A review. Minerals and Metallurgical Processing. 18. 1- 4. 10. 1007/ BF- 03402862.
- Hu, Xiaohua & Wei, Feng & Wang, Hui & Wang, Hongfei. (2019). α- Quartz Crystal as Absolute Intensity and Phase Standard in Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 123. 10. 1021/ acs. jpcc. 9b03202.
- Barzinjy, Azeez & Aziz Baiz, Sivar & Najmaddin, Payam. (2022). Quartz Crystal Microbalance a Powerful Technique for Nanogram Mass Sensing. Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering. 8. 1- 9. 10. 23918/ eajse. v8i2p1.
- Jovanovski, Gligor & Sijakova Ivanova, Tena & Boev, Ivan & Boev, Blazo & Makreski, Petre. (2022). Intriguing minerals: quartz and its polymorphic modifications. ChemTexts. 8. 10. 1007/ s40828- 022- 00165- 2.
- Zhang, Hongwu & Guo, Songjiang & Wu, J.J. & Wu, Dan- dan & Wei, Kuixian & Ma, Wenhui. (2021). Effect of quartz crystal structure transformations on the removal of iron impurities. Hydrometallurgy. 204. 105715. 10. 1016/ j. hydrometer. 2021. 1057- 15.
- Li, J. & Yu, W. & Lu, P. & Zu, B. (2011). Research on high-impact resistance quartz crystal oscillator. 33. 746- 748.
- Tang, Alice & Pravda, Mila & Guilbault, George & Piletsky, Sergey & Turner, Anthony. (2002). Immunosensor for okadaic acid using quartz crystal microbalance. Analytica Chimica Acta. 471. 33- 40. 10. 1016/ S0003-2670 (02) 00922- 4. An immunosensor for the determination of okadaic acid (OA) using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was developed and optimized in standard solutions. Several coupling techniques, protein A, protein G, and poly-ethylenimine (PEI) with glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking, were investigated for the determination of okadaic acid, and a very good result was obtained with PEI coupling. With the PEI coupling method, the optimization of incubation time for the activation of PEI on the crystal surface using GA, the effect of the dilution factor of OA–bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate and the amount of antibody on crystal frequency were studied. Different molar ratios (4:1, 14:1, 30:1) of OA to bovine serum albumin for the conjugation were examined and the results using ELISA and a QCM showed that a ratio of 14:1 was slightly better than the other two. The strong attachment of the cross-linked complex to the gold surface resulted in an excellent storage lifetime of 38 days. However, the detection limit (1.9 μg/ ml) and the sensitivity of the sensor were not satisfactory. Significant improvement in the performance of the device was obtained by incorporating an antibody– BSA hydrogel. Initial results showed that the minimum amount of analyte detectable and the sensitivity of the device were improved by 524- and 80-fold, respectively.
- Soewito, Benfano. (2015). Designing and Manufacturing Quartz Crystal Oscillators. Studies in Computational Intelligence. 595. 293- 306. 10. 1007/ 978- 3- 319- 15720- 7- 21.
- Alanazi, Nadyah & Almutairi, Maram & Alodhayb, Abdullah. (2023). A Review of Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Chemical and Biological Sensing Applications. Sensing and Imaging. 24. 10. 1007/ s11220- 023-00413- w.
- Tinguy, Pierre. (2011). Study and development of an integrated quartz crystal oscillator.
- K, Kanazawa & Cho, Nam. (2009). Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Sensor to Characterize Macromolecular Assembly Dynamics. Journal of Sensors. 2009. 10. 1155/ 2009/ 824947.
- Novak, B. & Marek, P. (2013). New developments in quartz research: Varieties, crystal chemistry and uses in technology.
- Mansfield, Elisabeth & Kar, Aparna & Quinn, Timothy & Hooker, Stephanie. (2010). Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Microscale Thermogravimetric Analysis. Analytical chemistry. 82. 9977- 82. 10. 1021/ ac- 102030z.
- Zhao S, Li T, Guo Q, Liu L, Rao Y, Liao L. Gemological characteristics and inclusions of green rutilated quartz from Huanggangliang, Inner Mongolia. RSC Adv. 2024 Jan 17; 14 (5): 2896- 2904. doi: 10. 1039/ d3ra06658d. PMID: 38239443; PMCID: PMC- 10793727.
- Phelps PR, Lee CA, Morton DM. Episodes of fast crystal growth in pegmatites. Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 5; 11 (1): 4986. doi: 10. 1038/ s41467-020- 18806- w. PMID: 33020499; PMCID: PMC- 7536386.
- Liss, Michael & Petersen, Birgit & Wolf, Hans & Prohaska, Elke. (2002). An Aptamer-Based Quartz Crystal Protein Biosensor. Analytical chemistry. 74. 4488- 95. 10. 1021/ ac- 011294p. We developed a quartz crystal biosensor designed to detect concentrations and ligand affinity parameters of free unlabeled proteins in real-time. Using a model system with human IgE as the analyte and single-stranded DNA aptamers or an anti- IgE antibody as immobilized ligands, we could demonstrate that aptamers were equivalent to antibodies in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Both receptor types selectively detected 0.5 nmol/ L of IgE. In addition, the aptamer receptors tolerated repeated affine layer regeneration after ligand binding and recycling of the biosensor with little loss of sensitivity. Because of the small size and nonprotein nature of the aptamers, they were immobilized in a dense, well-oriented manner, thus extending the linear detection range to 10-fold higher concentrations of IgE. In addition to demonstrating for the first time that an aptamer-based biosensor can specifically and quantitatively detect an analyte in various complex protein mixes, the aptamer-ligand proved to be relatively heat resistant and stable over several weeks. Since aptamers consist of nucleic acids, well-established chemistry can be applied to produce optimized affine layers on biosensors that may be developed to specifically detect proteins in solution for analysis of proteomes.
- Martinelli, G., Plescia, P., & Tempesta, E. (2020). Electromagnetic Emissions from Quartz Subjected to Shear Stress: Spectral Signatures and Geophysical Implications. Geosciences, 10 (4), 140. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ geosciences- 10040140.
- Dixon, Matthew. (2008). Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring: Enabling Real-Time Characterization of Biological Materials and Their Interactions. Journal of biomolecular techniques: JBT. 19. 151- 8.
- Lagopati, Nefeli & Tsilibary, Effie-Photini & Falaras, Polycarpos & Papazafiri, Panagiota & Pavlatou, Evangelia & Kotsopoulou, Evi & Kitsiou, Paraskevi. (2014). Effect of nanostructured TiO2 crystal phase on photoinduced apoptosis of breast cancer epithelial cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 9. 3219 – 3230. 10. 2147/ IJN. S62972.
- Ouyang, Guoqing & Liu, Zhipeng & Huang, Shengfu & Li, Qianglong & Xiong, li & Miao, Xiongying & Wen, Yu. (2016). Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus gemcitabine alone in the treatment of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 14. 10. 1186/ s12957- 016-0813- 9. Pancreatic cancer ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the USA. And gemcitabine has been the standard of care for advanced pancreatic cancer. However, a combined use of gemcitabine plus cisplatin (Gem-Cis) has shown promising efficacies in pancreatic cancer patients. Here, a system review and meta-analysis were performed to compare the efficacy and safety of Gem- Cis versus gemcitabine (Gem) alone in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The databases of MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for retrieving the relevant publications before 31 September 2014. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints included 6-month survival, 1-year survival, overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), time to progression/progression-free survival (TTP/ PFS), and toxicities. A total of nine randomized controlled trials involving 1354 patients were included for systematic evaluations. Overall, as compared with Gem alone, Gem- Cis significantly improved the 6-month survival rate (relative risk (RR) = 1.303, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.090–1.558, P = 0.004), ORR (RR = 1.482, 95 % CI 1.148– 1.913, P = 0.003), PFS/TTP (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.87; 95 % CI 0.78– 0.93, P = 0.022), and the overall toxicities (RR = 2.164, 95 % CI 1.837–2.549, P = 0.000). However, no significant difference existed in overall survival (HR = 0.90, 95 % CI 0.80– 1.42, P = 1.02), 1-year survival rate (RR = 0.956, 95 % CI 0.770– 1.187, P = 0.684), and CBR (RR = 0.854, 95 % CI 0.681– 1.072, P = 0.175). As for grade III/IV toxicity, seven kinds of toxicities were higher in the Gem-Cis group. However, no significant inter-group statistical differences existed in the incidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or diarrhea.
- Queralto, Nuria & Berliner, Anders & Goldsmith, Brett & Martino, Raymond & Rhodes, Paul & Lim, Sung. (2014). Detecting cancer by breath volatile organic compound analysis: A review of array-based sensors. Journal of breath research. 8. 027112. 10. 1088/ 1752- 7155/ 8 /2 / 027112.
- Zhou, D., Lu, T., Dai, H., Lv, J., Chen, S., Song, Z., & Zhang, J. (2021). Study on the Microstructure and Spectra of Regrown Quartz Crystals from Chinese Jewelry Market. Crystals, 11 (9), 1145. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ cryst- 11091145.
- Burda, I. (2022). Virtual Quartz Crystal Microbalance: Bioinspired Resonant Frequency Tracking. Biomimetics, 7(4). https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ biomimetics- 7040156
- Balasubramanian, A. (2017). QUARTZ GROUP OF MINERALS. 10. 13140/ RG. 2. 2. 21495. 52648.
- Bragazzi, Nicola & Amicizia, Daniela & Panatto, Donatella & Tramalloni, Daniela & Valle, Ivana & Gasparini, Roberto. (2015). Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) for Public Health: An Overview of Its Applications. Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. 101. 10. 1016/ bs. AACSB. 2015. 08. 002.
- Méndez C, Nuevo Delaunay A, Seguel R, Maldonado A, Murillo I, Jackson D, Aspillaga E, Izaurieta R, Méndez V, Fernández M. Late Pleistocene to early Holocene high-quality quartz crystal procurement from the Valiente quarry workshop site (32°S, Chile, South America). PLoS One. 2018 Nov 29; 13 (11): e0208062. doi: 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0208062. PMID: 30496241; PMCID: PMC- 6264839.
- Gaballeh, Abdelrhman. (2023). Quartz.
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Recent Research on Sphatika / Sphuti / Tuvari / Shubhra / Rangdatri / Kankshi / Rangda (Potash Alum Crystal)
- Verma, Sitansu & Yadav, Soni. (2014). ANALYSIS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME TRADITIONAL INDIAN AYURVEDIC BHASMAS. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 3. 1931.
- Anand, Nitika & Singh, Saurabh & Kaur, Simranjeet & Sabharwal, Sakshi & Baghel, Dileep & Khanna, Vibhu. (2019). An overview of Sphatika (Alum). 6. 288- 294.
- Ahmed, Zubair & Afzal, Muhammad & Kazmi, Imran & Gupta, Gaurav & Ahmad, Iqbal & Anwar, Firoz. (2012). Anti-obesity Potential of Potash Alum: Pharmacological and Biochemical Approach. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. 90- 93. 10. 5567/ pharmacologic. 2012. 729. 733. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacological and biochemical role of Potash Alum as an anti-obesity agent in Wistar rats fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Animals were fed on HFD (58 % fat) with or without Potash Alum for 24 weeks. Results revealed that oral intake of Potash Alum exhibited a significant reduction in body weight, food intake, serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TCs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) whereas simultaneously increased the dry weight of feces, total lipids in feces, compared to HFD fed control. The levels of blood hemoglobin and glucose were also assessed and there were no significant changes in these parameters. We suggest that the inhibitory effects of potash alum on obesity might be attributed to the inhibition of lipid absorption through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase.
- Sudarshan, Ambika & Hussain, Gazala & D., Rakshitha. (2020). PHARMACEUTICO -PRELIMINARY ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SPHATIKA SHODHANA BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES. 2020 September. 2076- 2084. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20209- 17138.
- More, Sanjay & Jadhav, Vinod & Dalai, Sujit & Sahoo, Manoj. (2019). Clinical Appraisal on Therapeutic Efficacy of Tankana & Sphatika Bhasma with Madhu Pratisarana In Tundikeri. 9. 130- 134. 10. 22270/ jddt. v9i6. 3707.
- Rege, Anuya. (2023). IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOFILM POTENTIAL OF ALUM (SPHATIKA) & IT’S BHASMA (SPHATIKA BHASMA) AGAINST MIXED BACTERIAL BIOFILMS. 10. 20959/ wjpps- 20232- 24152.
- Baghel, Dileep & Mittal, Amit & Singh, Saurabh & Chaudhary, Anand & Bhatia, Amit & Chopra, Shruti. (2020). IN-VITRO POTENTIAL OF SPHATIKA TABLET IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UROLITHIASIS (MUTRAKRICHRA). Plant Archives. 20. 1210- 1216. The urinary system is mainly embedded in kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Less water intake, electrolyte imbalance, some bacterial i.e. Escherichia coli & streptococci, viral and parasitic (Dirofilaria immitis) infections, and autoimmune diseases might be acting as causative factors which finally lead to the development of renal calculi. Sphatika (potash alum) is considered mutrakrichraghan dravya which helps to break down the calculi and remove them through the urine. In the present work tablets of Sphatika were prepared by using direct compression technique. Crystal growth inhibition started at a concentration of 50 µg/ ml but 650 µg/ ml of the drug showed a maximum inhibition of 53.89 %. The microbial load and presence of heavy metal in prepared Sphatika tablets were under the limits prescribed by The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
- Agrawal, Deepali & Ambhore, Rajshree. (2021). Role of Sphatik Bhasma as a hemostatic drug in the Management of Rakta Pradar W.R.T Heavy Menstrual Bleeding. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine. 12. 289-291. 10. 47552/ ijam. v12i3. 1932.
- Anand, Nitika & Singh, Saurabh & Kaur, Simranjeet & Sabharwal, Sakshi & Baghel, Dileep & Khanna, Vibhu. (2019). An overview of Sphatika (Alum). 6. 288- 294.
- D., Rakshitha & Sudarshan, Ambika & Hussain, Gazala & Sharma, Govinda. (2020). A Pharmaceutical and Preliminary Analytical Study On Ksheerini vruksha Arka Rakshitha D. 7. 4- 7.
- H, Amulya & PN, Shilpa & R, Madhunayak. (2018). A Clinical Study to evaluate the efficacy of Papaya Ksheera based Sphatika Ksharasutra in Bhagandara w.s.r. to fistula-in-ano. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS). 3. 10. 21760/ jaims. v3i3. 12869. Background: Bhagandara is one of the Ashtamahagadas mentioned by Acharya Sushruta and is one of the most common ailments of the Ano rectal region. Management of Fistula -in-ano has become a challenge to Allopathy Surgeons because of its complications like postoperative pain, wound management, recurrence, and incontinence. In Ayurveda, the effective treatment is Kshar Sutra ligation. Snuhi Ksheera-based Apamarga Ksharasutra is the standard one and is a proven effective treatment in the management of Fistula-in-ano. But, burning sensation, pain, local irritation during therapy, and difficulty in the manufacturing process have limited its use. To overcome these lacunas, a present study has been carried out. Objectives: To evaluate the significance of Papaya Ksheera-based Sphatika Ksharasutra by comparing it with the efficacy of Snuhi Ksheera-based Apamarga Ksharasutra in the management of Bhagandara. Materials and methods: A total of 40 patients were randomly allocated into two groups namely Group A with the trial drug i.e. Papaya Ksheera-based Sphatika Ksharasutra and Group B as the Control group i.e. Snuhi Ksheera-based Apamarga Kshara Sutra with 20 patients in each group. Results: Assessment of Pain, Discharge, Pruritus ani, and length of track was made. In Group A, the overall result is 98.5% and Group B’s overall result is 91.5%. The test shows that the treatment is statistically not significant in Group B when compared to Group A. Conclusion: This study showed that the trial drug was as effective as the standard drug in the treatment of Bhagandara.
- Parthipan, N & Angadi, Ravindra. (2018). PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY OF ‘SHANKHA DRAAVAKA’ AND THE HANDS-ON IMPEDIMENTS. Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion. 6. 23- 29. 10. 7897/ 2321-6328. 06277.
- Ramnani, Reetesh & Chaudhari, Mukesh & Sharma, Amit & Rao, Shankar. (2019). International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 49.
- Rafieian, Nasrin & Abdolsamadi, Hamidreza & Moghadamnia, Ali & Jazaeri, Mina & Seif-Rabiee, Mohammadali & Salmanzadeh, Mina & Radi, Shahrbanoo. (2016). Efficacy of alum for treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine. 7. 201- 206. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful ulcer of oral mucosal which can cause many sufferings. Treatment of RAS often includes administration of corticosteroids, analgesics, and regulators of the immune system. However, considering the side effects of these medications, even their topical application must be done with caution. Alum is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of oral ulcers without significant side effects. This study sought to assess the effect of topical application of alum on aphthous ulcers. Method- This clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on 50 females aged 21 to 27 years. Mucosal adhesive patches were prepared in two forms: basic and 7% alum-containing patches. Subjects in two groups of case and control randomly received the mucosal adhesive patches containing alum and the basic patches, respectively three times in five days. During recovery, changes in the size of the lesion and severity of pain were recorded. Data were entered into SPSS Version 16 and analyzed using a t-test. Results- The average period of full recovery was 7.52 days in the case and 12.2 days in the control groups, which was significantly different (p< 0.001). The size of the wound and severity of pain were significantly lower at one, three- and five days post treatment compared to baseline values before treatment in the case group (p< 0.001) and the difference in this regard between the case and control groups was statistically significant.
- Lastovkova A, Klusackova P, Fenclova Z, Bonneterre V, Pelclova D. Asthma caused by potassium aluminum tetrafluoride: a case series. Ind Health. 2015; 53 (6): 562- 8. doi: 10. 2486/ indhealth. 2014- 0094. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26212411; PMCID: PMC- 4667047.
- Vanishree BK, Gangadharaiah C, Kajjari S, Sundararajan BV, Kansar N. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Alum and Herbal Mouthrinses on Plaque Inhibition in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021 Sep-Oct; 14 (5): 610- 615. doi: 10. 5005/ jp- journals-10005- 2036. PMID: 34934270; PMCID: PMC- 8645625.
- Ali, Mohd Akhtar &, Hamiduddin & Zaigham, Mohammad. (2017). SHIBB -E-YAMANI (ALUM) A UNIQUE DRUG AND ITS UTILIZATION IN UNANI MEDICINE: A PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP). 8. 17- 22. 10. 7897/ 2277- 4343. 08255.
- Wijayati N, Lestari LR, Wulandari LA, Mahatmanti FW, Rakainsa SK, Cahyono E, Wahab RA. Potassium Alum [Kal (SO4)2∙ 12H2O] is a solid catalyst for effective and selective methylation production of alpha-pinene ether products. Heliyon. 2021 Jan 30; 7 (1): e06058. doi: 10. 1016/ j. heliyon. 2021. e06058. PMID: 33553744; PMCID: PMC- 7851781.
- Vignesh, Dr. (2019). Padikaram (Alum)- A Unique Drug and its Utilization in Siddha Medicine: A Pharmacological review. 14. 4-12.
- Saraswathy A, Rani MG, Susan T, Purushothaman KK. Chemical composition of patikaraparpam. Anc Sci Life. 1997 Apr; 16 (4): 293- 7. PMID: 22556804; PMCID: PMC- 3331171.
- Preet S, Seema KC. Mosquito larvicidal potential of potash alum against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston). J Parasit Dis. 2010 Oct;34(2):75-8. doi: 10.1007/s12639-010-0015-2. Epub 2010 Nov 16. PMID: 21966124; PMCID: PMC3081732.
- Al-Talib, Hassanain & Nasir, Nur & Yaziz, Hafizuddin & Zulkafli, Nur & Adani, Nur & Rashidi, Ahmad & Murugaiah, Chandrika & Shaari, Syahrul. (2016). Potassium Aluminium Sulphate (Alum) Inhibits the Growth of Human Axillary Malodor-Producing Skin Flora in Vitro. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES. 1. 59- 63. 10. 24191/js. v1i1. 5854. Introduction: Axillary malodor is caused by microbial biotransformation of non-smelling molecules present in apocrine secretions, into volatile odorous molecules. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activities of potassium aluminum salts (alum) against four malodor-producing axillary bacterial flora, as an alternative natural product for reducing axillary malodor. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of alum against axillary bacterial flora [Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 49732) (M. luteus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14990) (S. epidermidis), Corynebacterium xerosis (ATCC BAA- 1293) C. xerosis and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 19659) (B. subtilis)], was tested in vitro using broth dilution method for different concentrations (0.937 – 20 mg/ mL) on Luria-Bertani broth. Subculture was done to determine colony-forming units (CFUs) and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Results: Alum showed excellent inhibitory effects on all tested bacteria. The lowest MIC of alum was against C. xerosis, at 1.88 mg/ mL. M. luteus, B. subtilis, and S. epidermidis showed a higher MIC of 3.75, 5.00, and 7.50 mg/mL, respectively. All of the tested bacteria were completely inhibited at a concentration of 7.50 mg/ mL. Conclusions: This study revealed that alum has excellent antimicrobial effects against axillary malodor-producing bacteria and is recommended to be used either directly by topical application or as an active ingredient in deodorants and perspirants.
- Zeenat, Fahmeeda & Ahmad, Wasim & Mustafa, Suboohi & Naaz, Syeda & Ahmad, Ashfaque. (2018). An Appraisal of Medicinal Properties of Shibb-e-Yamani (Alum): A Review. 10. 78- 87.
- Westerman ME, Boorjian SA, Linder BJ. Safety and efficacy of intravesical alum for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis: A contemporary evaluation. Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Nov- Dec; 42 (6): 1144- 1149. doi: 10. 1590/ S1677-5538. IBJU. 2015. 0588. PMID: 27509371; PMCID: PMC- 5117970.
- Shahriari R, Salari S, Shahriari S. IN VITRO STUDY OF CONCENTRATION-EFFECT AND TIME-COURSE PATTERN OF WHITE ALUM ON ESCHERICHIA COLI O157: H7 GROWTH. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2017 Jan 13; 14 (2): 311- 318. doi: 10. 21010/ ajtcam. v14i2. 32. PMID: 28573247; PMCID: PMC- 5446456.
- Kusuma, Irawan & Murdiyanto, & Arung, Enos & Syafrizal, Syafrizal & Kim, Yong-ung. (2015). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Plants Used by the Bentian Tribe from Indonesia. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2. 10. 1016/ j. fshw. 2014. 12. 004.
- Peiris, Priyani & Balasooriya, Raveesha. (2021). Clinical effectiveness of Sphatikadi Prathisarana in the management of Sheetada (Gingivitis).
- Singh SK, Rajoria K, Sharma S, Godatwar PK, Sharma S, Kotecha M, Agrawal SK, Sharma RP, Yadav S, Joshi R. An observational study on acceptability, palatability, and safety of Ayurveda immunity booster kit for the prevention of COVID- 19 in frontline workers in Jaipur, India. Ayu. 2021 Jul- Sep; 42 (3): 111- 117. doi: 10. 4103/ ayu. Ayu- 16- 22. Epub 2023 Apr 12. PMID: 37303860; PMCID: PMC- 10251284.
- Sudarshan, Ambika & Hussain, Gazala. (2020). SHONITARGAL RASA UNIQUE FORMULATION.
- P, Vaishagh. (2018). An Antimicrobial Evaluation of Tuttha Bhasma. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 10. 31142/ ijahm/ v8i4. 02.
- Waheed, Y., Safi, S. Z., & Qadri, I. (2011). Role of Potash Alum in Hepatitis C Virus Transmission at Barber’s Shop. Virology Journal, 8, 211. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ 1743- 422X- 8- 211
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